"There was a South of slavery and
secession - that South is dead. There is
now a South of union and freedom - that
South, thank God, is living, breathing, and
growing every hour.“
~Henry Grady, 1886 speech in New York
Was the New South a
good place for black
Americans?
14th Amendment, Section 1 (1868)
…All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein
they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law;
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
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How does the 14th Amendment define citizenship?
Why might it have been necessary to add this amendment to the U.S. Constitution?
15th Amendment, Section 1 (1870)
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged
by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
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Old Jim Crow
….It’s wrong to hold malice, we know,
But there’s one thing that’s true, from all points of view,
All Negroes hate old man Jim Crow.
….We meet him wherever we go;
In all public places, where live both the races,
You’ll always see Mr. Jim Crow.
The Nashville Eye (c. 1900)
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[The Georgia Negro] Acres of land owned by Negroes in Georgia. (1900)
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Source: African American Photographs Assembled for the 1900 Paris Exhibition, W.E.B.
DuBois, 1900
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From the newspaper PM (1942)
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Examples of Jim Crow Laws
Buses: All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms
or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races. (Alabama)
Railroads: The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car of the division
of the car, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs. (Alabama)
Restaurants: It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and
colored people are served in the same room. (Alabama)
Pool and Billiard Rooms: It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at
any game of pool or billiards.
Education: The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. (Mississippi, Florida)
Barbers: No colored barber shall serve as a barber to white women or girls. (Georgia)
Amateur Baseball: It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball
diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball
team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race.
(Georgia)
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The Barrow Plantation
Source: Scribner’s Monthly, “A Georgia Plantation” (1881)
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According to these illustrations, how did the economic role of
blacks change between 1860 and 1880?
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
In 1890, the State of Louisiana passed a law that required separate accommodations for blacks and whites on railroads, including
separate railway cars. Concerned, several black and white citizens in New Orleans formed an association dedicated to the repeal of
that law. They eventually persuaded Homer Plessy, an octoroon (someone of seven-eighths Caucasian descent and one-eighth African
descent), to test it. On June 7, 1892, Plessy purchased a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railway from New Orleans to
Covington. The railroad company had been informed already as to Plessy's racial lineage, and after Plessy had taken a seat in the
whites-only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the blacks-only car. Plessy refused and was arrested immediately.
Plessy was remanded for trial in Orleans Parish, despite his objections that the Louisiana law was in violation of the Constitution of
the United States. He was convicted and sentenced to pay a $25 fine.
Eventually the case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where Plessy was represented by Albion Tourge, a prominent lawyer of
the day, and Samuel F. Phillips, while the defendant, Judge John Ferguson of the Louisiana court, was represented by Alexander
Porter Morse.
Tourge built his case upon violations of Plessy's rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees the same rights to all
citizens of the United States, and the equal protection of those rights, against the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law. Tourgee argued that the reputation of being a white man was "property," which, by the law, implied the inferiority of
African-Americans as opposed to whites.
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Sewing Class at Haines Normal and Industrial Institute, Augusta, Georgia (1900)
Source: African American Photographs Assembled for the 1900 Paris Exhibition, W.E.B. DuBois, 1900
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Was the New South a
good place for black
Americans?
• http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/bf10.socst.us.indust.who
wasjim/who-was-jim-crow/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgG6LPnkfto