Colgate Academic Review Volume 5 (Spring 2009) Article 11 7-13-2012 The Presidents Skowronek Forgot: How Preemptive Presidents Follow Similar Paths in Campaigns, Domestic Policy, and Foreign Policy As Shown Through Eisenhower and Clinton Zachary Mancher Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.colgate.edu/car Part of the American Politics Commons Recommended Citation Mancher, Zachary (2012) "The Presidents Skowronek Forgot: How Preemptive Presidents Follow Similar Paths in Campaigns, Domestic Policy, and Foreign Policy As Shown Through Eisenhower and Clinton," Colgate Academic Review: Vol. 5, Article 11. Available at: http://commons.colgate.edu/car/vol5/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Digital Commons @ Colgate. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colgate Academic Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colgate. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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