2'-!('28+(0+ %# !*#!"!$ )&,%!" -!"()"",''!'-%'(!",-(+" "''"' ,')%2+((-%",-!-&'&'2 -!"' ,-(&'2)()%8 -,%(' ' %(+"(.,!",-(+2)%,"-)+(&"''-%2&(' -!,&%%1%.,"/ %.(1)-"('%'-"(',0!(,).%-.+%+((-,,-+-!+(&'"'--"&,-(&(+'"-2"' ('('-"'.(.,!"'()+((.'!.&'"'-+-"(',8(,"'-",-,'",(/++,5"-",-!%'( -!+-"-%%20!+-!(%,-!.&'+&"',0+(.'5'-!,(.+(-!%."%> -!&(,-"&)(+-'--+".-+2(-!&(,-"&)(+-'-+"/+"'-!0(+%8("%%%2'-!.,",-,5 -!%."%'(-('%2,.))%".,!'&-0"-!JA)+'-("-,0-+5.--!"()"0,%,( (',"+-!&(-!+%'(-!,-0( +-'"'-+"'&)"+,8 ((%%(0+,(0",!'!+",-"'-+"-"(',5-!'"'-"-2(1.&+)+,'-,-!"+-!)%( -!.'(!'-!"'%+,-"' )%(-!+(-!(/''-8(+'9+"'",-,5 -!"()"!(%,-!",-"'-"('("' -!('%2+"''-"(''/+(%('"32.+()')(0+,8 !2-$)+""'-!%"-!-!+%,-&('+!5"%%,,"9!"('(.!50,"+- ,''-("' (%(&('8 !/0+"--''%-.+('"%%%2"/"%"3-"(',(+(/+DA2+,'0,+'-%2"'/"--( %-.+--0(/'.,"'-!"()"72-! $%%&%!%!" %&$-",'"/+,"-2-( )+,'-%-.+('"%%%2!",-(+26'2-!('/'+,(-!#$ % ! # -(&$-0()+,'--"(',('-!'"'- 2)-"'"'%.',('!+",-"'"-28 !"%"'-!"()"5"'"-"('-(-!,!.%%-.+,5 )%''-(/","--!%#"'1.&5,"- ((3',((%",$,',-%+-, +/&+$+,(++.%+,0!("(/+BHAA2+, (8 0,)+-".%+%2"'-+,-"'+,+!"' 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"&)(+-'(-!,&('.&'-,'"'+,&2,"+-(,',-.2-!&8 )('&2++"/%"'1.&5 -(.+-%+$'0,"'(+&2&2 ."-!--!(%",$,0+ ."%-"'-!(.+-!'-.+2, +/&+$+,'0++-(/+,.-++''(&)%1( +(2% +/,8!-!+%+ ,-'&(,-%(+-%2(+-(%",$,0+."%-(+-!+$"' , ?-0((0!(&+.'$'(0'@'(+"'--(,)""52-.'$'(0'5%" '&'-8 Stele Park with broken obelisk in foreground, the restored obelisk in center and Ezana’s on the right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reviously unidentified symbols on Axum obelisk ca. 300 AD Detail of serekh Serekh of Reneb, 2 nd king of the 2 nd dynasty ca. 2800 BC !+%",-"& (,+$!0,(.'"'BJGB"'+(2%.,!"- +/-.,-.%5,(.-!(-! (++,)+-"' &-+(&.,!8!",",(/+20,++'"'+!B5BJHJ(!# $+-"%,/"'(-!(!#/$!$%! #*0!"!-$-(FJAA8 Detail of the serekh found in Qustul. It is a Predynastic image of a king wearing a false beard and the crown that would later be associated with Upper Kemet. The king is sitting on a throne while riding in a royal boat to his palace. In front of the king is a falcon standing atop a serekh. 3 Pre-Christian coin Detail of coin symbols Re and neb symbols )('1&"'"' -!,+$!(-!C'2',-2$"' '5 ,0,"&"%+"-2-0'-!-0( !"+( %2)!",2&(%,' 5'-!,.''&((',2&(%,('-!)+9!+",-"',"%/+("' &'-"('(/8(.+,.+-!++,+!",'-(('"+&)(,,"%%"'$ ,-0'-! ,+$!'-!1.&(%",$,',"%/+("',.--!",",'1"-"' "''"' 8 %"/ %,(",(/+.%-.+%(''-"('-0'-!.,(%,((+,"'&-'1.&8 !"%+,+!"' -!%,((+,('-!(%",$,-1.&5 (.'"--"('1)%"'"' -!-,&%% '"!0,+/--!,(-!%,((+,,)%0!+(+"' ,(0"'(.%%-8! +%",-.,(%,((+,",%"'$-(&-"-(&,--!,(0!"!(+"' ,((('+"'$ ?+'0"'@0+%-(+-!?,)"+"-@(-!,8 -0,%"/"'&--!-0!'-! ,(.%(-!,)+-(($(-!(+"' ,-!20(.%%,(',0+-!)+2+,(-!%(/(', %-!"'8(.%"--!--!%,((+,('-!1.&(%",$,,+/-!,&).+)(,: Left False door of the Axum obelisk that was returned from Rome. Right False door from the tomb of Puyemere, an architect and who lived in Kemet during the 18th dynasty ca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"-++''8 "'-!"%"/+0,-!0(+%;,"+,-.%-.+%!" !02'-+',)(+- ((,5)()%'", -!+(. !(.--!"%%%25,.!-+")0(.%%%(0.,-(-+/%-!)-!((.+',-(+,'+9 ",(/+-!(&&('!+"- -!-%%)()%(+"'',-+2,!+8 -",/","('+((-"' %(+"(.,),--!- "/,&!()(+ %(+"(.,.-.+8 ____________________________________________________________________ %! *-#!(#$%&%!#!* ! %#&%! $%!'+%! $$%&* %!&#$%!*"%$ 0543-$%#%!#! %$$%!#%! #!%,($)'% %12%* $%*%!! &$%"#$% #& &)!#,*"%-!& !!($ "#!#$$%(((-$#$%!#%! "#!%-! !#%$! $ (((-. !-! &$%&*%!&#$%!*"%'$% #!(#%%&$ 5
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