RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE RESEARCH DAY MAY 12, 2017 Presentation Sessions 8:00-12:00 Session Page Biology Computer Science Environmental Studies History Hugh Scott Oratory Prize Competition International Studies Mathematics/Physics Music Physics Psychology Campus Picnic Lunch Estes Dining Hall, 12:00-1:00 Please join us in Estes Dining Hall for a picnic lunch. 2 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 Poster Sessions & Displays 1:00-2:15 Session Page Schapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program Business Communication Studies Honors Mathematics Physics Political Science Honors Convocation Blackwell Auditorium, 2:30-4:30 We recognize students for awards, scholarships, and inductions into honor societies. Graduating seniors should dress in cap and gown. 3 12 15 16 18 19 20 21 Presentation Sessions 8:00-12:00 Biology Copley 100, 8:00-11:00 BIOL 450: Biology Internship (Professor T. Stevens) Alex Daube (8:00 – 8:15) Internship at Memorial Regional Medical Center BIOL 493: Biology Research (Professor J. Foster) Mary Ellis (8:15-8:30) Evaluation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPR56) knockout mouse sperm tails by transmission electron microscopy and immunogold localization Course: BIOL 496-498: Senior Project (Professor G. Lim-Fong) Hanna Miller (8:30-8:55) Isolation, identification, and characterization of novel brewing microorganisms from historic Jamestowne Break 8:55-9:05 Biology 311: Microbiology (Professor G. Lim-Fong) Alex Byrd, Kala Hall, and Abbey Warren (9:05-9:18) Evaluating Hanover County microbes for their brewing potential Kelly Abate, Holly Highfill, and Haley Vass (9:18-9:31) Characterization of the microbial community in spontaneously fermented wort Jen Balcom and Chiquita DeJesus (9:31-9:40) Hop tolerance of lactic acid bacteria Christy Hall and Madeline Jackson (9:40-9:50) The R-MC Wort Share Experience 4 Break 9:50-10:00 BIOL 451: Internship (Professor N. Ruppel) Alivia Thorn (10:00-10:15) Internship at Sheltering Arms Rehabilitation Center BIOL 450 Biology Internship (Professor B. Ramage) Olivia Latham (10:15-10:30) Internship at Maymont, an Educational Experience Laura Haney (10:30-10:45) A walk in the woods: An internship at Camp Hanover In conjunction with the BIOL 311 presentations, Randolph Macon Tap Takeover will take place this afternoon at Origin Beer Lab (106 S. Railroad Ave., Ashland). Students will be on hand from 5-6 pm to answer questions about their brews. Computer Science: Capstone (CSCI 401) Copley 201, 8:00-12:00 Professor R. Necaise Taylor Evelyn (8:00) StoneCap: An Interactive Fiction Experience / Text Adventure Game Christopher Ruediger (8:25) Developing an Open Source Network Protocol for Home Automation Devices Sean-Michael Fergusson (8:50) Battleship Leo: A Network Based Game of Battleship Seth Mednick (9:15) Jeopardy in the Classroom! Break 9:40-9:55 Xavier (Duane) Strothers (9:55) Mapping and Navigating Unknown Environments Using a LEGO Mindstorms EV3 Robot Lonnie Dillard (10:20) 5 The Robot Olympics: Evaluating LEGO Mindstorms EV3 Robots Vincent Borrero (10:45) Using Raspberry Pi Miniature Cars to find the Most Efficient Way to Traverse a Maze Phillip J. Costello (11:10) Designing a Tactical Aerial Combat Simulation using Artificial Intelligence Jacob Spacek (11:35) Intermediary Assistant Software for Data Extraction and Presentation Environmental Studies Copley 104, 10:00-11:00 Professor M. Fenster Internship presentations Jacob Johnson Froehling & Robertson, Inc. Adam Simon Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Honors Contract presentation Rachael Smith The First Residents of the Delmarva Peninsula Special Topics course presentation Sequoyah McGee Paleobiogeographic Reconstruction of the Cicindela albissima Migration Routes 6 History Washington Room, Washington-Franklin Hall, 8:00-12:00 Alex O’Gorman/Professor M. Bergmann (8:30) Nimi’ipuu: Religion and the Purveyors of Religious Acculturation” Amanda Metell/Professor M. Bergmann (8:55) ‘From Friend to Foe’: A Look at the Anglo-Native Relationship through the Eyes of the Wampanoag People Stephen Aoun/Professor M. Bergmann (9:20) U.S. Expansion, Intertribal Relations, and the Destruction of Siouan Hegemony on the Great Plains, 1800–1860 Thomas Selman/Professor L. Waters (9:40) Barcelona ’92: A History of the 1992 Summer Olympics Break 10:00-10:15 Kevin Bachouros/Professor L. Waters (10:15) Cold War Rivalries and the Rise of Ice Hockey and Soccer in the Soviet Union Emily Ford/Professor A. Throckmorton (10:35) From Household Subordinates to Women of Agency: The Reformation of Religion and Gender Boundaries Michael Warren/Professor M. Bergmann (11:00) Understanding the Changed Perceptions of American Natives from the 1890s to 1900s: Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and the World Fairs of 1893 and 1904 Paige Weaver/Professor M. Malvasi (11:25) Deviant Diplomacy: William Seward's Secret War Hugh Scott Oratory Prize Competition Owen Room, McGraw-Page Library, 11:00-12:00 Professor T. Sheckels Competitors Evelyn Archer 7 Sean Gordon Sydney Hinkle Caroline Kouneski Isaac Myers Lauren Robinson Alexis Stinson Karalynn Thomas Judges Kristian Spencer Sara Trask International Studies: Senior Seminar (INST 422) Fox 108, 9:00-12:00 Savannah Whitehead/Professor T. Badey (9:00) United States and Cuba: Estranged Neighbors Still? Kelsey Hahn/Professor L. Bell (9:25) Tourism and Its Effects on Costa Rica Adrianna Lazarte/Professor E. Fullmer (9:50) The Effect of Intergovernmental Organization Involvement on Primary Education in sub-Saharan Africa Zachary Carlson/Professor M. Fennell (10:15) Smuggling and Economic Development Anna Merritt/Professor M. Fischbach (10:40) The Effects of Political and Economic Factors on a State’s Readiness to Accept Refugees of the Syrian Civil War Wells Enoch/Professor T. Munson (11:05) Tibet: From Shangri-La to Shangri-Lost? Jacob Sofinski/Professor J. Doering (11:30) Modernization and Tradition in Japan 8 Mathematics (MATH/PHYS 391) Copley 200, 10:00-11:00 Professors R. Bowles and A. Rice Eric Montag Mathematics Underlying Rotational Kinematics: The relationship between Cayley, Rodrigues and Hamilton Music: Introduction to Recording Techniques (MUSC 280) Old Chapel, 10:00-12:00 Students will present their final multi-track recording projects at 10:00 am on the steps of Old Chapel Philosophy Fox 102, from 9:30-10:15 Professor Ben Huff Sean Gordon “Homo Faber: A Theory of the Moral Nature of Humanity” Physics Copley 220, 8:30-11:00 Professor R. Dominguez Connor Cute Optics of Rainbows Chris Rock 9 Drop Electrostatic Generator Eric Montag Mathematics Underlying Rotational Kinematics Connor Cute, Chris Rock, and Eric Montag Variation of Kinetic Energy between Projectiles from a Model Rail Gun Psychology / Behavioral Neuroscience Andrews Hall Multipurpose Room, 9:00 – 11:00 Oral Presentations: PSYC 496-498: Senior Project (Professor A. Farmer) Rebecca Reidy (9:00) Is Ignorance Bliss? A Prospective Study Examining the Relationship between News Exposure and Anxiety Levels in Adults. PSYC 329: Psychobiology RATS (Professor M. Bardi) Paloma Hack, Hannah Moore, Kari Davis, Samantha Sallade (9:30) The Effects of Physical Exercise on Performance during Time Constraint Tasks. PSYC 349: Social RATS (Professor K. Klaaren) Joe Hamilton, Ashley Phares (9:45) Catch a Lift: The Impact of Physical Activity on Well-Being among Veterans with Mental or Physical Disorders. Poster Session: PSYC 318: Cognitive RATS (Professor A. Hughes) Megan Raffa, Julia Stech The Effect of Divided Attention and Driving Experience Level on Driving Performance in College Students. Toni McDonald, Julie Schwarz, Kimberlin Thorne 10 The Effect of Different Emotional States on the Accuracy of Eyewitness Recall in College Students. William Hosken, Erin Russell The Effect of Bilingualism on Nonverbal Communication. PSYC 329: Psychobiology RATS (Professor M. Bardi) Alex Campbell, Erin Skevington, Daly McHugh The Effect of Acute Stress on Cortisol Levels as a Predictor of Perseverance and Optimism. Jordan Poehler, Chelsea Daniels, Rachel Lowry, Skylar Toth The Effect of Stress on Memory in College Students. PSYC 348: Industrial/Organizational Psychology RATS (Professor G. Lambert) Caroline Clary, Sarah Lundblom, Keelan Moore, Casey Shimp, Erin Skevington The Effects of Encouragement on College Athletes versus NonAthletes When Performing a Group Task. PSYC 349: Social RATS (Professor K. Klaaren) Molly Jesseman, Harley Jones, Taylor Munn, Dashonte Temoney, Katie Tocci Are We Excelling? Measuring the Effectiveness of TEAM EXCEL. Diana Dannouf, Joe Hamilton, Virginia Harrison, Ashley Phares, Alivia Thorn, Jamie Wilson, Lindsay Zachman Catch A Lift: The Impact of Social Support on Well-Being among Veterans with Mental or Physical Disorders. PSYC 359: Clinical/Applied RATS (Professor A. Farmer) Nicole Wood, Caitlyn Ballou, Halie Carey, Alyssa Rushton Influence of Media with Fashion Industry Ideal Body Types on Body Dissatisfaction Levels in College-Aged Women. 11 Poster Sessions & Displays McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Schapiro Undergraduate Research Program (SURF) Christelle Ancajas/Professor J. Thoburn The Encapsulation of Tetracyanoazulene within an M8L6 SelfAssembled Supramolecular Cube Stephen Aoun/Professor M. Bergmann U.S. Expansion, Intertribal Relations, and the Destruction of Siouan Hegemony on the Great Plains, 1800-1843 Alexandra Byrd/Professor T. Stevens Identification of Gene Interactions with Abl during Cell Migration in Drosophila Alicia Cash/Professor B. Ramage The Effect of Varying Natural Light Levels on the Survival and Density of Native Tree Seedlings Competing with Invasive Species Philip Costello/Professor J. McManus Project OVERWATCH: Investigating Rapid Prototyping of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as Modular Mobile Sensor Platforms Alexander Curnow/Professor M. Bergmann Liberty for All?: Textual and Spatial Analysis of “Liberty” in Revolutionary Virginia Elites, 1776-1800 Ashley Easterling/Professor J. McLeskey The Impact of a Solar Installation with Battery Storage on a Local Environment Laura Ellis/Professor J. Foster Radiation Emergency Preparedness from a Public Health Perspective Bryon Eubanks/Professor M. Bardi Social Cohesion and Health: The Search for the Social Forces Acting on Health in two Neighboring Troops of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) 12 Sean Fergusson/Professor J. McManus The Investigation of Low Cost Environmental Data Collection With Drone Based Sensor Packages Joseph Hamilton/Professor G. Lambert The Impact of Body Cameras on Perceived Threat, Memory and Decisions to Use Lethal Force by Law Enforcement Officers in Simulated Threat Noah Herrington/Professor J. Thoburn Selective Encapsulation of Chiral Pentahelicene Guests by M8L6 Metallocages Jessica Hill/Professor T. Munson Perceptions of Immigrant Crime and Japan’s Population Crisis Caroline Hollandsworth/Professor C. Gowan Monitoring Water Quality in the James River Julia Knapp/Professor S. Schreiner Comparison of the Reactivity of Iridium-dmoPTA Complexes with Previously Synthesized Iridium-PTA Complexes Erin Kober/Professor S. Schreiner Mecanistic Investigation into the Formation of Phosphinoferroceny Complexes Priscilla Koirala/Professor S. Schreiner Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Group 10 Phosphinoferrocene Complexes Olivia Latham/Professor A. Hughes Distinguishing Olfactory Quantity Differences in Scent Trained and Non-scent Trained Domestic Dogs Anne Louden/Professor L. Preston Visual Arts Museums Online: The Effect of the Internet on User Engagement and Scholarship Amanda Metell/Professor J. Thoburn Synthesis of Water Soluble Metal-organic Molecular Cubes using Polyethylene Glycol Chains Attached via "Click" Chemistry Hanna Miller/Professor G. Lim-Fong Biogeographical Variation of Predation Pressure and Hosesymbiont Association in Bugula neritina Melissa Mitchler/Professor J. Thoburn Synthesis of Water Soluble Metal-organic Molecular Cubes using Polyethylene Glycol Chains attached via Azo Linkages Eric Montag/Professor R. Dominguez The physics of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster 5 years later: How is the public understanding of physics affecting recovery, 13 rebuilding and repopulation efforts? Steven Neal/Professor K. Lambert The Effect of Enhanced Social Engagement on Neurobiological Markers of Emotional Resilience and Social Responsiveness in Long Evans Rats Kaeleigh Olsen/Professor S. Schreiner Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Rhodium (I) Complexes Stabilized by Chelating Diphosphine Ligands Paranjay Patel/Professor J. Thoburn The Synthesis, Characterization, and Encapsulation Analysis of a Ruthenium Cornered M8L6 Cubic Cage Andi Prugh/Professor M. Bardi Grooming Network and Stress Alleviation in Two Troops of Longtailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) Madeleine Purcell/Professor J. Foster Evaluation of Abnormalities in the Epididymis of Mice Lacking the GPR56 Gene Rebecca Reidy/Professor S. Parker Post-Trauma Coping in Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies Samantha Scarola/Professor K. Lambert Modeling Low Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Effectiveness: An Investigation of the Effects of Impoverished Resources on Maternal Responsiveness in Long Evans Rats Ashley Snead/Professor R. Lauriola The Story Beyond the Words: Curiosity of Genetics Emily Sprague/Professor C. Gowan The Stranger: How Trout Adjust When a New Fish Enters a Moninance Hierarchy Donovan Sweeney/Professor J. McLeskey Direct Contact Membrane Desalination Phillip Terrono/Professor L. Bell A Policy Analysis of the 3/11 Disaster in Japan: Disaster Recovery, Emergency Relief, and Population Resettlement in the Disaster-Affected Areas Jose Trejo/Professor K. Lambert The Effect of Varying Coping Strategies on Emotional and Cognitive Adaptation: Focus on Neuronal Morphology in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Nicole Wood/Professor A. Farmer 14 Does Perceived Social Support Predict Empathetic Responses to Emotional Video Stimuli? Business: Topics (BUSN 481) Professor G. Lowry McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 BUSN 481: Topics: Management Research Timothy Leavitt What We Say Might Matter: Researching Verbal Reinforcers BUSN 481: Topics: The Changing European Union Madeline Santschi Pivotal Challenges to Leadership in the European Union: What Happens Next? 15 Communication Studies (PSCI/COMM 308) Professor J. Conners McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Baxter Carter Trends and Tendencies of 2016 Gubernatorial Front Page Coverage in Newspapers Communication Studies: Seminar (COMM 490) Professor T. Sheckels McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Nelda Bagley Media Coverage of First Ladies’ Civic Projects Julia Bowling Analyzing Individuals’ Motivations Behind Supporting Non-Profit Organizations Brittany Brooker The Role of Blackfish in Prompting Change at Sea World Leah Chatnik The Portrayal of the Deaf Community in Film and Television John W. Byrd Technology and Its Positive Enforcement of Civic Engagement Among Generations James Cabell Ferguson Rap and Hip-Hop Artists’ Roles in Prompting Civic Engagement Ellie Linkous Sports Participation and Civic Engagement Thomas J. Mullin Understanding the Effect Mainstream Television Has on Modern Americans’ Civic Engagement Kaitee A. Nicholas Analyzing the Effects of Participating in a Community Youth Organization through the Intercultural Culture Theory Jay Patti Civic Engagement within Intercollegiate Athletics Caitlin M. Pope 16 Social Media and Their Influence on College Students’ Civic Engagement Bianca Puccinelli The Media’s Role in Prompting Civic Engagement in Times of National Crises Alyssa Rushton Politics: News Comedy vs. Stand-Up Blake T. Saathoff Gaming Communities: Do They Produce Civic Engagement? Communication Studies: Seminar (COMM 490) Professor J. Conners McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Sebastian Burke Foodilism: A Textual Analysis of Food in Game of Thrones Leigha Chaney The Depiction of Organic Food in Broadcast News about the 2012 Stanford Study Jessie Cornbrooks Gender Differences in Food Network Shows Stephanie Doggett The Effects of Negative Media on Individual’s Behaviors Associated with Chipotle Loni Mason Food for the Field: An Analysis of Food Communication within the Military Chris Moses Combating Childhood Obesity with Large-Scale Campaigns: A textual analysis of Play 60 and “Let’s Move” Jordan Orndorff More than Food: What Food being Passed Out by Volunteer Groups Really Means to Those in Need Katie Raymond Dishing Out Family Traditions: An Analysis of Family References on Food Network Shows Dalton Taylor 17 Dinnertime without My Family: An Investigation of Cross Cultural Meals and Family Customs from a Communication Accommodation Standpoint Adam Tuttle The Iceberg of Weight-loss Programs: Characteristics of Advertising of Nutrisystem Program. Ross Wood Breakfast Understood Today: A Survey of Knowledge and Decision Making Honors: Mathematics of 3D Printing (HONR 111) Professor B. Torrence McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Michael Altobello, Erin Connolly, Megan Dillon, Victoria Drake, Tyler Dunn, David Gibson, Kate Girtain, Kaylie Melanson, Haylie Moore, Max Petersen, Haley Saine, Susie Snee, Amie Timberlake, Sage Vilgats, and Abbey Warren Honors: Food and Politics in American Art and Culture (HONR 115) Professor E. Terrono McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 The following students have published their research and recipes in “Receipts and Research: A Honors’ Cookbook,” which will be sold as a fundraiser on Research Day to benefit the Food Bank. Additionally, there will be a Sweets and Treats sale and a food-drive of nonperishable food. Please support these student initiatives. Delaney Feezell America in Color: of Black and White Representations and Food Production following the Civil War Slade Greenway 18 Reasons to Return: The Regional Perspective on the Political and Industrial Shift back to the Agrarian Lifestyle Jessica Huck Discovering the Depression: Bread Lines and Hard Times Molly Karaman Consumerism and the Land of Plenty in the Work of Wayne Thiebaud Anne Louden All-American Affliction; Apple Pie and the Idealized American Housewife Damon Reed Coca-Colonialization: Americanizing the World with a Cool, Crisp, and Carbonated Coca-Cola Ariel Salerno Raphaelle Peale’s Still Lifes and Paternal Disagreements Paige Sellars Corn and Social Commentary: An Analysis of Thomas Waterman Wood’s Farmers Paige Weaver Let’s Talk Turkey, Doris Lee: Moral Mothers in the Kitchen During the 1930s Taylor Williams Female Foodstuffs: Consuming the Female Identity in the Work of Carolee Schneeman Mathematics: Art of Mathematics (MATH 125) Professor E. Torrence McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Group Sculpture Project: “Twenty-Twenty” Designed by George Hart, Stony Brook University, constructed by Taylor Acevedo, Lidsey Covi, Shelby Davies, Ann Audrey Eliades, Briona Harmon, Jonathan Maldonado, Jack 19 McCarthy, Kaile Olson, Madison Powell, Cassidy Robinson, Bobby Rushton, Mallory Shepard, Zoey Simmons, Emily Steffan, Emma Tiernan, Eve Torrence, and Aubrey Woods. Individual Final Projects Taylor Acevedo Using Golden Spirals in Nature Lindsey Covil One of All Shelby Davies The Mathematical Perspective Behind Spirals and Swirls Ann Audrey Eliades Intricate Geometrical Design of a 12-Card Star Briona Harmon Hyperboloid Jonathan Maldonado The Mathematics of Soccer Ball Design Jack McCarthy The Math Behind the Beauty of Möbius Bands Kaile Olson Apollonian Fractal Mathematics Madison Powell Color by Square Cassidy Robinson The Mathematics Behind Tessellations Physics: Engineering Physics Capstone (EPHY 450) Professor J. McLeskey McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Nathan Baumbach, Joshua Carter, and Susan Snee 20 Drone Propeller Design Optimization for Maximum Lift Deshaun Rogers and Jacob Silva Thermal Imaging to Predict Energy Consumption in Buildings Political Science: Research Methods (PSCI 301) Professor E. Fullmer McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Kevin Adams The Effect of Fear on Openness to Refugees Mary Brett Campbell Private Prisons and the Recidivism Rate J. Baxter Carter Campaign Contact & Voter Turnout Zachery Causey The Effect of Socio-Economic Factors on Environment Degradation Kyle Cherry Economic Performance in Unified vs. Divided Government James England The True Cost of the Environment Christian Fagan How Did Trump Attract Segments of the Republican Party? Hunter Goff President Obama: Talk Show Approved! Shirleya Henry Does Approval Matter? Lauren Keiser In the Era of the Tea Party, Can Political Victory Still Be Bought? Caroline Kouneski The Impact of Religion on Democracy Madlen Lesesne Religiosity, Partisanship, Age and Fear of Terrorism Summer Myers Parent-Child Party Affiliation Peter Nelson The Politics of Overdose Rates 21 Wesley Nicholson Federal Clean-Up Projects & the Environment's Ecosystem Fidele Ntumba If God is Benevolent, Shouldn't I Be Rich? Forrest Parsons The Effect of Gun Control on Gun Violence Katherine Phillips Political Realignment 2016? Past Realignments and an Unusual Election Sean Ryan The Effect of Media Consumption on Political Knowledge Parker Stewart Abortion Rates and Crime Levon Stinson The Black Vote, Age, and Trump Support Ryan Wall Regional Diversity in Climate Change Views Political Science: Senior Seminar in Political Science (PSCI 401) Professor R. Meagher McGraw-Page Library, 1:00-2:15 Charles Aylor Does Past Performance Predict Presidential Success? Sam Bowen Circle of Trust: Presidential Decision-Making on Afghanistan Hunter Clemons Even You Can Be President: Experience and Presidential Success Tyler Edmonds Populism, Voter Demographics, and Donald Trump’s 2016 Victory Jay Hausler Presidential Campaign Advertising: The Key to Electoral Success? 22 Leah Kehoe Term Limits: A Complicated Predicament and No Easy Fix Taylor Loomis The Effect of Self-Funding on Election Outcomes Kevin McCormick Voter Identification Laws and Fraud: Are The Laws Justifiable? Andrew Miller The Effects of Race, Income, and Education on Voter Turnout Treyvon Paige Laws, Economics, and Culture: A Global Study of Mass Shootings Katie Phillips Political Realignments and the 2016 Presidential Election Melissa Puccinelli Supreme Court Reversal Rates and Appellate Jurisdictions Jeffrey Richardson Does Income Matter More When Predicting Party Identification? Daniel Whitehead Gender in Congress: Does Gender Trump the Party? Perry Zakaib The Effects of War and Unemployment on Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections 23 From Professors Preston and Clabough Since its inception in 2002, R-MC’s Research Day has provided an opportunity for the entire campus to come together and celebrate the results of a year’s worth of work performed by our talented and industrious students and supervised by our talented and dedicated faculty and staff. You’ll find hundreds of presentations, posters, displays, and demonstrations from a wide array of disciplines. This showcase would not be possible without the stellar work of our students and the exceptional direction of our faculty. We extend our gratitude to those whose efforts make today’s events such a success! We extend a special thank you to Provost Franz and President Lindgren for their leadership in creating a teaching and learning environment that encourages quality undergraduate research and for their dedication to the academic ideals that make it possible for our students and faculty to develop the projects that are shared on Research Day! In gratitude, Laurie Preston and Seth Clabough 24
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