UNIT 4 PACKET
Chapters 5, 6, and 12
Chapter 5:Natural Laws and Car Control
GRAVITY: Is the force that pulls all things to Earth.
•UPHILL DRIVING- Gravity will slow your car
down when going uphill, unless you use extra
power.
•**DOWNHILL DRIVING- Gravity will increase
your speed going downhill unless you control it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dZ8LOLn0
Pk
TREAD and TRACTION
Tread - The grooved surface of a tire that grips
the road.
•The primary purpose of tire tread is to cut
through the water and grip the road.
•Allows water to flow through the grooves and
away from the tire.
TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE: The distance your
car travels while you make a stop.
T = P + RT + BD
*Total Stopping Dist = Perception + Reaction Time + Braking Distance
Perception: The length of time you take to identify, predict,
and decide to slow.
Reaction Time: The length of time it takes for you to
execute your action.
Braking Distance: The distance your car travels from the
time you apply the brakes.
PACKET WORK:
1. In pairs, complete the chart on pg 1 of your
packet.
2. Pg.2: Use the chart in your book on pg.98
and the information in your packet to describe
TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE
Chapter 6
STEERING YOUR VEHCILE
Steering Straight Forward:
1. Hands in a comfortable, balanced position at 9 & 3
2. Look ahead into your intended path of travel.
Steering Straight Backwards:
Driving backward involves knowing where to look and how to control
direction and speed. Before backing, make sure your rear zones are
clear.
1. Hold the brake pedal down and shift to REVERSE.
2. *Turn your body to the right, and put your right arm over the back of the
passenger seat, Look back through the rear window.
3. Put your left hand at the top of the steering wheel at the 12 o’clock position.
4. Release pressure on the brake just enough to allow the vehicle to creep
backward slowly.
Steering Straight Backwards Cont.
5. While looking back through the rear window, move top of the steering
wheel in the direction you want the back of the vehicle to go.
6. Keep your foot over the brake pedal while your vehicle is moving
backward. Glance quickly to the front and sides to check traffic. Continue
to look back through the rear window as you brake and stop.
SIGNALING
What’s the point?????? Answer in at least 2
complete sentences.
When making a left or right hand turn in
a business or residential district, a
continuous signal to turn must be
given…..
**No less than 100 feet before
turning!!!!
If your turn signals or brake lights are not working,
you must use proper hand signals to communicate
your intentions to other roadway users.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2nWvrxPewU
HAND OVER HAND STEERING
Hands in
balanced 9&3
Start pulling down
with the left hand
& up and over with
the right
Release the left
and cross it over
the right, and
continue pulling
down
To straighten the wheel you can either relax your grip
on the wheel to let it slide through your hands or
unwind using the hand over hand process.
Making Left and Right
Turns
Making Turns: Requires steering control, speed control
and good visual habits.
Make sure to make a left or right turn only after
checking all traffic.
Take these precautions when executing turns:
• Look for pedestrians and oncoming vehicles, Check rear
zones for vehicles about to pass you.
• Plan turns well in advance. Be in the correct lane about
one block before your turn.
• Obey all traffic signs, singles, and roadway markings.
Remember you must yield to oncoming traffic when
you are turning left.
• **To make a blind sport check for a lane change,
glance quickly over the shoulder in the direction of
the lane change
Left turn
Right turn
Steps or making a right turn
Begin turning the wheel when your car’s front bumper
is even with the curb line
Steps for making a left turn:
Begin turning the wheel just before the front of the
car reaches the center of the intersection.
Turning the Vehicle
Turnabouts: Turning your car around to go in the
opposite direction.
**All turnabouts are high-risk maneuvers because you
cross or back into one or more lanes of traffic.
Take these precautions when making a turnabout:
1. Be sure local laws permit the turnabout. (check
for signs)
2. Select a site with at least 500 feet of visibility in
each direction.
3. Do not make a turnabout near hills or curves or
within 200 feet of intersections.
4. Never attempt a turnabout in heavy, high-speed
traffic.
5. Continually check all zones for traffic and
Midblock U-Turn:
Make sure state laws permit this type of turn. You
need a wide space to make a U-Turn. This is risky
because you have to cross lanes of traffic to
execute it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zs7YWsdwVa8
Steps for making a midblock U-turn on a 2-way road.
1. Check your front and rear zones, signal right, pull to the far
right, and stop.
2. Signal left and move toward location # 2.
3. Check front and left-rear zones, check left blind spot, turn
sharply left and move toward location #3. Don’t stop if you
have enough space to complete the turn.
4. Move slowly to location #4, check all zones, and straighten
out your wheels while you accelerate gently into the proper
lane.
U-Turns
Three-Point Turns: Are high-risk because you cross traffic
lanes AND are stopped across traffic lane.
1. Check front and rear zones. Signal right and
stop close to the curb.
2. Search front and rear zones (including over
your left shoulder). Signal left, turn wheel
sharply to the left and move to location 3
before hitting the curb. Once there, straighten
wheels.
3. Check all zones for traffic, turn wheels sharply
right while backing slowly to location 4. Back only
as far as necessary tom complete the maneuver
and before hitting the curb. Stop with your wheel
straight.
4. Check all zones for traffic, signal left, then move
slowly forward while steering left toward location 5
Parking
Define the vocabulary below in your won
words. These words can be found on page
119 in your book.
VOCABULARY Pg 119
Reference Point
Standard Reference Point
Personal Reference Point
DEFINITION
Angel Parking
• Where do you think angle parking is often used?
In parking lots and shopping centers
Angle Parking
Steps to follow in completing Angle Parking:
1. Check for traffic and pedestrians. Begin when
vehicle is at least 6 feet from the row of parked
cars. Signal a right turn, check traffic to the rear,
and begin braking.
2. Check your right blind spot and continue braking.
3. Creep forward until you can see the center of the
space without your line of sight cutting across the
parking line. Turn your wheel sharply to the right
and slowly enter the parking spot.
4. Straighten the wheels when you are centered in the
space. Make sure your front bumper is even with the
curb or parking line.
Perpendicular Parking **Use when parking to
park your vehicle at a right angle to the curb.
Perpendicular Parking.
Steps to follow when completing perpendicular parking:
1. Position your vehicle at least 8 feet from the
row of parked vehicles, or as far left of the
lane as possible and begin to brake.
2. Signal a right turn, check your right blind spot,
and begin to brake.
3. Check traffic to the rear, and continue
braking.
4. When your front bumper passes the left rear
taillight of the vehicle to the right of the
empty parking space turn your wheel sharply to
the right. Check your right-rear fender for
clearance.
5. Straighten your wheel when you are centered
in the space.
Parallel Parking: Use parallel parking to park your vehicle parallel
to the curb.
1. Select a space that is 5-6 feet longer than your
vehicle.
2. During your maneuver, the front of your vehicle will
swing far to the left.
3. Check over your left shoulder to be sure this needed
space is clear.
Steps to Follow When Completing Parallel
Parking:
Parallel Parking
1. Flash brake lights, and signal a right turn. Stop two to
three feet away from the front of the vehicle with the
two rear bumper even. Shift to Reverse, look back
over your right shoulder, and back slowly as you turn
right.
2. When the back of your seat is even with the rear
bumper of the front vehicle, straighten the wheels.
3. When your front bumper is even with the front
vehicle’s back bumper, turn your wheels sharply left.
4. When your vehicle is parallel to the curb, straighten
wheels and stop
5. When complete, your car should be centered in the
space.
Steps to Follow When Leaving a Parallel
Parallel Space:
Parking
Parking
1. Back straight slowly until your rear
bumper almost touches the vehicle
behind. Turn wheel sharply to the left.
2. Signal left turn. Check your left blind
spot.
3. Check the right-front corner of your
vehicle for clearance.
4. Turn your wheels to the right when you
are halfway out of the parking space.
Scan zones and then proceed into traffic
lanes.
**Uphill Parking with a PARKING
Curb
1. Position your vehicle close to the curb. Just before
stopping, turn the steering wheel to the left. “up, up and
away”
2. Shift to neutral; let the vehicle creep back until the back of
the right-front tires gently touches the curb.
3. Shift to park, and set the parking brake.
4. When leaving the parking space signal, check traffic, and
accelerate into the lane of traffic.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXwt_j9JrQw
Uphill Parking With No Curb
PARKING
1. Pull
as far off the roadway as possible. Turn the
wheel to the right.
2. Shift to park, and set the parking brake.
3. When leaving the parking space, let the vehicle
creep backward while straightening the wheels.
Signal and check traffic. Shift to drive, and
accelerate into traffic.
Regardless of the hills, you should
set the parking brake.
Downhill Parking WITH and WITHOUT Curb
1.PARKING
Position your vehicle close to the curb and
stop.
2. Let the vehicle creep forward slowly while
turning the steering wheel the right. Let the
front-right tire rest gently against the curb.
3. Shift to park, and set the parking brake.
4. When leaving check traffic and back short
distance while straightening the wheels.
Signal, check traffic again, and shift into drive.
Reduced
Visibility
Ch 12. Driving in Adverse Conditions
• Whenever visibility is reduced drivers need more time to use
the IPDE Process. You can maintain a safe intend path or
travel by……..
• Slowing down to give yourself more time.
• Scanning in and around your path of travel to the target
area to identify hazards
• Predicting others will make maneuvers into your
intended path of travel.
• Deciding where to position your vehicle ahead of time
with extra space around it.
• **You are required to use your headlights from dusk to
dawn, during periods of poor visibility, and when
weather conditions require the use of windshield wipers.
• **Use air conditioner or defroster to keep your windows
clear in high humidity or rainy conditions
Can create
severe and
blinding
conditions.
Visibility While Driving
SUN
GLARE
The brightest day
will create the
darkest shadow,
with severe glare
situations behind you, so be
prepared for other drivers
to miss seeing your signal or
even seeing your vehicle.
**Sun
glasses
and a sun
visor can
help.
Driving with
low-beam
head lights
on all the
time will help
other drivers
see you
HEADLIGHTS
Visibility While Driving
•Use high beam headlights to look beyond your
headlights for important information.
•Your headlights must be on low beam when you
are within 500 feet of an oncoming vehicle or
within 300 feet of a vehicle ahead of you.
•**Use low-beam headlights in snow, heavy rain, or
fog at all times
•**If you must drive when it is foggy, you should use
your low-beam headlights and drive at a speed
that will allow you to stop within your field of
vision.
•Using high-beam headlights will reflect more light
back into your eyes, as a result, you will see less.
HEADLIGHTS – Continued
•During snow use your low-beam headlights day or
night.
•**To help others see you during heavy rain, use
low-beams.
•**When driving in rain you must have headlights
on at all times!!
Reduced Traction
RAIN WHILE DRIVING:
**When rain first begins to fall, it mixes
with dust and oil on the road. This mix can
make the road very slippery.
HYDROPLANING: When a tire rises up on top
of the water and no longer has contact with
the road. (you car is water skiing!! YIKES)
**How to Avoid Hydroplaning
• Reduce speed (foot off gas and let car slow down)
• Use properly inflated tires with good tread.
• When driving at a low speed through water, apply light brake
pressure with your left foot while the right is still on the
accelerator. This builds friction/heat on the brake pads.
SNOW: If possible, do not drive in extreme weather
Snow and Ice
conditions
DRIVING TECHNIQUES: Gentle acceleration, steering, and
braking are keys to vehicle control in snow.
ICE:
Ice on Bridges:
• **Bridge roadways tend to freeze before other roadways
surfaces. Cold air circulates above and below the roadway
on bridges and overpasses. So there may be ice even if other
areas are clear.
**Black ice
• Forms in thin sheets. Be extra careful for this type of ice in
winter situations.
Ice in tire tracks
• Snow can pack down into ice in the normal driving tracks.
Avoid this by moving a little to the right side of the lane
Remember
distance will always
Snow andbreaking
Ice
in low-traction situations. Slow early and then be
ready to slow even more.
Can you think of other road
types that might interfere with
traction while driving?
Gravel Roads
Leaves
Construction areas
SKIDDING
Skidding
In extreme traction situations, your tires may lose all or part
of their grip on the road.
Over- Braking Skid
If your vehicle doesn’t have an antilock brake system (ABS)
and you over-brake, the wheels may stop while you are still
moving. To correct this release your brake pedal enough to
get your wheels rolling. Does your family car have ABS?
Front-Wheel Skid:
When your steering wheel and your vehicle wants to slide
straight ahead. To correct this you need to regain traction
for steering. You do this by:
1. Releasing the accelerator or brake pedal pressure
2. Quickly apply and release the brake pedal to slow if
your vehicle does not have ABS
3. Continue to look and steer at the path of travel you
want to follow.
Skidding
**REAR WHEEL SKID: If the rear end of your vehicle
starts to skid, you should turn your wheels in the
direction of the skid.
**When driving along the highway and the front right
wheel of your car runs off the pavement , you should
grasp the wheel tightly and take your foot off the
accelerator.
**If when driving, one of your tires has a blowout, you
should grip the steering wheel tightly, take your foot off
the gas, and let the car slow down before driving to the
shoulder.
OTHER ADVERSE WEATHER CONDISTIONS
HOT WEATHER
• Your temperature light gauge
indicates when your engine is
too hot. When this happens,
turn off your air conditioner.
You can also cool your engine
by turning on your heater.
**NEVER remove the radiator
cap on a hot engine because
the hot liquid inside can scald
you.
COLD WEATHER
Carbon monoxide
gas is created when
your engine runs
sooooooooooo…….
Ice or slush to the
underside of your
vehicle can freeze
your parking brake
when you park
your vehicle
If you are stuck in the
snow with your engine
running, make sure your
exhaust pipe is not
blocked.