M. G. S. UNIVERSITY
BIKANER
SYLLABUS
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND
COURSE OF STUDY
FACULTY OF ARTS & SCIENCE
M.A. GEOGRAPHY
M.A. Previous, Examination- 2017
Edition: 2016
MAHARAJA GANGA SINGH UNIVERSITY, BIKANER
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
M. A. Previous
Each Theory Paper
3 hours duration
Dissertation / Thesis / Survey Report, if any
100 Marks
100 Marks
1. The number of paper and the maximum marks of each paper practical shall be shown in
the syllabus for the subject concerned. It will be necessary for a candidate to pass in
theory part as well as in practical part (wherever prescribed) of a subject/ paper
separately.
2. A candidate for a pass at each of the Previous and the Final Examination shall be required
to obtain (i) at least 36% marks in aggregate of all the papers prescribed
of the
examination and (ii) at least 36% marks in practical(s) wherever prescribed the
examination, provided that if a candidate fails to secure at least 25% marks in each
individual paper at the examination also in the test/ dissertation/ survey report/ field work,
wherever prescribes, shall be deemed to have failed at the examination not with standing
his having obtained the minimum percentage of marks required in the aggregate for the
examination. No division will be awarded at the previous examination. Division shall be
awarded at the end of the Final Examination on the combined marks obtained at the and
the Final Examination taken together, as noted below:
First Division 60%
of the aggregate marks taken together of the previous & final
examination.
Second Division 40% of the aggregate marks taken together of previous & final
examination.
3. If a candidate clears any paper(s) Practical(s)/ Dissertation prescribed at the previous and
/or final examination after a continuous period of three years, then for the purpose of
working out his division the minimum pass marks only viz. 25% (36% in the case of
practical) shall be taken into account in respect of such paper(s) Practical(s) Dissertation
are cleared after the expiry of the aforesaid period of three years, provided that in case
where a candidate requires more than 25% marks in order to reach the minimum
aggregate as many marks out of those actually secured by him will be taken into account
as would enable him to make the deficiency in the requisite minimum aggregate.
4. The Thesis/ Dissertation/ Survey Report/ Field work shall be typed written and submitted
in triplicate so as to reach the office of the Registrar at least 3 weeks before the
commencement of the theory examinations. Only such candidates shall be permitted to
offer the Thesis/ Dissertation/ Survey Report/ Field work (if provided in the scheme of the
examination) in lieu of a paper as have secured at least 55% marks in the case of annual
scheme ans I & II semester examination taken together in case of semester scheme
irrespective of the no. of papers in which a candidate actually appeared at the
examination.
N.B. (i) Non- collegiate candidates are not eligible to offer dissertation as per Provisions of
170-A.
M. A. Geography
There will be theory papers and a practical each in previous and final examination. Each of
the theory papers be of three hours duration. Candidates will be required to pass of both in theory
and practical separately.
Each paper will contain 10 questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
M. A. PREVIOUS GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION 2017
Paper I
: Evolution of Geographical Thought
Paper II
: Structural & Dynamic geomorphology
Paper III
: Principles & Theory of Economic Geography
Paper IV
: Geography of Environment
Note: each theory paper must be allotted minimum 6 hours per week for teaching.
Practical
: Distribution of marks will be as follows:
1. Laboratory & map work test (4 hours duration)
40 marks
2. Record work
25 marks
3. Viva-voce
10 marks
4. Project report & viva-voce (15+10)
25 marks
Total Marks
100 marks
N.B. 12 hours of teaching practical be provided per batch of 15 students per week.
Note: A weekly seminar is to be arranged for M.
A. Previous and Final students.
M. A. PREVIOUS GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION- 2017
PAPER-I: EVOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT
3 Hours Duration
Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Definition of geography, The nature and scope of geography(basic concepts), Post war trends,
Inter-disciplinary trends, recent trends in geography.
UNIT-II
Pre-scientific geographic ideas in ancient and medieval times: Indian influences. Geography of
Vedic age and geography of Puranas: sources of puranic geography, Puranic continents and
oceans, the mountain system and river systems (first 4 chapters from Geography of Puranas by
S.M. Ali). Development of geography in India.
UNIT-III
Contribution by Greek, Roman and Arab geographers; the emergence of scientific geography in
the 18th and 19th centuries; its place among other social sciences; Foundation of modern
geography; Contribution of German, French, British and American schools; Humboldt and Ritter;
Leaders of the first generation- Ratzel, Richthophan, Hettener; Contribution of Vidal-de-la Blache
and Jean Brunche.
UNIT-IV
Conceptual and methodological developments during the 20 th century; Paradigm shifts; Man &
environment; Areal differentiation and spatial organization; Dichotomies in geography- Physical &
human geography, Determinism & possibilism, Neo-determinism, Regional & systematic
geography, Qualitative & quantitative geography, Theoretical & applied geography, Analytical &
synthetical geography, Reductionism & holism.
UNIT-V
Impact of positivism, humanism, radicalism, and behaviouralism in geography; Positivism,
functionalism, idealism, realism, and post modernism in geography. Feministic perspective in
geography.
Books recommended:
1.Adhikari S.: Fundamentals of Geographical Thoughts, Chetanya Pub. House, Allahabad, 1992.
2. Ali, S.M.: The Geography of Puranas, Peoples Pub. House, Delhi, 1966.
3. Dickinson, RE: The makers of Modern Geography, Roultedge & Kegan Paul, London, 1969.
4. Dikshit RD: Geographical Thought- A Contextual History of ideas, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
5. G. Taylor (ed.) : Geography of Twentieth Century, Methuen, London.
6. Hagget, P: Geography- A Modern synthesis, Harper & Row, New York, 2001.
7. Jenson AH: Geography- History & Concepts, 1988.
8. Hartshorne, Richard: Perspective on the Nature of Geography, Rand Mc Nally & Co. Chigo,1959.
9. Harvey ME and Holly: Themes in Geographic Thought, Rawat, Jaipur.
10. Johnston, RJ: The Future of Geography, Methuen, London, 1988.
11. Minshull Roger: The Changing Natur of Geography, Hutchinson Univ. Lib. London, 1970.
12 Wooldridge & East: The Sprit and Purpose of Geography, Hutchinson Univ. Lib. London, 1951.
13. Kaushik, S D : Bhogolik Vichardhara evm Vidhitantra.
14. Jain, S M : Bhogolik Chintan va vidhitantra, Sahitya Bhavan, Agra
15. Jat, B.C: Bhogolik Chintan ka Itihas, Malik, Jaipur, 2010.
PAPER-II: STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMIC GEOMORPHOLOGY
3 Hours Duration
Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Nature and scope of geomorphology, Fundamental concepts, the constitution of earth’s interior:
the evidences of seismology, thermal state of the earth interior, the zoning of the earth’s interior.
The principles of isostasy: origin of the concept, level of compensation, different scientists views,
gravity anomaly. Revival of continental drift theory of Alfred Wegner, Plate tectonics, Seafloor
spreading hypothesis.
UNIT-II
Earth Movements and geological structure, Endogenetic forces: diastrophic and sudden forces,
Tectonic regionalization of India,
Geosynclines, Ancient shields, Median mass, Theories of
mountain building of Jeffery, Kober, Joly, Daly, Holms, phases of mountain building with
reference to evolution of the Himalayas.
UNIT-III
Exogenetic processes: Concept of gradation, agents and processes of gradation; Causes, types
and classification of weathering, Mass movement, Erosional and depositional processes; Subareal denudation, concept of landscape evolution, factors controlling landform development,
landform classification, Karst, Arid, Semi-arid, Glacial and coastal landforms.
UNIT-IV
Fluvial process, mathematical form of river curve, the fundamental principles of cycle of erosion
and its presentation, drainage patterns, Indian river systems and river regimes; the study of
slopes, concept of slope in geomorphology, old and new ideas on evolution of hill side slope
elements (hilltop, hillside, screed slope, and pediment), Detailed study of the ideas of W.M.Davis,
Walter Penck, Wood, A.Young, L.C. King, and Strahler on the development of slope.
UNIT-V
The study of erosional surfaces: concept of erosion surface, techniques of recognition and
correlation of erosion surfaces wit special reference to India and Rajasthan; Concept of applied
geomorphology, bottom relief of the oceans, Coral reefs and islands, Sea level change and
coastal erosion, formation of coasts of India.
Books recommended:
1.Ahmed E: Coastal Geomorphology of India, New Delhi.
2. Cotton CA: Geomorphology, John Willey & Sons, New York.
3. Dayal P: A Text Book of Geomorphology, Shukla Book Depot, Patna, 1996.
4. Holms A: Principles of Physical Geology, Nelson, 1978.
5. Jefferys H: The Earth- its origin, history and physical constitution.
6. King and Embleton : Glacial and Pre-glacial geomorphology, Edward Arnold, Londo, 1975.
7. Lobeck,AK: Geomorphology, McGraw Hill Book Co. NewYork, 1939.
8. Monkhouse,F.J.: Principles of Physical Geography, Hodder & Strougten, London, 1960.
9. Pitty, AF: Introduction to Geomorphology, Methuen, Londen, 1974.
10. Sharma, HS (ed.): Perspective in Geomorphology, Concept, New Delhi, 1980.
11. Sharma, RC & Vatal,M: Oceanography for Geographers, Chattanya, Allahbad,1992.
12. Singh,S: Geomorphology, Prayag, Allahbad,1998.
13. Steers, JA: The Unstable Earth, Kalyani, New Delhi, 1988.
14. Strahler AN: Earth Sciences, Harper & Row, NewYork.
15. Strahler, AN & Strahler, AH: Modern Physical Geography, John Willey, NewYork, Revised 1992.
16. Thornbury, WD: Principles of Geomorphology, John Willey, NewYork, 1960.
17. Wooldridge, SW & Morgan, RS: An Outline to Geomorphology, Longman, London, 1960.
18. Young, A; Slopes, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 1972.
19. Sawinder Singh, Bhoo Akriti Vigyan, Vasundhra, Gorakhpur
20. Kaushik, SD: Bhoo Akriti Vigyan, Rastogi, Meerut
21. Negi, VS: Bhoo Akriti Vigyan, Rastogi, Meerut
22. Jat, BC: Bhoo Akriti Vigyan, Rawat, Jaipur.
PAPER- III: PRINCIPLES & THEORY OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
3 Hours Duration
Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Meaning, nature, scope and methods of economic geography; relation of economic geography
with economics and other branches of social sciences, concept of economy; simple model of
economy: environmental relations of economy, spatial structure of economy.
UNIT-II
Types of agriculture: Whittlesey’s classification of agricultural regions and special study of
subsistence agriculture, tropical plantation, Mediterranean agriculture, mixed faming, stock
raising and its products; concept and techniques of delimitation of agriculture regions; crop
combination and diversification; Von Thuenen’s model of agriculture location and its
modification.
UNIT-III
Spatial distribution of energy; sources of power: coal, petroleum, hydroelectricity, and atomic
power; Future need
of energy, Nature of world trade and its role in economic development;
Decision making processes- a behavioural approach.
UNIT-IV
Classification of industries; resource based and footloose industries; theories of industrial
location- Weber, Losch and Isard; Case studies of selected industries- iron & steel, cotton textile,
chemical fertilizers, paper & pulp, oil refining and petrochemical.
UNIT –V
Location and interaction in a simplified economic landscape; Spatial variation in transport coastaccessibility & connectivity. Spatial variation in production coast. Demand scale and
agglomeration, Concept of economic region, techniques of delimitation of economic regions,
economic regionalization of India.
Books recommended:
1.Bengston, NA & Royen, MV: Fundamentals of Economic Geography, Prentice Hall, New York.
2. Berry & Ray: The Geography of Economic systems, Prentice Hall, New York.
3. Drez & Sen: India – Economic Development and Social Opportunity, Oxford, New Delhi, 1996.
4. Ghose, BC: Industrial Location
5. Guha & Chattergy: A New Approach to Economic Geography, World Press, Kolkatta
6. Hartshorne & Alexander: Economic Geography, Prentice Hall, New York, 2000.
7. Hodder & Lee: Economic Geography, St. Martin Press, New Yoek, 1974.
8. Isard, W: Methods of Regional Analysis, The Technology Press& John Willey, New York, 1956.
9. John & Darkenwald: Economic Geography, Mc Millan Co., New York, 1975.
10. Kaswan, N.R.: Energy Resources & Economic Development - A Study of Rajasthan, Concept
Publishing Co.,New Delhi, 1992.
11. Leong & Morgan: Human & Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, London, 1982.
12. Lloyed & Dicken: Location in Space: A Theoretical Approach to Economic Geography, Harper
& Row, New York, 1972.
13.Mc Catty, James & Lindberg: A Preface to Economic Geography, Englewood Cliffs , Prentice
Hall, 1966.
14. Millar, E.: Geography of Manufacturing, Prentice Hall, New York, 1962.
15. Renner T.H. and others: World Economic Geography.
16. Robertson, H.: (ed.) : Globalization and Environment, E. Elgar Co. UK, 2001.
17. Robinson, H.: Economic Geography, M Sc Donald London
18. Smith, David M.: Industrial Location: An Economic Geographical Analysis, Lloyd Willey, New
York, 1981.
19. Smith, J.C. & Phillip, M.O.: Industrial and Commercial Geography, Henry Hall.
20. Thoman, RS: The Geography of Economic Activity, McGraw Hill, New York, 1962.
21. Wheeler, J.O.: Economic Geography, John Willey, New York, 1995.
22. Zimmerman, E,W.: World Resources and Industries, Harper & Co. New York.
23. K.N. Singh & Jagdish Singh: Arthik Bhoogol ke Mool tatva, Vasundhara, Gorakhpur.
24. P. Jain: Arthik Bhoogol, rastogi, Meerut.
25. M. Haroon: arthik Bhoogol, Vasundhara, Gorakhpur.
26. Jat, B.C.: Arthik Bhoogol, Panchsheel, Jaipur.
PAPER -IV: GEOGRAPHY OF ENVIRONMENT
3 Hours Duration
Max. Marks 100
Note: The paper will contain ten questions having 2 questions from each unit. Candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all selecting at least one question from each unit.
UNIT-I
Concept of environment, meaning, nature and scope of environmental geography; Concept of
ecology and ecosystem: definition and elements, energy flow and productivity in ecosystem, ecocycles, types of eco-system.
UNIT-II
Man- environment relationship, perception of environment and its quality, degradation of
environment,
development
vis-à-vis
eco-crises;
Population,
resources
and
eco-crises;
environment and quality of life.
UNIT – III
Environmental hazards and pollution problem- water, air, noise, soil and radioactive: causes,
impact and measures of control with Indian examples.
UNIT – IV
Environmental management- management of forest, soil, wild life, energy and mineral resources,
Environmental education, monitoring and mapping, conservation of natural resources.
UNIT – V
Ecological planning for sustainable development in India, environmental polices and programmes
( international and national) , environmental problems and planning in India.
Books recommended:
1. Batel, B.(ed): Management of Environment, Wiby eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1980.
2. Brij Gopal: Elements of Ecology
3. centre for Science & Environment: The State of India Environment: A citizen’s Report, 1982,
1985, New Delhi.
4. B.B.S. Kapoor, Ahmed Ali et al. : Current Environmental Issues, Madhu Publications, Bikaner.
5. Desh Bandhu (ed.): Environmental Management, Indian Environment Society, New Delhi.
6. Gupta & Gurjar: sustainable Development, Rawat, Jaipur.
7. Kaswan, N.R. : Man and Environment (Hindi), Malik & Co. Jaipur, 1999.
8. Mathur, H.S.:
9 Park, C.C: Ecology and Environmental Management, Butterworths, London, 1980.
10. P.D. Sharma: Ecology and Environment, Rastogi, Meerut, 2010.
11. Peter Cotgreave & Irwin Forseth: Introductory Ecology, Blackwell, 2002.
12. Savinder Singh: Geography of Environment, allahbad
13. Singh & Sngh (ed.): Geography of Environment, Concept, New Delhi
14. Strahler, A.N.: Geography and Man’s Environment, John Willey, New York, 1976.
15. V.K. Srivatava: Paryavaran Bhoogol evm Paristhitiki, Vasundhara, Gorakhpur.
PRACTICAL
Distribution of marks will be as follows:
1. Laboratory & map work test (4 hours duration)
40 marks
2. Record work
25 marks
3. Viva-voce
10 marks
4. Project report & viva-voce (15+10)
25 marks
Total Marks
100 marks
N.B. 12 hours of teaching practical be provided per batch of 15 students per week.
Laboratory and map work:
(i)
The art and science of cartography, history of maps, materials, techniques and
preparation of maps; Map as a tool in geographical studies; types of maps, techniques
for the study of spatial pattern of distribution, single purpose and composite maps.
(ii)
Enlargement, reduction and combination of maps, finding area of maps, use of
planimeter.
(iii)
Interpretation of weather maps and weather forecast.
(iv)
Elementary trigonometry.
(v)
Map projections- definition, choice & use, limitations and classification.
Construction (mathematical) and characteristics (properties) of following projections:
I. Conical projection:
1.Equal area with one standard parallel
2.Equal area with two standard parallels
3.Bonne’s Conical Projection
4.Poly-conic projection
5.International
II. Cylindrical Projection:
1.Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
2.Natural Cylindrical Projection
3.Simple Cylindrical Projection
4.Mercator’s Projection
5.Gall’s stereographic Projection
III. Zenithal Projections:
1.Gnomonic (a) Polar case (b) Equatorial case.
2.Stereographic (a) Polar case (b) Equatorial
3.Orthographic (a) Polar case (b) equatorial case
4.Equal Area (a) Polar case (b) equatorial case
5.Equidistant (a) Polar case (b) equatorial case
IV. Conventional Projections:
1.Sinusoidal Projection
2.Mollweide Projection
3.Interrupted Mollweide Projection
4.Interrupted Sanson Flamsteed (Homolosine)
Geographical Maps and Diagrames:
Computation of data, preparation of frequency tables, representation of histogram and ogive;
finding skewness, Computation of mean, median, mode, standard deviation and coefficient of
variation and correlation; Theoretical basis of nearest neighbour analysis, Practical exercise of
nearest neighbour analysis, Network analysis, Locational analysis of urban centres, All these be
computed from statistical data preferably based on district or tehsil unit area and the following
types of maps and diagrams be prepared:
Isopleths, Choropleth, Chorochromatic maps; Mapping of location specific data, accessibility and
flow maps; Isochrones and population potential surface maps; population pyramid; Sten-deGeer’s and Stilgen-baur method.
Three dimensional diagram of economic and social data, Block pile, Sphere, Pyramid; Graphspolygraph, semi-log & log graph, Trilinear chart, Circular graph, Climatograph, Taylor’s
climograph, Annual water deficiency and water surplus graph.
Survey Camp: Landscape study tour of cultural and physical features be conducted organizing a
field excursion for a week and a detailed report of about 25 typed pages with appropriate maps
and diagrams should be submitted by each student.
Books recommended:
1. Dickinson, G.C.: Statistical mapping of statistics, London
2. Khan, Z A: Text book of Practical Geography, Concept, New Delhi, 1998.
3. Lawrence,GRP: Cartographic Methods, London, 1971.
4. Monkhouse, FJ & Wilkinson HR: Map & Diagram, Methuen, London, 1994.
5. Robinson AH et,al. : Elements of Geography, John Willey, New York, 1995.
6. Sarkar, A K: Practical Geography: A Systematic Approach, Oriental Longman,
Calcutta, 1997.
7. Saroj K. Pal: statistics for Geosciences- Techniques and applications, Concept, New
Delhi, 1998.
8. Singh R.L.: Elements of Practical Geography, Kalyani Pub. New Delhi
9. Steers, J.A. : Map Projections, University of Lonon Press,London.
10. Sharma J.P. : Prayogatamak Bhoogol, Rastogi, Meerut.