I. Democracy abroad AND at home
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African American - WW2
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Double V campaign
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Victory against & over Hitler/white supremacy
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Victory over racism in the US
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Fighting against de jure(legal) discrimination
•
o
skin color
o
harsher to fight
Mexican Americans
o
de facto (by custom/tradition) discrimination
o
suppose to except second class status
o
Jaime Crow/ Juan Crow
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Jim Crow was used against both groups: separating people based on race, culture,
etc.
II. The NAACP and Smith V. Allwright (1944)
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National Association Advancement of Colored People
o
Founded in 1910s in TX
o
file lawsuits to help African Americans in TX
o
Smith wanted to guarantee the right to vote for African Americans
o
TX is still largely a one-party state
o
Tried to get them to be able to vote in the primaries
•
o
Poll tax
Not first African American case to try and fight
•
2 other cases
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1927 Nixon v. Herndon (Nixon = African American man)
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1932 Nixon v. Condon
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Both went to supreme court ruled in Nixon's favor
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TX state officials would come up with new laws to keep them from
voting
o
Executive Committee after 1927 case
•
o
decided that only whites could vote in Democratic primaries
After 1932 case
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decided that Democratic party was a private organization so it could
decide its own rules
o
1944 Smith v. Allwright
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goes to supreme court
rule in favor of Smith

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Democratic party is a state party
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needs to follow 14th and 15th amendments
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makes a dent
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1946 over 75,000 to 100,000 African Americans in Tx have voted in an
election and are participating in TX elections
III. The American GI Forum and the Longoria Affair, 1948-9
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dueling sides
•
Felix Longoria
o
death in WW2 in the Philippines helps Dr. Hector P. García
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naval air station in Corpus Christie isn't opening beds to Mexican
Americans
•
Mexican Americans having issues get GI Bill (1944)
money to buy homes

•
Forms American GI Forum
helping Mexican American veterans

spreads mission not just Mexican American veterans but all
Mexican Americans

•
•
education
Longoria Affair

Felix Longoria was drafted into the U.S. army November 1944

killed in action by early 1945
his remains don't return to his hometown (Three Rivers)
January 1949

his wife goes to the local funeral home

•
owner Mr. Kennedy new, only lived here short time
•
told her that she can't have a awake because the Anglo
people wouldn't stand for it
•
new business owner and is afraid to upset Jim Crow
order
•
she and her sister went to Dr. Hector
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he protested, call senator (Lyndon B. Johnson),
wrote letters
•
Three Rivers tried to fix image
•
had a celebration when his remains were
returned
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Lyndon B. Johnson had him buried at Arlington
National Cemetery
•
Helped boost the organization
IV. Lulu White, Juanita Craft, and the Growth of the NAACP, Late 1930s-1940s
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African American women were the foundation of the NAACP
•
recruiting and get old members to come back
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Lulu B.M. White
o
lived in Houston
o
had a complaint went to Lulu White
•
o
•
she would make a difference
formed a close relationship with a national NAACP lawyer
Juanita Craft
o
went to Houston from Dallas
o
became close friends with Lulu
o
state organizer for the NAACP
•
financial contributions
•
re-activate old members
o
V. Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
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Herman Sweatt was a black man
•
Painter was the president of UT law school
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Herman sued painter for not allowing him into the school
o
•
He wasn't able to find a job after graduating
Early 1940s Sweatt decides he wants to go to law school
o
Jim Crow laws so blacks couldn't be admitted
o
1876 separate schools "white and colored" people
•
o
Impartial provisions should be made
Late 1940s
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Est TX St. University for Negros
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Authorized Prairie View A&M (AF Am inst.0
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Bsmt of bldg. in AF Am side of Austin

Subst. for UT law school
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1950 the Supreme Court says that Sweatt and his lawyers were right
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Open UT law school to them
•
Sweatt won his case
•
Many who were involved with civil rights movements suffered from harsh and
painful lives like Sweatt
VI. Tx officials launch an anti-NAACP campaign, Late 1950s
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Armed guards are sent
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Files are taken
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White began to realize that the NAACP was the group helping fund black who were
winning the civil rights movements.
o
Created law suits by going on and finding ways to sue different institutions
o
Were coming up with reasons and accusations to get the NAACP shut down
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NAACP takes a big hit in late 1950s to early 1960s
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Seen as crazy lawyers and agitators
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Many historians call this time period after WWII the second reconstruction
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Blacks were given the rights in the first reconstruction