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PARASITIC MITES (ACARINA, ARACHNOIDEA) IN WILD BIRDS TRAPPED
IN POULTR Y FARMS IN ISRAEL.
1. SPECIES OF MITES AND THEIR HOSTS
BY Shoshana ROSEN, A. HADANI and D. SHOHAM *
WILD BIRDS
SARCOPTIFORME
AND
MESOSTIGMATIC MITES
ISRAEL
OISEAUX
SAUVAGES
ACARIENS
SARCOPTIFORMES
ET
MESOSTIGMA TES
ISRAilL
ABSTRACT : Six hundred and nine wild birds were examined, consisting of
258 Columbia IMa, 146 Streptopelia senegalensis, 42 S. decaocto, 56 Passer doinesticus, 101 Bubulcus ibis, 5 Larus ridibundus and 1 Sturnus vulgaris. Two
hundred and forty birds (39.4 070) were found infested with parasitic mites. In
total 1375 mites were collected from the trapped birds, belonging to 16 species of
sarcoptiforme and 6 species of mesostigmatic mites. S. senegalensis and Columba
IMa were infested with 13 and 8 species of parasitic mites respectively, with the
other wild bird hosts being infested with fewer species of mites. The possible role
of wild birds as a reservoir of parasitic mites to the domestic fowl is discussed with
particular reference to Ornithonyssus sylviarum, O. bursa and Megninia ginglymura. The last species is reported for the first time from poultry in Israel.
RESUME : Les AA ont examine six cent neuf oiseaux sauvages captures dans des
fermes d'elevage de volailles : 258 Columba IMa, 146 Streptopelia senegalensis,
42 S. decaocto, 56 Passer domesticus, 101 Bubulcus ibis, 5 Larus ridibundus,
1
Sturnus vulgaris. Deux cent quarante oiseaux (39.4 %) ont ete trouves porteurs
d' Acariens parasites. Au total 1 375 Acariens ont ete recoltes sur les oiseaux ainsi
captures, appartenant a 16 especes de Sarcoptiformes et 6 especes de Mesostiginates. S. senegalensis et Columba livia etaient porteurs de, respectivement, 13 et 8
especes d' Acariens parasites, les aut res oiseaux etant porteurs d'un nombre d'especes moindre. Le role eventuel des oiseaux sauvages en tant que reservoir d' Acariens
parasites vis-a-vis des poulets domestiques ou (et) de vecteurs de ces Acariens de
volailles en elevage est discute, specialement en ce qui concerne Ornitonyssus sylviarum, O. bursa et Megninia ginglymura. Cette derniere espece est signalee pour la
premiere fois en · Israel.
INTRODUCTION
Observations carried out in Israel and abroad
have shown the frequent infestation of poultry
with parasitic and semi-parasitic species of mites
(CWILlCH and DISON, 1967; CWlLICH and
et
HADANI, 1965 ; DE LOA CH and DE VANEY, 1981 ;
HADANI et al., 1975; KOHANE and HADANI,
1961 ; WHARTON and CROSS, 1957).
Parasitic mites cause considerable economical
losses to the poultry industry, manifested by restlessness, damage to the feathers, decrease in pro-
• Department of Entomology, The Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O.B : 12, Beit-Dagan, Israel.
Acar%gia, t.
XXVI, rase. I, 1985.
80
ductivity, transmlSSlOn of diseases and mortality
(DELOACH and DE VANEY, 1981).
The means of penetration and propagation of
parasitic mites in the poultry farm are not fully
understood and species of wild birds, nesting in
the vicinity of the farm, have been suspected of
their dissemination (COOPER and CRITES, 1975;
FOULK and MATHYSSE, 1965; GOTHE and
IMHOFF, 1975; KEEGAN, 1956; WHARTON and
CROSS, 1957).
In surveys of ecto-parasites, carried out in wild
birds (COOPER and CRlTES, 1975; FOULK and
MA THYSSE, 1965) species of Ornithonyssus and
Dermanyssus commonly parasitizing poultry have
been found . SHOHAM (1975) in Israel found
Streptopelia senegalensis heavily infested with o.
The birds collected were brought to the laboratory, brushed carefully and the mites embedded in
Berlese mixture on microscopical slides. Blood
engorged mites were initially clarified in hot lactophenol solution. In other cases the mites were
preserved in 70° alcohol to be classified later.
Classification of the material collected basically
(ollowed those of KRANTZ (1978), BAKER (1956),
ZUMPT (1961, 1958) and HIRST (1922) .
In some cases mites were sent to the British
Museum for final identification. Some specimens
were classified up to the family and others are
still being studied. The findings have been analyzed quantitatively as to the average number of
mites bird -\ and the prevalence of infestation (0J0)
in each bird species.
bursa.
Wild birds and nests have been collected in
poultry farms in Israel and examined for the presence of mites. The findings related to the species of mites collected from the various bird hosts
are described in the present communication.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field study was carried out in the years 19761979 in various parts of the country. Collection
sites included poultry farms reported to be infested with parasitic mites and the garbage center of
Tel-Aviv in Hiria where remains of poultry
slaughter houses are disposed off. Wild birds
caught were recorded as to the species, locality
and date. The wild birds examined included pigeons (Columba livia), Streptopelia senegalensis,
S. decaocto, sparrows (Passer domesticus) and
Bubulcus ibis. Larus ridibundus was trapped
only in the Hiria garbage center. A single specimen ' of Sturnus vulgaris was also caught.
L. ridibundus and B. ibis were collected, using
chicken intestines mixed with Alfamat *). Other
species of wild birds were baited with ' chicken
concentrate mixed with Tardimon **), Both drugs
were used at the concentration of 2-4 070 according
to the season of the year.
RESULTS
Six hundred and eight *** wild birds were examined during the period of the study consisting of
258 pigeons, 146 S. senegalensis, 42 S. decaocto,
56 sparrows, 101 B. ibis, and 5 L. ridibundus.
Two hundred and forty birds (39.4 0J0) were found
infested with 1 375 parasitic mites with an overall
average of 5.7 mites bird -\ .
The results are summarized in tables 1-4. The
species of sarcoptiforme, feather mites and mesostigmatic blood sucking mites collected from the
various bird hosts are summarized in tables 1 and
2 respectively.
It can be seen that S. senegalensis harboured
8 species of feather mites followed in decreasing
order (number of species of mites in parenthesis)
by G. Iivia (5), L. ridibundus (5), S. decaocto (3),
P. domesticus (3) and B. ibis (1). M. columbae
was particularly abundant, infesting 4 species of
wild birds. A single specimen of Sturnus vulgaris
caught was found infested only with Trouessartia
rosterii.
A new undescribed species of Analges and some
un-classified specimens belonging to the families
* Alfamat - 90070 glucochloralose, "Rimi " Chemical Industries. Petah-Tikvah. Israel.
** Tardimon - 97-99 % glucochloralose. "Or. Meron" Chemical Industries , Haifa. Israel.
*** A single specimen of S. vulgaris is not included .
'81{.,.1
':'
Jr: Spe'cies', of 'sarcoptiforme ,(feaiher) .mites collected .from wild birds caught in .poiJltry . farms in Israel ' in the 'years ,1976-1979..
" jj'l'_,C·T ABLE'
"
hosts
Wild
';;
(i:.
-\-J
jr~.(,
.'
Family.
bp!; [:;l:'I.l
'!:
•
.'1. ( Bubulcus
\Y\ \1\":, i·f.\~J,~ \\;,
.
,
SpecIes,
n;'(i rtucq Hlo'd L<:,j'lnr!,~,-!
. J~1G-i(1
J I';"I/',J/:;Ji.-i
··lln:..:l>t
d:!; d
nn')~ijId
s:f
I
Super Family
-{:;f~;~_:':
,_ ! i~;
ibis
'; :i!!: :
PasseL
domesticus
l
~trePt~peli~'
Streptopel(a
decaocto ,y senegalensis
;i! \(lJlrIoq NaHoll:~hJ.s · J1st;b~hbrui ')lrIf1
.\J\ 2n d) l!'f!!c.fI!if.er; /a~~~r(iJ~lJs !10 b~i'1
Pterolicho'idea \ .'", t~1?~H!~~!~ae,., ~ fa!s~.'ifer .~<.!~!;a.(u.s "i, ",."
,b. ,.'..-,1 '.i,... . ,~ . ....I';Pterophagus sihiilis I. '0' f ...)_,}!
LdvorL ~.)j:;(:<r: )(:1';1 l)dJ Jni: J [flf!f..ophggu.~ :sti;!,d~lJs. ri" J I
+
+
+
+
+
~-''': .sd ?.\':\')\~\~~;')
f")'!d
,
r:t~.r::,Jilch~!~ea
.J
+
\" ;i~
0\
~ ; "-_"rPt~r,qlj~~~~~,e_ ,
Analgo'idea
r";'-l''''~,,_\!
(", ~', '\'~ "-';'\';'~
Dermoglyphus columbae
Epidermoptidae
Metamicrolichus sp.
Analgidae
Megninia ginglymura
Megninia, columbae ~ ;~/!lJ
Analges chelopus
".:'"
,~,::
,)'1'"'.,,,\;,:.' ~:' -.~?,
(:'..~\'~ t~I'))'·:r1~!~\
l.'~'J\\'i ·.!t\\'.l\) 1'''Y~'\~/'\
+
+
~ __, f.~~fo/~c~,uf o)!fus.~~ h f-. ,~ ~. ri
Dermoglyphidae
L!li!:}',
~ : t:, ~
Columba _ L!1rus, _
livia . ridibundus
,'.\'
+
+
+
rjJ
l" 'L';:,:r, .. (:: l'~'I;-;
I"
·.:!;L,~·~ I.') ' + 110'; "":ji-;:
,1 + ;,' ::q
~:;;.+ -!;.:
':0
+
Avenzoariidae---" Zachvatkinia sternae ' "
\X""I',Bychovskiata, pseudocharadrii'",";h'\
• Diplaegidia columbae.
\~\',n'\':;1
er'
"/;~!<.: ;\~ ":\ \~;':\U
L"'-i', _ :~; '>';-:":.1",( 11;\ ""~,{j
'r.
TABLE 2 :
:,i_J_~-I'-
Wild
bird
,.!:h
Streptopelia \' ':i~reptopelia
decaocto ' I .,~, se'negalensis
HIF.....'c;.t:_{
'..:H_'
iil)
1J!!.!)U:
r;.:}t
D~'rm~)lyss.!?·ic!~a ~' 2;,i l'yfa~~~mys~ii1a~)~ )!j
•
I
fl',1f(I[L'l
", ',
,;,
f.~!I()IJYf~i}i.leetfi U . Cl '.} .\;))
, ~l':,elap~id\ ae . "'"
"., f/qe.,!(l.ofl!,e,.!,!.'P,.~ , c~!!,I,i...~". "
~ ... r_~ ~J Haemolaelaps'glasgowl
1 _ '\_(,.
_._.,_~
'j1.i~EI
;;,!/': iJ':',+ ;j ;':
+
.~~j~iFl ·,;J: +j;'~;·.;·t
b'-:qqr,;-f1
",off]
r1;I:.
ffEC:'ll
iY}.k')~if:~
i;~,l_r){-il.)~}
?f-~
;! I~0 n:1
(';';\J\J~~\\'.I!\~;S\'~C\.)
t'~\\I.,)\)\\'.)\\')
·;:'J?C)
f!" "()-:; ? ;).iffn : (~\'E 1
; ' f(}~\ '.i-l.";-r/ {(f-O
')(j
',."! "
. ,
Iq.', \
j':!.
Columba
livia
,+
, Macronyssidae , OrlJitho.nyssus sylviarum " _
L-:;L ('IJiHJ j)~ l~)!JI?.dO:"; ~l 120(1 J ffrhi;.h~nyssus ~/lJ;i~\'.\\i~~~\\')!,
r))
hosts
(r) \ {J !
Passer
domesticus
!!i)
!,,_'\~\':.,;,,~\,,\~\'~(.Yi.
11,.:\·.\:,·i,ll.n·'... ·,J-A·-\
Species of mesostigmatic, blood sucking mites, collected from wild birds caught' in poultry farms in Israel in the yea.~s~\ I.~79-!?n,""V.
Mesostigmatic blood sucking mites
,(
: \\~)i'_ "
~'_\~"_~::'.';i
t)J + -:-1J;:::; iUi:"'~J
l')~;!",
~'\~ ;"':";
:(.Ul~:j
·n,r!".c'i
.\~
• A~, claSSIfIed by . ~UMPT, , 196I : '
'" '
_ '
"
(U!J / .. :~ j) :.:~n;·lO UDc/-j fH!f; (~-"Jnj10 Ir!;)I~;~!-~\..j ~ 0 ";: li?!;·l.sl~
Ino rd bn~Jo'l 2_C'if ~(8dQ i
bf,iEjJider.moptidae and Ealeulifefidde were'.l(:;ollect;
ed and are ;Jjejng.:studied f now,.')jUiq i! ti 'f! b~, k'_:;!' [
i:irlt 'cari :be , seenJ that (5. ;,Bti~ ufLfth'e 6<'species!J of
_G
bfIL-: r:'//~j"iTf)r((~ [iU '{b~Lf(:
niesostigmatic·,:m ites : isolated :fnom Jithe~ wild-::.: birds
were found on S. senegalensis followed by C. /i.via
(4)~ B; (bis!, (i3)';;S. ,decaoet€) l (Q.}l'aud P ) :do.mestieus
(;n ;-. No :mesostigmatic mites dto).ildYbe,·\founa rroii
--'JJ.i r.idibundus '(and !-:S':' ·,vulgaTis};(one i .',bird)'J lf> 0.
·sYlvlQFU'm ': was~, the ; speGies ' most) commonly,:{ourid
follo\Ved ' by l(j) ,i Jbursa; H ;riglasgoWi,, ;rJf. ceasalis, crrid
p )
reedi.': P.'.:jimetbtul1(iwas ;detetted ,'orily,'on S.
-..:1n<} grd!:.''"-:tn1 (e~j~.H i ~;.~ E oJ ~ldg!lG;
senegiile'nsis l ·')~)
:2, The hignesi; prevalence:·o[:\infestati<5n with:;mites
',w'aS'J i :lerected ; in :L '.l ·'tidibundils , (Table 3) (followed
82
3 : Prevalence of parasitic mites and mean rate of infestation
of wild birds caught in poultry farms in Israel (1976-1979).
TABLE
Infestation with parasitic mites
Wild bird hosts
Prevalence ("70) Mean (mites bird-')
Larus ridibundus
Columba livia
Streptopelia decaocto
Streptopelia senegalensis
Bubulcus ibis
Passer domesticus
80
54.6
40.4
32.8
30.7
8.92
5.8
7.15
1.76
2.06
8.4
8.6
by pigeons, both species of Streptope~ia and B.
ibis. Sparrows were found rather rare~y infested
with mites (8.9 % of the birds examined). Mean
number of mites bird-I was rather low in all 6
species of wild birds ranging between 1.8 - 8.6.
TABLE
It can be seen that with the exception of M. cubitalis, all other 5 species of parasitic mites occurred on 2 or more species of wild birds caught in
poultry farms. S. decaocto and particularly L.
ridibundus were found frequent~y infested with
M. ginglymura, which hitherto has not been
reported from poultry in Israel. However feather
mites collected from poultry in Israel and identified on clinical grounds as M. cubitalis have been
recently re-classified as M. ginglymura.
It would thus seem that the last species should
be added to the list of parasitic mites in Istael
attacking both domestic and wild birds. In no
case were sparrows found infested with these
parasitic mites.
4 : Species of parasitic mites found on poultry in Israel as compared to their occurrence on wild birds examined in the present study.
Species of mites
Larus
ridibundus
Bubulcus
ibis
+
+
+
Ornithonyssus sylviarum
Ornithonyssus bursa
Haemolaelaps casalis
Haemolaelaps glasgowi
Megninia cubitalis
Megninia ginglymura
Passer
domesticus
Streptopelia
decaocto
streptopelia
senegalensis
Columba
livia
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
DISCUSSION
Of the 608 specimens of wild birds caught, 240
(39.4 %) were found infested with parasitic mites.
1 375 mites could be collected from the trapped
birds, belonging to 16 species of sarcoptiforme,
feather mites and 6 species of blood sucking
mesostigmatic mites.
In our study the trapped birds were thoroughly
brushed for the presence of mites. Washing the
feathers with alcohol and closely examining the
feather shafts, would have perhaps permitted the
detection of various other sarcoptiforme . mites.
Falculiferidae were represented by 5 species belonging to 3 genera, infesting only Columbiformes,
mainly S. senegalensis and less so C. livia and S.
decaocto. F. rostratus, considered as specific for
+
Poultry
+
+
+
+
+
+
C. livia (GAUD and ATYEO, 1976) was found in
our study on S. senegalensis as well. P. strictus
was found on the pigeon and on S.
senegalensis. The last host is considered unusual
(GAUD, unpublished), and in our case only 2 female mites could be found. P. similis, known to
infest Turturafer sp. (ZUMPT, 1961) was found
(one female) in our study on S. senegalensis.
H. chelidonis (Pyroglyphidae) , known as a
parasite of Passeriformes and Podiformes (GAUD,
1968), was found in our study on sparrows and S.
senegalensis, both species of birds were found
infested with proto- and deutonymphs as well as
adult mites. GAUD (1968) tends to consider this
species as a phoretic mite rather than a parasitic
one.
One species of feather mites, belonging to the
family Proctophyllodidae was collected in our
83
study. P. troncatus was found only on sparrows
as reported elsewhere (COOPER and CRITES,
1975 ; GAUD and ATYEO, 1976). Alloptidae, reported from passerine birds (HIRST, 1922) were
represented in our study by a single species, A.
oxylobus found on L. ridibundus.
D. columbae (Dermoglyphidae) was found only
on S. senegalensis. The same mite was described
from other species of Streptopelia (ZUMPT, 1961).
A single S. vulgaris, caught in this study, was ·
. found infested with T. rosterii (Trouessartidae).
Similar findings were reported elsewhere (COOPER
and CRITES, 1975 ; GAUD, 1957 ; ZUMPT, 1961).
Metamicrolichus sp. (Epidermoptidae) was
found on B. ibis caught in a farm. This species
has been reported from wild birds and poultry
(ZUMPT, 1961).
Analgidae was represented in our study by the
genera Megninia (Diplaegidia) and Analges. M.
columbae was shown to be the dominant sarcoptiforme mite infesting Columbiformes. This mite
was also abundantly found on L. ridibundus
caught in the garbage center.
S. decaocto was found slightly infested with M.
ginglymura. Few male mites were similarly collected from L. ridibundus. Consequently both
bird species should be considered as accidental
hosts.
M. cubitalis, reported frequently from poultry
and turkeys in Israel (CWILICH and DISON, 1967),
has not been found in our study. Furthermore,
M. ginglymura, known to infest chickens and turkeys (HIRST, 1922) was not reported so far from
farm birds in Israel.
As mentioned above Megninia mites frequently
collected from poultry in Israel and considered as
M. cubitalis, have been recently revised and classified as M. ginglymura. Should M. ginglymura
be shown to be widespread in poultry in Israel it's
occurrence on wild birds might have epidemiological significance.
A. chelopus (Analgidae) was found abundantly
on one sparrow. The finding of B. pseudocharadrii (A venzoariidae) on L. ridibundus is unusual,
having been reported from pigeons (ZUMPT,
1961). The same host was found by us infested
with Z. sternae (A venzoariidae). P. obtusus (Pte-
rolichidae) , reported from wild birds and poultry
(HIRST, 1922) was found by us on C. livia only.
On the whole host-sarcoptiforme mites relationships found in our study (table 1) agree closely with those described elsewhere (COOPER and
CRITES, 1975 ; GAUD and ATYEO, 1976 ; ZUMPT,
1961).
This strengthens the generally · accepted strict
host specifidtyin sarcoptiforme feather mites
(GAUD and ATYEO, 1979). The possibility of
accidental occurrence of species of feather mites
on unusual hosts should not be excluded, particularly in the case of birds caught in garbage centres
where remains of poultry slaughter houses are disposed off (GAUD and ATYEO, 1976).
However the finding of young stages (larvae
and proto-nymphs) would indicate the existence of
a close adaptation of the parasite to the specific
host. Such were the cases of H. chelidonis and
M~ columbae on sparrows and S. senegalensis and
L. ridibundus respectively.
Mesostigmatic mites were represented, in our
study by 6 species. O. sylviarum .(Macronyssidae)
was found on the Columbiformes and B. ibis.
This mite is very abundant in poultry and turkey
farms in Israel (KOHANE and HADANI, 1961). O.
bursa (Macronyssidae) was similarly found on
Columbiformes and B. ibis. This species, described in Israel for the first time by COSTA in
1966 and only in 1975 in turkeys (HADANI et al.,
1975), has since been shown to spread in poultry
farms rather slowly. It's prevalence is_ much
lower than that of O. sylviarum. O. bursa infests frequently nests of S. senegalensis showing
marked preferrence for 4-15 days old fledglings
(SHOHAM, 1975). B. ibis has also been shown in
our study to be frequently infested with O. bursa.
Rate of infestation of B. ibis with this species was
in fact higher than that of O. sylviarum though
both mites were found on the same birds.
P. reedi (Macronyssinae) has been previously
reported from sparrows in Israel and abroad
(GAUD, unpublished; THEODOR and COSTA,
1967). In the present study a single mite was
found on B. ibis. Both H. casalis and H. glasgowi (Laelaptidae) were collected from Columbiformes. These semi parasitic mites have been
- -- 84; repio'ited ;"fr~)Ii1i:; tol:i~ritS': and;'Va!:ioiis' (speoies)'df\'Wild
bitds ' inf~S ting evenUhilmah LJbein:gs'i (BAKER: 'J et;( al[;
1956 ; :': WW\ R~ToN ," aiid)'CROSS'{ liI 9s17r i : f CWILICH' &
HADANI! E19(5)1'fou'nd Lthese:linites dn lsitk ?atlaeIrii:G
ch:iCJ{ens qIi'<:lsr'a'ehl !i~);:i:::
i':i(.Ji1 jC:JiJ :;<.o!ij rlj1'fl '~l",%
,T'Finally fP.v jirfieiiiFumir(Pdrdsiildae) Cwas r' foiffid
by us only on S. senegalensis. THEODOR( 'a'Rd
COSTA!)(1967F repbrfe(P:this'[ spedesi:f:fom' rddents
in j israet r: ;NO othef' irefere-ri:ces r~ouH:i ) Bb:):r6und ' 'in
the lit~hitureJ sr/! .(C'-(~ i ,C.IY;/, 8!:n CUi',;:))
?') Oh the,;;whdle ·Cohiin13iforiries l1 were :fOUhd i }t0
harbour , 'mbi~ ') !spec'ies) riof 1; parasitic rr mites!fl thail'
eithero:spMrows or 8X ibis. ~i)"i3J lbisJ wa's '~f~eqlietlt1y
fOl'i'no i Ciiifesteci ;with iJJ3'? sp'eCies:;
'm(fsostig'rnatic
mites. Only t5he' sarcoptiforfu:e~ mite speCies ~6tild
be"fQUnd "6n', this ; host.·!U g!libiiil ';il! ':~"'Tf:():'l
1('Ifi:'coritrast.':to the' 'high Lp'rev'aleri2e"fo f :mite ' ihfes s
nWbri fin' tne ' CCohimbifbrrrles ', and :13:;ibiS;:inoex:'op
Infestatiofi,\C(iiumber' r'of ~; niites" biro'-") [\vaS: ratl1ei
loW; fahgi'ng',·betweeri,' 1;78' L!J. 18]4. f!:} <;,),\\\\\\\C'I') .u\
Table 4 shows that with'i the ;excepti5h'\ M 'Mii:iioittiiis ,all ;other j:iarasi tic speCies ' Of :mitesCjni'e'stiilg\·pbilltry·.in :Israel . coUld tJ~ fourld' o'n 'wild birds:
trapped' near d{ ' iii)" pc;uld'yJ far'ms ) \0 HdWever '::in
view' Uofi tne d ight ;irifestati6i1iC fbUhd ' oft :tile! ~iicf
bIrds ,(cl'" table ' 3) ' thdr''fole as' 'an'\rrip'dI'tant reser J
voir bi·Jvector's,'cif, 'parasitiC niit~s'i ih:, pbilltry) should'
bel> further ;' extimlned";~\ Occ urrence ',;ofll'!para:sltic"
mite'sTdh 'wild: bitas, as·ifouria ii( tIle present istudy, '
wa:s a:ccompa:riie'd; in some ca's'es by 'a!:correspond J
ir'ig 1iDJesnhi:bri" ih' ddniestiC>f6wlS;. ::)[ii' d / ,(?Y(l (
or
riJUfl;
<l
";;i '~_:G'\\j\\
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;:
rf
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id
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\~n!"'/c~L-: ?:~~r',I,\t)\\" A>CKNO¥iLE;DGEMENT "r; ffi'JU [l'f(! ~. ):~J-;
,;gnH~L::.;rl
L!o {. <,_b ~ ~ -"~.::"/~ ~:'jn::l";TjLCj"~:"~ L-:.L{ :j~!ii
r; iThe ·,authors: are most , gratefill,to Dr;._V GAuD (Lab6.~;
r~roif;~\ ~~, ~afa,sit9J9gj~J i: FCl:s~-'!e, ;,cJ,~'; rv.J~dt,Sil1~~ JQ,61P9.J)
Nice,
France) .for his most .':~
valuable
.assistance :in
the
, 11. ': , ~" > t:". l fi', ,..,'1 "jl'/': (It ) '_
H) fi~~IJ.~I <! ~!'i
l , ' ; ';:IJ
IdentIfIcatIOn
of the mItes i , ..and
for hIS ,·1cntlclsm.
".1 ~, . "
J.
" ....
"
i .i ;
Thanks' are due 'also to' ,Pro£.' 'M : CosTA; 'Haifa. Uni~er~
sity, for ·hiS"comme'nts ;dJ !!.) ;:,fiuoi ',',';'11 c::'Jrifl 11:0n
I'
•
\ " , . . , • , -;
{ ",
• .-
_l,
i
". -'
.-! '. :
COOPER i {IL~?' and:) CRIllES' ~Mi +9V.5 ;\\·' , .. P.arasites !:of
,2 passerineLbjKds ; fr.0.m c:~p}lthj·,B.i;l:S~':::IsJilnd, " 5TT0 9Aio ;},
, Med
,.Ent ;\12 . 483 ... , . c·)-.:1 ..i ···,
,
·'U '-.
- -..) I
-:)j
~-.Jl·:i-Jjj'--'l\J \.;, " \'j1 ~~1
i f....... !J[H~ e! J...L..i ; ::\~ ...
9R~TA l (~; l, ~9§9,·:I
;;
TD~;,pr~~~PJ:,st.~ge loX)'J<:,nq~I~9ge
·~i!' (~~lf~~iig)llgHf' ~it~~j i~C l!~H~eIJlJ() 'Mra5U,)~8et ;
•
.{.\~\,,\\,\~(\\";J\'\ . .l HO
,
bnuo-l (.I~~~j()\'·~·fJ,;
7j'X1P~~ ;,~~r)? ~~? !!?~~H~(}'~i0,~).',i~6;\'\\\\ii\,~.\~sta,'y~n
· of. chIckens Wltl} the mlte '!i{ggnm.za 'cubltaM (R.obm
l.l~aH(PM~nil).'f 1871)~ ')lll itef({ih vd.\''.'i4\\~;!,i'66YI6i; ,;0
C\;/;gtHYR:):{~a \H~B£~r"(~~), 11"965 !J:)q<Iri'{e~WiBilo6f
?fi:hicKS)!With,i rhite~ 6f:Wie' ge'rie'i'a\ HaemoldeIiJjjs '~nd
. (Bheyletus)\','':''': R,efuahj,vet., :22 ,:f)54:..55'.7J::Jlni fjn;!o-j
DE'COACiii (Ji.:)iir:)'( ind)::;:bE)(NANEY'ii(J)]rA~)';' ()198'1! ,[1; ?
· (Northern!fow!. mife:l!(f)rnitho,ryssus.sYlvianlrflJ(A:carh:;
) ;Macrp_ny~~i,4~),-,dng~!si l~~~~ g~<;i!l.t.itLesji qf;YIgl,9,od
· from white· leghorn,
hens .. -,-, J. ,Med . Ent. 18 ·: 374(.~3 ril{(. t:!lll
. !lldiJ.!:J !1! jE0f':i:.:-.) {'..\\.~\ .U ' nu uf:!101
rt
bm; 2.L)';:d bli'lf rr;;'il bj'i0C1c,1 n5~d ~.r;r!
FOULK (1 . D.) and MATHYSSE (J. G.), 1995,fj j 9r.fZit~o\
nyssus sylviarum (Acarina : Mesostigtnata) from ' wild
:Jfbir'd'J irid)t1ieIf!'item.. 1)5) fif::P~ta~i(. irI51:J~ )\126}Y27;
17Zuq
:\\i'l
.?~\')\~~#' t:...
!)itf f·~\\\)\"9. _I\'·~\..\~C\} \)\h\~\S~\~\r. , ;'l:}r"')~J
GAUD (J.), 1968. -;- Acanens 'de la sous-famllle des'
-! i'%'rhl~iophift!Widlii~; fliec;olt~~ Idahsd ' leS' 'pil:lm~s' \"cfes
:)2bisealiiJ - Acar6io:gia:,H10 :?
G~ui:Fb\j\\ 195'7.
292~Jril. ni ~'JiJfi s'Ti!(,l
Acai{eris plumic8ie~~fpafa's'i tes :des
oiseaux du Maroc . ...::!) !Bull. c,Soc:U Sci:;rNat) Maroci
,\ 3.7!l:ll 105.; 136,;'ini ·l.iUgf[c !J[!i!O'j 2:; ', \)\',)01'.'.)':)\) :2,
110
dJXuD i (J~hftid A'fYEOP(W ~ ! T-: );;[,1'976/'~ Discotda:nces
ri :entre .)es ,aif-es : .de' repartition ,'geographiquej'des ! para~
i dH~~!i ~t.. Lce!ll':,s .':1$ ;!~~rs i(~.9t~s,: c'l~:.tJ r!~~( s~S~9P"~.ifo~~~,s
plumicoles. - Acarologia, 18 : 330~344.
".,' ~
.~; 1 ~()fl
q~U.l~)
q ·)>l<;ln~
<;\:\X§9 1~(}Y:· jU,d~1~· , (,' \\ p,~,~\jol~Von
,( ~'6~Js~~~{~~1~~~~m~~!!.~i~r~9i!~&1~~0~~~
.'-.~D!JI( 'lUO
.'YI0fITi:)!Ji'iU'!
f!t
bnUld
GOTHE(R.) and IMHOFF (N.)" 1975. , -
(~tc' ,~~, ,lmm
ij~y;d
{~;d
ion
On infestation
-'gr_!r~cing' ! ~lg~bris ~it~ i 6b'ligi{~) 'Mto8~r~~itii:('a~'thr6~'
fii{iod 'spe&'S Hi' J Ci~trii'aJy! ; -.::1; Beh: ~" Muntii'~lTiJrc(rHl'.i
J
Wschr., 88 : 431-436.
.,l1.-tC1ITqr-
""lr);'p
.!:;H'I<e] !;i dYlrd Em;l
.,.\."q-)("\'}'
n"('I('
: ...... u.-';jr,.·· 'n
")
I
HADANI J(A.) : RAUCHI'lACH (K.);' WEISSMAN ' (Y.) a nd
"i.BbtK,f(R !) ; )~1 976[; i::."'Tlle 'occui-fence 6F;tile LTropiCen
· i,fowl> 'mite i~~ !· .Qrn~thonyssus '" bilrsa D(Beriese/ ,-l888)(
\) .p~~~~llys~id.a,e, 09: It~~k.~ys \!1,\ Jsm,~~· \ .. , Ci, Refua~ v~!.: ,:
;;,
l llO-111.'·'I··(·'(
__i ,':' I")'
·)'1 ,- .',:. f . r'
. J'
_ 3~
!. !':~'~
I ~ i J i. ~
(~ ;J
,l:.o, \! 'J. ...1L "t ,', :J.J
: i" ! h ../ (
J:, ~,~. . "J;
t,
.J
n
H;L~~:r)i($,· ) b ll~n' l ::;;i Mi!~~ ! InjllT:ip1,!.~ i ~P , ROJJ1_~s!j9iP,..!!h
mals. - British Museum (Natural History), .,Londc)n :
107
.·ur!".)!:: L~I~ 1'::;
,
,pp. , .
.
.,..,
\
'.:1jff'~u!;U(jr;
D[~i_lill
t::'r:'/,i
!.'JYJ\.)\:~\~:}~\~"J
~.\~\\~j\'2.>';':)
.~"
K.:.r~W~~)\~ff.j/\~· ~ ~i, 1PJ6,l n! l;(R~t~R~rasitif(; H~I,~Pti:9 (,an~,
. Dermanyssid ,Mites., of Egypt, Kenya 'arid ' the - Su ~
Be-~.I?R . (~ · L'IW·\\'. ;Y.~..NS.\- {I.r! N:),
Q9.Y,LD<.\ (U'
j~,Y,LJ:;
-(,<:'f(,:,[ ~)i all~{; ~,EI9~~", (Ij " r,.,.~."J 9?,?;,;" \~ ,~ . <M<\~uf1:!: 8[,
Parasitic Mites.
p'pe1t
-=- -Tecnnical
Cb'r!'troF*~sbd~t-i\)r{,iht"
Publica't ion, National'
i'N?'Y. '):"(,6 pp :"jrfno'~
,tJd'Mt fi U
f
Ttf/p~~)
Res~~~'Citit~\j6rt ;,IN'XMR:U ~3;" 'ditb~' I Eiy~t\" :\
::no:;giq
,riO'i'!
bs i·;Gq~q
fj~;~,d
k8i-I;;~r~ 1 (j:) '~hl' H*bAr:k/(A:);'~'196Er;;:'-:);+he
;u:l"l J~1I
dddii:l
-"i~h'ce 'of ;ih~)N'8 rthehli:'f6~P 'iriite)'drllithonyssus~yIViip
85
rum (Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877) in Israel.
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KRANTZ (G . W.), 1978. - A Manual of Acarology.
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Inc., Corvallis : 509 pp.
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Paru en avril 1985.