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Lecture 6 ‐‐ Sustainable Buildings Lecture 6 AD01CTS ‐
AD01CTS ‐
ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES Alfrendo Satyanaga
Lighting
Invention of Light Bulb
 Thomas Edison invented light bulb in 1879
 After so many attempts, he was able to invent light bulb that lasts up to 1500 hours
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Use Daylight to Reduce Artificial Lighting
 The best way to reduce the energy used for lighting is Incandescent Lamps
 This includes standard light bulb which is the most to use free natural daylight through the use of properly designed windows, skylights and light shelves
 However, too much daylight, especially direct sun, can inefficient form of artificial lighting.  Work by heating an electric element to white heat.
 Standard filament bulbs are more common in homes create glare problems and excessive heat. It is essential that glazing and sun control are properly designed to than in offices.  Cheap but short lived, with a typical life of only about optimize both the lighting and thermal performance
1,000 hours. Incandescent Lamps
Tungsten Halogen Lamps
 Tungsten halogen lamps are more efficient than standard bulbs.  Generally last two to three times as long as standard lamps.  They are not a good form of general lighting, and they are most suitable for display or feature lighting. 
Electronic transformers are available for low voltage halogens. 
These use only about 3 to 5W compared to about 
15W for a standard magnetic transformer.
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Tungsten Halogen Lamps
Discharge Lamps
 These are much more energy efficient than incandescent lighting, and include fluorescent and metal halide lamps.  They comprise two components – the light itself, and a ballast that controls the flow of electric current through the light.
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 Fluorescent tubes are the most efficient form of fluorescent light.  Modern triphosphor lamps are much more efficient than the older halophosphor types.  They can last 15,000 hours or more.
Discharge Lamps
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLS)  Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) now come in a wide range of shapes and can be used to replace almost any incandescent lamp.
 They are four to five times more efficient than incandescent lamps.
 They have a lifetime of 10,000 to 15,000 hours.
 Down lights are also in wide range.
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Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLS) Metal Halide Lamp
 Metal halide lamps are another type of discharge lamp.
 They produced a crisp wide light.
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p
 Fewer fitting are needed for their higher light output.
 They are most suitable for up lighting and for area light indoor pools
Metal Halide Lamp
Light Fittings
 Efficient lighting is also a function of the light fitting.
 A poor fitting might result in only half the light produced by the lamp actually reaching the room.
 A good fitting will reduce it by about 20%.
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Controls
 There are a range of controls to allow the more efficient use of lighting.  The type of system used will depend greatly on the type of space ‐
whether it is open plan or an individual office, for example. h h i i
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 Manual switches are the most cost effective and flexible provided 
Controls
 Light sensors can be used to control perimeter lighting, and are important if a building has been designed to use daylight. daylight
 Automatic dimming controls are the most sophisticated. people use them sensibly.
They monitor the lighting level in the room and adjust the Simple timers can be used to turn lights on and off at preset light output accordingly. times. Occupancy sensors are particularly suitable for meeting rooms, storage areas and washrooms.
Energy Efficient Lighting
Induction Lighting
• Disbursed Light
• Energy Saving 40 – 60%
• Life – 100,000
Applications
• Indoor Lighting
• Outdoor Lighting
• Tunnel Lighting
LED Lighting
•Highly Directional Light
•Energy Saving 40 – 60 %
•Life – 50,000
Applications
•Indoor / Outdoor Lighting •Signage
•Specialized Applications Induction Lighting –
Induction Lighting – Benefits & Features
 Longer Life Span
 High Energy Conservation
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 High Power Factor
 Low Maintenance Problems
 Minimum Lumen Depreciation
 Instant On and Off
 Environmental Friendly
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Induction Lighting –
Induction Lighting – Benefits & Features
Induction Lighting –
Induction Lighting – Benefits & Features
LED Lighting –
LED Lighting – Benefits & Features
LED Lighting –
LED Lighting – Benefits & Features
 Cycling
 Dimming
 Energy Savings
 Size and Focus
 Green Product – No Harm Emissions
 Long Life
 Lower Temperatures
 Shock Resistance
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LED Lighting –
LED Lighting – Benefits & Features
Lift & Escalator
LIFT
ESCALATOR
Lift & Escalator
LIFTS(ELEVATOR)
ESCALATOR
MOVING
WALKWAYS
MOVEMENT
GOES VERTICAL
MOVING STAIRS
HORIZONTAL OR
INCLINED
MOVING
FUNCTION
a
t
type
off
vertical transport equipment
that efficiently moves people
or goods between floors
(levels,
decks)
of
a
building, vessel or other
structure.
a conveyor
transport device
for carrying
people between
floors of a
building.
i a slow
is
l
moving
i
conveyor mechanism
that transports people
across a horizontal or
inclined plane over a
short to medium
distance
SPEED
speeds of up to 10 m/s
a single-width
escalator traveling at
about 0.5 m per second
can move about 2000
people per hour.
speeds of 0.5 – 0.7 m/s
Layouts of Escalator
MOVING
WALKWAY
• Crisscross @
cross-over
(silang-menyilang)
• Parallel (selari)
(
)
• Multiple parallel
(selari berbilang)
• Single unit.
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Crisscross
Parallel
• Up and down escalators
“side
by
side
or
separated by a distance”.
• Seen often in metro
stations and multilevel
motion picture theaters.
• Minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking“.
• Escalators that go in one direction.
• Frequently used in department stores or shopping centers.
Multiple Parallel
• Two or more escalators together that travel
in one direction next to one or two escalators
in the same bank that travel in the other
direction.
Single Unit
• To connect the two floors.
• Suitable for traffic moving in one direction.
• Flexible adjustment of the traffic flow (eg : flow in the morning & evening).
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Traction Lift
Hydraulic Lift
Efficient Energy Efficient Energy Design Design for Lift for Lift Lift with VVVF Motor Drive
 Lift with AC Variable Voltage and Variable Frequency  Save energy up to 10 %
(VVVF) motor drive
 Lift with synchronous motor with permanent magnets
 Lift with motor drive system
 Sleep mode for lift
 Intelligent lift control
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Lift with Synchronous Motor with Permanent Magnets
 Save energy: 30 to 50 %
Lift with motor Drive system
 Save energy: about 34 %
Sleep Mode for Lift
Intelligent Lift Control
 Automatic switch off light and ventilation fan when  Automatic switch off light and ventilation fan when lift is idling
lift is idling
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Electrical Sub‐‐Metering
Electrical Sub
 To obtain a better picture on building energy Case Study
 Nanyang Polytechnic – EEI < 150 kW/m2/yr
consumption
Typical facades facing North‐south
Case Study
 Nanyang Polytechnic
Typical facades facing East‐West (Minimal surface and window area)
Case Study
 Nanyang Polytechnic
Low emissivity heat films for window glass and cavity walls
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Case Study
 Nanyang Polytechnic
Case Study
 Nanyang Polytechnic
Central atrium was designed as open space to allow natural ventilation Non‐air conditioned canteens are naturally ventilated and allow and day lighting penetration
diffused day lights from skylights
Case Study
Case Study
 Nanyang Polytechnic
 Nanyang Polytechnic
 District cooling system
 Variable speed drive on
chilled water pump
 Variable air volume on air‐
handling unit
 Motion sensor for gym
and selected facilities
Gardens and courtyards are inter‐spaced between buildings; water features are incorporated in landscaping
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Case Study
Water Efficiency
 Water efficient fittings: flushing system, fixtures,  Nanyang Polytechnic
water efficiency labels
 Motion sensor for lighting at toilets and selected facilities
 Photocells
Ph t ll to
t control
t l exterior
t i lighting
li hti
irrigation, water efficient irrigation system
 Motion sensor at escalator landing
 Intelligent
building
management
 Water efficient landscaping: water efficiency plants, system
scheduling of lighting
to
control
 Metering & accounting: sub‐meters, building management system
 Cooling tower water consumption: use Newater, efficient drift eliminator
Water Efficiency Fittings
Water Efficiency Flushing System
Dual flush low capacity should be used. Each flushing should use less than 4.5 liters for a full flush and less than 3 liters for a half flush
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Water Efficiency Flushing System
Urinal flush valve should use less than 0.5 liters of water
Water Efficiency Fixtures
Constant flow rate should be installed for kitchen basin (< 6 litres/min)
Water Efficiency Fixtures
Flow rate for wash basin in public Flow rate for shower tap should be toilet should be < 2 litres/min (PUB); < 7 litres/min (PUB); Self closing Sensor taps should be installed with delayed action should be installed with the preset timing of 15 sec
the preset timing of 30 sec
Water Efficiency Labels
Thimbles can be installed to reduce the water flow rate
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Water Efficiency Landscaping
Water Efficiency Landscaping
Water efficient plant –
Zoysia Matrella
Also known as manila grass
Dark green colour with fine leaves Slow growth
Able to grow in low light density surrounding
Suitable to grow in both acidic and salt affected soils.
Low maintenance requirement hence saving cost
Rainwater collection system
Water Efficiency Landscaping
Rainwater collection system
Metering & Accounting
Building Management System – alarm can be activated if there is sudden increase in sub‐meters
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Low or Zero Carbon (LZC) technologies
 Definition: renewable sources of energy; technology
Biomass
 Biological
material
that produce less carbon while generating heat, cooling
derived from living
or power.
p
organism, i.e. plants
 Renewable energy commercialization which includes
many different technologies: biomass, hydroelectricity,
solar heating, solar photovoltaics, wind power, solar
thermal power, ocean energy, geothermal power.
or
plant‐derived
materials.
 Wood is the largest
biomass
energy
source in the world.
Biomass
Biomass
 Biomass is produced in the photosynthesis process
which converts the solar energy into biomass energy.
 Photosynthesis process only occurs in green plants. Tt
is the process of combining the carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere with water plus light energy to
carbohydrates produce (sugars,starches,celluloses
etc.)and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Biomass
Biomass Energy Conversion
The various process
used for coversion of
biomass into energy or
bio
fuels
can
be
classified as follows:
1) Direct combustion
2) Thermo chemical conversion
3) Biochemical conversion
Direct Combustion
Direct Combustion
 The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to
produce heat and by products is called direct combustion.
 The complete combustion of biomass into ash is called incineration.
 This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam can be
used for various applications like space heating or cooling,power
generation,process heating in industries or any other application.
 However, if biomass energy by combustion is used as co generation
with conventional fuels, the utilization of biomass energy makes it
an attractive proposition.
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Thermo Chemical Conversion
Thermo Chemical Conversion
 The thermo chemical reaction can convert the organic
biomass into more valuable and convenient form of
products as gaseous and liquid fuels, residue and by‐
products etc.
 These processes can be carried out in following ways:
1) Gasification
2) Pyrolysis
Gasification
 Heating of biomass in
presence
of
oxygen
and
(deficient
O2/air)
Pyrolysis
 It is the heating of biomass in a closed vessel at
limited
temperatures in the range 500oC‐900oC in
air
absence of O2/air or with steam. It produces
is
called gasification. it
produces gaseous fuels
solid,liquid and gases.
 The pyrolysis process can use all type of organic
materials including plastic and rubbers.
like H2,CO,CH4,N2 of
low calorific value.
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Biochemical Conversion
Fermentation
 In biochemical processes the bacteria and micro
 Fermentation is a process of decomposition of
organisms are used to transform the raw biomass
complex molecules of organic compound under
into useful energy like methane and ethane gas.
the influence of micro‐organism(ferment) such as
Following organic treatments are given to the
yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc.
biomass:
 The example of fermentation process is the
1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion)
2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
conversion of grains and sugar crops into ethanol
and CO2 in presence of yeast.
Anaerobic Digestion
 The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation
process involves the conversion of decaying wet
biomass and animal waste into biogas through
decomposition process by the action of anaerobic
bacteria.
 The most useful biomass for production of biogas are
animal and human waste, plant residue and other
organic waste material with high moisture content.
Advantages of Biomass
 Biomass is perennial source of renewable energy and it can be
repeatedly grown and obtained as biomass.
 Biomass is non pollutant of atmosphere.
 Production of biomass not only gives fuels but it also gives good
quality organic manures which when used in farms give bumper
crops.
 Methane gas produced from biomass is used as domestic fuel in gas
stoves.
 Biomass is available everywhere and no needs of any transportations.
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Advantages of Biomass
Disadvantages of Biomass
 Methane gas can be used to run engines and generator and
 Biomass contains 50‐90% water and it is heavy. Hence
electricity can generate.
 The biomass can be grown in near by seas and lakes. The lands
can be
b spread
d for
f food
f d crops.
 I.C. Engines can be run on biogas produced from biomass.
 Biomass can be used for plastics and pharmaceutical products.
 Use of biomass keeps surroundings clean and healthy without
insects and pests.
Disadvantages of Biomass
 Biomass conversion plants such as biogas are necessary to
convert raw biomass into useful energy forms.
 Biogas plants occupy larges land areas.
 If the biomass is required to be transported over long
distances, the cost transportaion is very high.
 Biogas plants can’t be used in urban areas where the space
availability is limited.
transportation if needed is very difficult.
 Direct combustion of biomass produces smokes and smells.
 Calorific value of biomass if burnt in the raw form is very less.
 Biogas plants need lots of care and maintenance for its
successful operations.
 It is economical if raw biomass such as cow dung is not freely
available.
Application of Biomass
 Waste organic biomass can be
directly used as domestic
fuels.
 Biogas is used as domestic
fuels in gas stoves like LPG.
LPG
 Biogas can be used to run the
engines, boilers and turbines.
 Methane gas produced from
biogas plants can be used to
run the gas engines and farm
machineries.
 It is used for heating the
water.
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Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity
 Hydroelectricity is a way to get energy without
 Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity
burning fossil fuels like gas. Since fossil fuels release
carbon dioxide or CO2, hydroelectricity is a way to
NOT release carbon dioxide.
generated by hydropower.
 the production of electrical power through the use of
the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
 Hydroelectricity is a good source of green energy. It
 It is the most widely used form of renewable energy,
has been used as an environmental power source for
accounting for 16 percent of global electricity
years and is a good substitute of coal, oil and gas.
generation.
Hydroelectricity
 Hydroelectricity is generated using:
Hydroelectricity
 Hydroelectricity is generated using:
 Conventional Dams
 Conventional Dams
p storage
g
 Pump
p storage
g
 Pump
 Run of the river
 Run of the river
 Tide
 Tide
 Underground
 Underground
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Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity
 The Three Gorges Dam
Project (TGP) is the world's
largest
hydropower
complex project located in
one of the three gorges of
the
Yangtze
River:
the
Xilingxia Gorge in Hubei
province, China.
Advantages of Hydroelectricity
 High quality energy output compared with low quality
energy output.
 Creates water reserves as well as energy supplies.
 Reservoirs used for recreation, amenity.
 Good safety record.
Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity
 They are costly to build.
 Can cause the flooding of surrounding communities
and landscapes.
 Dams have major ecological impacts on local
hydrology.
 Silting of dams.
 Downstream lack of water (e.g. Nile) and risk of
flooding if dam bursts.
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Geothermal Energy
 The heat energy of the earth, generated by various
natural processes, such as:
Geothermal Energy
Electricity generation
 Heat from when the planet formed and accreted,
which has not yet been lost
 Decay of radioactive elements
 Friction
Solar Photovoltaics
Solar Photovoltaics
Advantages of Solar Energy
 A method of generating electrical power by converting
solar radiation into direct current electricity using
Requires no fuel
Emission free
No moving parts
No moving parts
Silent
Inexhaustible Resource
Pollution free semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect.
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Wind Power
 Conversion from wind power into a useful form of
energy electricity.
 Wind turbines  electrical power
 Windmill  mechanical power
Advantages of Wind Power
 No pollution.
 Lowest prices renewable resources
 Don’t produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid
rains and green house effects.
 Windpump  water pumping or drainage
Disadvantages of Wind Power
How is Electricity generated in Singapore?
 Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind
 Since 2000, the percentage of natural gas used in
farm may or may not be cost competitive.
 Wind energy cannot be stored (unless batteries are
used)
 Good wind sites are often located in remote locations
 Wind resource development may compete with other
electricity generation has increased from 19% to 95%
today. Among all fossil fuels, natural gas produces the
least amount of carbon emissions per unit of electricity.
By so doing, the amount of carbon into the atmosphere
has been cut.
uses for the land and those alternative uses may be
more highly valued than electricity generation.
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How is Electricity generated in Singapore?
How is Electricity generated in Singapore?
Senoko Energy Plant: involves the conversion of three oil‐
fired steam thermal plants into three gas‐fired combined cycle plant
How is Electricity generated in Singapore?
How is Electricity generated in Singapore?
 Singapore electricity is produced by the combustion of
natural gas that is piped from Malaysia and Indonesia.
The distribution of natural gas is conducted with the
development of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal
on Jurong Island. There are further plans to build a
second LNG terminal to support new industrial sites and
power plants.
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Tutorial Questions
1. The second most energy consumption in Singapore Tutorial Questions
2. Elevator and escalator are important services in high comes from lighting usage. One common type of rise building to transport people and goods from one lamp that you normally find in the market is storey to another storey. Describe briefly 3 types of incandescent lamp. Describe whether this type of escalator layout and 2 types of elevator layout that lamp is classified as efficient energy light or not. you normally come across inside the building. State and explain briefly two other types of lamp.
Explain 3 methods to ensure the energy efficiency of lift.
Tutorial Questions
3. Building Construction Authority (BCA) encourage every building in Singapore to be designed with low zero carbon technology. Explain briefly about this technology. State and describe 4 types of technology THANK YOU
that can support low zero carbon technology.
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