The Ha
Forum:
Disarmament Commission
Issue:
Controlling access to nuclear technology to limit its military
application
Student Officer: Anoushka Sharma
Position:
Deputy President of the Disarmament Commission
Introduction
The birthplace of the nuclear age was during the Second World War in the Japanese
cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The long-term destruction caused by the nuclear weapons
sparked the desperate need to control access to nuclear technology and limit its military
application, urging the formation of the United Nations and eventually leading to the
establishment of the IAEA in 1957. Although nuclear energy is dangerous, when handled with
caution, it is a great source of clean and reliable energy. Currently, nuclear power reactors
provide 16% of the world’s energy. For nine countries 40% of energy production is from nuclear
power plants. Thus, to ensure countries are using for peaceful purposes, a UN affiliated
organization known as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was formed.
Definition of Key Terms
Nuclear Weapon
An explosive that utilizes nuclear energy to cause mass destruction
Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (NWFZ)
A group of nations agreeing to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, whereby
nations have complete absence of nuclear weapons and an international system by which
nations are inspected and controlled through verification processes is implemented.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
The NPT is a United Nations treaty with the aim of preventing the spread of nuclear
weapon technology. Ratified in 1968 by 190 countries, however it remained unsigned by India,
Israel, North Korea, Pakistan and South Sudan.
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
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A group of 46 nations that supply nuclear weapons with the aim of contributing to the
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons by implementing strict guidelines and methods of
controlling nuclear exports.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The International Atomic Energy Agency is an international UN-affiliated organization
with the simple goal of monitoring nuclear energy facilities by conducting on-site inspections to
ensure nuclear energy is being utilized for peaceful and secure purposes.
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was the legal banning of nuclear
testing/use, for both military and civilian Use. It is also the last step in a “vision” put together fifty
years ago by President John F. Kennedy. The CTBT was welcomed for signing in 1996.
Nuclear Weapon States (NWS)
There are eight sovereign states that successfully stood for the use of nuclear weapons.
Five of them are recognized as “nuclear-weapon states”; those include China, France, Russia,
United Kingdom, and the United States of America. These five states have been allowed by the
Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) to possess nuclear weapons.
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (START I)
The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (START I) was signed by the Soviet President,
Mikhail Gorbachev and by the former U.S. President George H.W. Bush. It was signed on the
31st of July, 1991. It is the first treaty to serve within the reductions of the United States and the
Russian usage of nuclear power.
New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 2016 (New START 2016)
The New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 2016 is the reduction and the limitation of
the Strategic Offensive Arms, which is also known as the New START Treaty. It is most current
and updated form of the original START I treaty. Current President of the United States of
America, Barack Obama stated; “The New START Treaty responsibly reduces the number of
nuclear weapons and launchers that the United States and Russia deploy, while fully
maintaining America’s nuclear deterrent.”
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Strategic Nuclear Weapons
Strategic nuclear weapons are used for critical purposes. They are used when
threatening an enemy’s industrialized base, aiming at their direction within their structure, and
are arranged to aim and hit a target, which disturbs the enemy’s ability to perform at high levels
during war. Strategic Nuclear Weapons tend to target at the military, rather than cities of nonmilitary concern.
Non-Strategic Nuclear Weapons or Tactical Nuclear Weapons
Non-Strategic Nuclear weapons are weapons that are used within the battlefield during
war. They are designed for utilization in opposition to targets that are present in friendly territory.
Background Information
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The entire world came to know of the devastating powers on nuclear energy when
American planes first dropped nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945,
bringing an abrupt and decisive end to the World War II. The bombs killed 120,000 people
immediately and many tens of thousands of people died later due to nuclear radiation exposure.
The cities were completely destroyed. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s
unconditional surrender citing the devastating and cruel power of “a new and most cruel bomb”.
Nuclear energy: source of clean and effective energy
Nuclear energy is a clean, reliable energy source. Power generation using nuclear
technology does not produce greenhouse gases and decreases our dependence on fossil fuels
that emit Carbon Dioxide and cause serious sustainability issues. Electricity generated by using
nuclear technology is not as vulnerable to price changes as the one generated using coal or
gas. 11% of the World’s production in 55 countries is generated using nuclear technology. In the
US alone, nearly 20% of the Electricity is produced using nuclear technology.
More than 1.5 billion people, almost all living in developing countries, do not have access to
electricity. Demand for energy in these countries continues to grow with population growth and
the dependence on Energy to achieve the much needed economic growth. Many of these
countries have approached International Energy Agency (IEA) with plans to install nuclear
reactors in their own countries.
Misuse and threats of nuclear energy capability
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One of the biggest concerns over deploying nuclear technology in generating energy for
peaceful purposes is potential use of the technology in building dangerous nuclear weapons. A
large-scale increase all over the globe in deployment of nuclear technology will increase the risk
of its use in development of nuclear weapons and also a risk of these nuclear facilities and
technology potentially falling in the hands of terrorists. There has been some evidence and
claims of a link between attempted nuclear weapon development and nuclear energy program
in various countries including Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, India and North Korea.
Nuclear facilities also become a potential target during a Military conflict and there is a
potential danger of these being attacked by terrorist organizations. The potential threat and
damage from leaked radioactive material to the environment could be substantial with massive
and unprecedented human, environmental and economic cost. By-product of nuclear waste
generated in the nuclear energy plant could be stolen and used as radiological weapon. There
needs to be sufficient security at these sites to prevent radioactive material falling into wrong
hands and ending up with terrorist organizations.
Major Countries and Organizations Involved
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The International Atomic Energy Agency is a UN organization established in 1957,
dedicated to monitoring and providing regular checks on nuclear power stations in various
nations around the world. The organization conducts several methods of controlling access to
nuclear technology in order to ensure nations are only using it for peaceful purposes (for
energy). The IAEA has been a significantly important advocate in matters of establishing the
secure application of nuclear energy. The organization was created as a response to the rapidly
developing world nuclear weapons; the idea of the controversial technology being used either
as a weapon of mass destruction or as a source of clean and efficient energy lead to the
formation of the IAEA.
United States of America
The United States of America is one of the five Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS). It began
nuclear experimentation in 1945 by conducting two nuclear test explosions in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. Although US wanted to remain in possession of nuclear power, this ignited the rush
for nuclear weapons, spreading an arms race across the world and forcing nations to mobilize
with nuclear weapons. Countries began to utilize nuclear energy for military purposes after the
United States’ nuclear explosions in Japan. Following USA, The Soviet Union in 1949, The
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United Kingdom in 1952, France in 1960 and China in 1964 began nuclear testing. In order to
prevent the arms race from progressing into a conflict, new treaties such as the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) were
negotiated. The NPT prevented the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the CTBT prohibited
nuclear testing in all areas including outer space, underwater and on land.
Current Capabilities
Currently, United States of America maintains an extensive nuclear arsenal with
a rough total of 7,100 nuclear warheads and 1,481 deployed warheads. As a member of
the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), the US follows all guidelines set by it and has a
strict Task Force Report towards usage of nuclear technology, the policy ensures that
nuclear energy is being used at its lowest-possible level and is utilized in a safe and
secure manner.
U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy
The Task Force Report is known as the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy, it
addresses the alarming threat of nuclear warfare in various countries including North
Korea, Iran and other potentially nuclear nations. The task force mentions that it is
imperative for the United States to cooperate with other nations to prevent the
proliferation of nuclear weapons and form a more powerful nuclear security system.
Additionally, as the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) is on the verge of
expiration, American and Russian nuclear arsenals will commend the idea that the report
highlights the importance of discussing new methods of arms control with Russia and
implementing these new strategies. The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy also provides
detail regarding China and the idea that China and the United States are not willing or
ready enough to form an agreement due to the imbalance between their nuclear
arsenals. The policy encourages transparency between the two counties, agreeing to a
tripartite ban including Russia, China and U.S. in which there is an understanding of
banning the use of nuclear weapons in space and preventing nuclear testing on antisatellite weaponry.
Russian Federation
Russia was the second nation to test a nuclear device; it had tested its first device in
Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, on 29 August 1949. Today, as the leading Nuclear Weapon State,
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The Russian Federation has a rough total of 7,300 nuclear warheads and possesses the
greatest amount of nuclear weapons. During The Cold War, the arms race allowed the Soviet
Union to gain access to a substantial arsenal of both strategic and nonstrategic nuclear
weapons. Therefore, both the Soviet Union (present day Russia) and the United States
outnumbered all other nations in the production of nuclear devices. Additionally, Russia is a
member of the NSG and is presently aiming to export nuclear goods and services. Russia
follows the strict guidelines set by the NSG (nuclear suppliers group), and is currently supplying
multiple countries around the globe.
Current Capabilities
Russia is currently developing new nuclear technology for new nuclear reactors
in hopes of obtaining more nuclear energy. This emerging new technology may pose as
a threat to other nations, especially Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (NWFZ) as Russia
would be capable of utilizing the technology for military purposes. Russia is presently
over the maximum inventory of set by the New START limits, thus it will need to limit its
production of nuclear warheads by 2018. At the rate that Russia is producing nuclear
reactors, it has been estimated by the year 2028, Russia will be producing one large
reactor per year. However, as Russia is a country that has agreed to observation by the
IAEA, therefore, it is less likely nuclear energy will be used for violent purposes.
India and Pakistan
India and Pakistan are both a part of the five countries that were not signatories to the
Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
Pakistan currently possesses approximately a total of 120 nuclear warheads and India currently
possesses approximately 110 nuclear warheads. Both India and Pakistan have started
advancing nuclear missiles. India ran its first nuclear test in 1974, prompting Pakistan to begin
its secret nuclear weapons program soon after. Furthermore, Pakistan has lowered its yield of
nuclear weapons by initiating non-strategic nuclear weapons with the capabilities of
counteracting perceived Indian military threats.
History of Nuclear Programs
In 2008, it was declared that India is to have regular checks of their nuclear
power plants by the IAEA and although India is not a member of the NSG, it has been
granted a waiver, which allows the country to participate in global nuclear technology
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affairs. India is currently the only country that is capable of participating in nuclear
commerce with the world not being a signatory to the CTBT or NPT. After the waiver,
India has been able to sign nuclear deals with multiple nations including France and the
Unites States of America. In contrast, Pakistan began mobilizing nuclear weapons after
the conflict with India that took place in 1965. It was as a form of self-defense for
Pakistan as India had started developing their nuclear program. This prompted Pakistan
to begin their nuclear program as it was assumed that India was threatening the security
of Pakistan.
No-First-Use Policy
India’s policy states that the nation will only provide retaliation when necessary to
nuclear strikes; there will be no initiation of utilization of nuclear weapons otherwise. The
nuclear no-first use doctrine simply was to demonstrate the idea that India only retains
nuclear weapons for protective purposes and nuclear energy is strictly used for peaceful
purposes. The principle that the no-first-use policy is based on and the doctrine is reliant
is known as the Credible Minimum Deterrence. Additionally, India has an authoritative
agency called the Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) that controls India’s nuclear
weapons programme.
No-First-Attack Policy
Similarly, Pakistan follows a policy known as the no-first-attack policy, which
claims unlike India, Pakistan will attack a nation that threatens Pakistan even if the other
nation did not utilize nuclear weapons first. Pakistan’s atomic weapons programme is
based on the Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD).
Timeline of Events
Date
Description of Event
August 6th, 1945
Attack on Hiroshima, Japan
August 9th, 1945
Attack on Nagasaki, Japan
1957
The International Atomic Agency (IAEA)
was formed
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July 1st 1968
Nuclear
Non-Proliferation
Treaty
(NPT)
signed in New York, United States of
America.
1974
Formation of the Nuclear Suppliers Group
(NSG)
1979
First Conference on Disarmament (CD) took
place in Geneva, Switzerland
1980
Convention on the physical protection of
Nuclear Material, took place in Vienna,
Austria
31st July, 1991-5th December 2009
The first Strategic Arms Treaty was signed,
the treaty expired later in 2009
1996
Signing of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty (CTBT)
2005
Convention for the Suppression of Acts of
Nuclear Terrorism
Relevant UN Treaties and Events
● Treaty on the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 28 April 2004 (S/RES/1540)
● Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 5 August 1963 (A/RES/54/280)
● Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (START I), 31 July 1994
● New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START 2016), 13th October 2016
Previous Attempts to solve the Issue
The aftermath of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki impacted nations all over
the world. The disturbing effects of misusing nuclear technology drove the need to prevent
proliferation of nuclear weapons. Over the years, the United Nations formed several treaties
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and organizations with the goal of controlling access to nuclear technology to limit its military
application. The UN began controlling the spread of nuclear weapons by establishing the UN
Conference on Disarmament (CD) in 1979 - a group of 65 countries that are dedicated to
discussing and negotiating agreements on issues relating to disarmament.
Additionally, the UN formed the IAEA in 1957. The IAEA had the simple goal of
monitoring nuclear energy programs in various nations that have access to nuclear technology.
Although this is an effective method of ensuring nuclear energy is used safely and has been
effective in multiple countries- there are still some nations that are not observed by the IAEA.
One of these countries is the Democratic Republic of Korea- agency inspectors have not visited
the nation since April 2009, however, they continue to observe their nuclear activities through
satellite imagery and have detected that the nation is utilizing nuclear energy for military
purposes.
Furthermore, the Nuclear Suppliers Group was formed as a group of nations that
supplies countries with nuclear energy; they are to ensure that nations are securely supplying
the energy in order to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons. However, the NSG does not
have a clear policy as to adherence of nations that are apart of it.
The CTBT and NPT were both major treaties that contributed to preventing the proliferation of
nuclear weapons. The CTBT ensured nations do not conduct nuclear weapon testing and the
NPT allowed nations to agree to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. However, there are
still several nations that are not signatories of one or either treaties. These countries include
India and Pakistan- who are currently supplying nuclear technology to nations worldwide and
the Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea), who withdrew from the NPT in January 2003
and has been testing nuclear devices since then.
Moreover, the United Nations worked towards establishing Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zones, whereby, a group of nations agree to complete absence of nuclear weapons in their
possession. NWFZs are consistently checked by the IAEA. The establishment of NWFZs
directly led to countries being safer and more secure as other NFWZs don’t possess nuclear
weapons at all.
Lastly, the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT) was not implemented, which was an
international agreement to ban the producing of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium
(both the main constituents to create nuclear weapons). The main goal of the FMCT was to
provide new restrictions for the Nuclear Weapon States and nations that were not signatories of
the NPT. However, the FMCT was not negotiated and the terms of the treaty are yet to be
evaluated and clarified.
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Possible Solutions
Transparency and compliance with regulations of the IAEA
All nations must cooperate and support the IAEA in conducting audits, investigations,
surveys of their capabilities and entire facilities deployed in using nuclear energy. Nations must
be willing to allow the International Atomic Energy Agency to regularly conduct tests in nuclear
power stations in the nation in order to ensure that no nations are utilizing nuclear energy for
military purposes. Non-compliance should automatically be resulting in trade sanctions imposed
by the United Nations.
Adherence to Nuclear Suppliers Group, strict compliance
It should be mandatory for all nuclear supplier nations to comply with guidelines and
requirements of the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG). This is necessary in order to ensure that
nuclear technology, equipment and raw materials (uranium and plutonium) would not be
diverted to irresponsible recipients who could engage in military use of nuclear capabilities.
Furthermore, it will also help in stopping any illegal trade in nuclear equipment and materials.
Nuclear Policy
Every nation that is not a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone must have a nuclear policy, which
specifies the terms and conditions of utilizing nuclear energy in that nation. The policy must be
officially written and not a verbal statement, it should be a legal document in the respective
nation that must be complied by all successive governments. Additionally, the IAEA should have
access to copies of the nuclear policies including any amendments made throughout the years
of its existence to ensure they are updated and understand the terms and conditions of each
policy. This provides a sense of security for nations across the world, assuring then that the
nation is acting responsibly and using nuclear technology for non-military and peaceful reasons.
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Appendix or Appendices
I. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1540%20(2004)
Treaty on the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
II. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/140035.pdf
The New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 2016 (START)
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