CIVL 361
Earthwork
Dr. Mehmet M. Kunt
Fall 2009
EMU
Earthwork
• Always Transportation Construction
Projects involve earthwork
• Objective is usually the minimization of
earthwork
Earthwork Cross-Sections
Example Cut and Fill
EXCAVATION (CUT)
EMBANKMENT
(FILL)
Terrain Effects on Route Location
• Don’t forget your design
criteria (grades, etc)
• Attempt to minimize amount
of earthwork necessary
– Set grade line as close as
possible to natural ground level
– Set grade line so there is a
balance between excavated
volume and volume of
embankment
http://www.agtek.com/highway.htm
6
Earthwork Cross-Sections
Cut-excavation
Fill-embankment
Slopes:
<45° vertical component is unitary 1:2
>45° horizontal component is unitary 5:1
Note: Cut and fill slopes are always flatter
than 1:1
Cross-Section Data Format
Cross-Section
Cross-Section
Cross-Section Area Example
Cross-Section Area Example
Cross-Section Area
Cross-Section Area
Ref: IGRDS Chapter-7
Ref: IGRDS Chapter-7
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and
right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope
stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you
get the following results:
A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and
right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope
stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you
get the following results:
A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and
right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope
stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you
get the following results:
A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and
right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope
stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you
get the following results:
A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and
right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope
stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you
get the following results:
A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and
right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope
stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you
get the following results:
A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and
right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope
stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you
get the following results:
A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Earthwork Analysis
•
•
•
•
•
Take cross-sections (typically 25 m)
Plot natural ground level
Plot proposed grade profile
Indicate areas of cut and fill
Calculate volume between cross-sections
28
Earthwork Quantities
Earthwork computations involve:
• Calculation of earthwork
volumes
• Balancing of cuts and fills
• Planning of the most
economical material hauls.
Shrinkage
• Material volume increases during
excavation
• Decreases during compaction
• Varies with
– soil type
– fill height
– cut depth
30
Swell
• Excavated rock used in embankment
occupies more space
• May amount to 30% or more
31
• Shrinkage factors of 15 to 20% and a
bulkage factor of 25%
Ref: Florida Department of Transportation
Summary of Final Report, WPI# 0510796
January 1999
Mass Diagram
Earthmoving is basically an operation where
material is removed from high spots and
deposited in low spots with the “making up”
of any deficit with borrow or the wasting of
excess cut material.
Mass Diagram
The mass diagram is an excellent method of
analyzing linear earthmoving operations.
It is a graphical means for measuring haul
distance (stations) in terms of earthwork
volume (cubic yards).
Mass Diagram
Aids in identifying:
• Where to utilize specific types of
equipment,
• Where quantities of material are required,
• Average haul distance,
• Haul grades.
Earthwork
The horizontal
dimensions of a
project are
dimensioned in
stations. One station
equals 100m.
1+00
0+00
10
.
0m
Special Terms
• Free haul distance (FHD)- distance earth is moved without
additional compensation
• Limit of Profitable Haul (LPH) - distance beyond which it is
more economical to borrow or waste than to haul from the
project
• Overhaul – volume of material (Y) moved X Stations beyond
Free haul, measured in sta–yd3 or sta-m3
• Borrow – material taken from outside of project
• Waste – excavated material not used in project
43
Ref: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-430-00-1/CH3.htm
Ref: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-430-00-1/CH3.htm
Ref: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-430-00-1/CH3.htm
Ref: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-430-00-1/CH3.htm
Between Stations
0 + 00 and 0 +
132, cut and fill
equal each other,
distance is less
than FHD of 200
m
Note: definitely
NOT to scale!
50
Source: Wright 1996
Between Stations 0 +
132 and 0 + 907, cut
and fill equal each
other, but distance is
greater than either
FHD of 200 m or LPH
of 725 m
Distance =
[0 + 907] – [0 + 132] =
775 m
Source: Wright, 1996
51
Between Stations 0 +
179 and 0 + 379, cut
and fill equal each
other, distance = FHD
of 200 m
Treated as freehaul
Source: Wright, 1996
52
Between Stations 0 +
142 and
0+
867, cut and fill
equal each other,
distance = LPH of
725 m
Source: Wright, 1996
53
Material between Stations 0 + 132 and 0 + 142
becomes waste and material between stations 0 + 867
and 0 +907 becomes borrow
Source: Wright, 1996
54
Between Stations 0 + 970 and 1 + 170, cut and
fill equal each other, distance = FHD of 200 m
Source: Wright, 1996
55
Between Stations 0 + 960 and 1 + 250, cut and
fill equal each other, distance is less than LPH
of 725 m
Source: Wright, 1996
56
Project ends at Station 1 + 250, an additional
1200 m3 of borrow is required
Source: Wright, 1996
57
Example Cut and Fill
As material is moved from the
excavation
to the compacted fill the only
factor that is constant is the
weight of the solid particles (γd).