Name: ______________________
Date: _______________________
Period: ______________________
Chapter 21 Civil Rights Review Worksheet
OGT
Section
Page
Person, Place, Date,
Term
Description
refer to and study
“Civil Rights
Movement—
Alphabet Soup”
4.1
166
Dred Scott vs.
Sanford (1857)
8.3
287
Grandfather clause
8.3
287
Jim Crow Laws
8.3
287
Poll Tax
8.3
287
&
290
Plessy v Ferguson
19.1
637
What were some of the
actions taken by
President Truman as a
result of the Committee
on Civil Rights?
21.1
99
Fourteenth
Amendment (1868)
21.1
100
Fifteenth Amendment
(1867)
21.1
102
Twenty-fourth
Amendment (1964)
21.1
700
—
N/A
Literacy test
21.1
700—
N/A
racism
Affirmed the legality of racial segregation (“separate but equal”); In 1890, the
State of Louisiana had passed a law that required separate accommodations for
Blacks and Whites on railroads. Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African, had
taken a seat in the whites only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit
instead in the "blacks only" car. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested. In
1896, the Supreme Court ruled by a 7-1 decision in this case that the separation
of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth
Amendment as long as the accommodations were equal; decision established the
doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to maintain segregated
facilities.
Based on the committee’s findings, Truman urged Confess to pass an antilynching law and an anti-poll-tax measure to end discrimination in federal
agencies and the military. He issued executive orders banning racial
discrimination in the military and in federal hiring. He also took steps to end
employment discrimination by companies holding government contracts.
Racial prejudice or discrimination
21.1
702
Brown v. Board of
Education (1954)
21.1
702
Discuss three results
of the Brown v.
Board of Education
decision.
21.1
702
How did events during World
War II lay the groundwork for
African Americans to fight for
civil rights in the 1950s?
21.1
702
Thurgood Marshall
21.1
703
“Little Rock Nine”
21.1
703
Brown II
21.1
703
Little Rock Crisis
21.1
703
—
N/A
Southern Manifesto
21.1
703
21.1
704
Why weren’t schools in
all regions desegregated
immediately after the
Brown II decision?
Explain the primary effect
of the bus boycott in
Montgomery, Alabama,
on the bus company and
the community.
21.1
Federalized
21.1
704
—
N/A
704
21.1
704
21.1
704
What effect do you think
television coverage of the
Little Rock incident had
on the nation?
What was the
Montgomery
Improvement Association
21.1
705
Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated.
The governor of Virginia threatened to close the state’s public schools and send
white children to private schools. A group of Southern members of Congress
signed a “Southern Manifesto,” which called the court’s ruling “a clear abuse of
judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of
this decision.” The decision gave legal support of the African American struggle
for civil rights.
African Americans had experienced better job opportunities; many veterans who
had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; civil rights groups
had staged some successful protests
A document signed by a group of 101 southern members of Congress which
called the Court’s ruling of Brown v Board of Education “a clear abuse of
judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of
this decision”
Some Southern whites and state officials resisted integration, and neither the
president nor Congress forced them to act quickly
African American passengers who regularly used the buses for transportation
boycotted them. Because a majority of the regular bus riders were African
Americans, the bus company lost much of its business. The boycott eventually
forced the bus company to desegregate buses.
Montgomery Bus
Boycott
Television allowed the people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of the
African American students—this helped them relate and cause sympathy for the
cause and anger towards the segregation list
The MIA was a group of local civil rights leaders working for fair conditions for
minorities in Montgomery and around the nation. It was formed to organize the
Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Civil disobedience
2
21.1
705
How did many African
Americans react to the
death of Martin Luther
King Jr.?
21.1
705
Non-violent Protest
21.1
705
Rosa Parks
21.1
705
—
N/A
What did the
experiences of Martin
Luther King Jr. in
Chicago show?
21.1
706
Emmett Till Case
21.1
706
Martin Luther King,
Jr.
21.1
706
Sit-ins
21.1
706
What was the Christian
Leadership Conference, and
what did it seek to achieve?
21.1
706
21.1
723
—
N/A
Why did Martin Luther King Jr.
move his family into a Chicago
slum apartment in 1966?
What accomplishments of the
civil rights movement were
achieved through nonviolent
means? Why, despite these
accomplishments, did some
African Americans come to
reject nonviolence? (Think
About: accomplishments in
education, voting, and use of
public facilities; what was
required of nonviolent
protesters; difference between de
facto and de jure segregation)
21.2
704
What strategies made the
Montgomery Bus Boycott
a success?
21.2
705
Civil Rights Act of
1957
21.2
710
Freedom Riders
21.2
710
Freedom Summer
Many African Americans were outraged. Within hours of this death, African
American neighborhoods across the country exploded in violence. A week of
rioting left 46 dead and thousands injured.
King’s experiences showed that significant obstacles to full equality remained
and that the fight against racial discrimination in the North did not draw support
from white Americans in the way that demonstrations against southern
segregation had done a few years earlier.
The Christian Leadership Conference was an alliance of church-based African
American organizations dedicated to ending discrimination through nonviolent
resistance in protests
King hoped to draw attention to the housing problems African Americans faced
in the urban North.
Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent means included the desegregation of
schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy
tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and
the passage of laws that expanded housing, employment, and educational opportunities for
African Americans. The nonviolent approach required patience and personal sacrifice.
Some African Americans were unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they
already had, for right they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was
not an effective means of ending de facto segregation, which had led to the concentration
of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their economic and
social status.
African Americans used nonviolence and economic strategies such as the bus
boycott to war down opposition and inspirational, charismatic leadership to keep
the community from losing heart
3
21.2
711
James Meredith
21.2
711
They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as
to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation
rulings
21.2
712
What did the freedom
riders hope to
achieve?
Violence in
Birmingham
21.2
713
Ernest Withers
An African American photographer who was an important part of the Civil
Rights Movement; he believed that if the struggle for equality could be shown to
people then things would change
21.2
714
—
N/A
Birmingham Church
Bombing (16th Street
Baptist Church
Bombing)
Occurred only two weeks after King’s historic speech; On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Ku Klux
Klan members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss (a.k.a. Dynamite Bob) planted 19
sticks of dynamite in the basement of the Church. At about 10:25 AM, they exploded. Four young
girls — Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair — were killed in
the blast, while 22 more were injured; Outrage at the bombing and the grief that followed helped
ensure the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964; Chambliss was initially acquitted of the
murder charges, but years later it was found that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the
bombers that had not been revealed to the prosecutors, by order of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover—
But in 1977 Chambliss was convicted for the murders and sentenced to several terms of life
imprisonment. He died in prison in 1985; After reopening the case several times, in 2000 the FBI
assisted the state authorities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton—they were
convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison
21.2
714
Civil Rights Act of
1964
21.2
Explain why Malcolm X
was not a supporter of the
March on Washington.
21.2
714
—
N/A
714
21.2
714
March on
Washington
21.2
714
What effect do you
think the March on
Washington had on the
passage of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964?
The March on Washington provided civil rights leaders with the chance to
deliver their message to a national audience. After hearing moving and eloquent
speeches such as the “I Have a Dream” speech by Martin Luther King Jr.,
members of Congress my have been more compelled to pass the Civil rights Act
more quickly than they might have otherwise.
21.2
715—
N/A
Andrew Goodman
21.2
715
Fannie Lou Hamer
Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who was murdered by gunshot in
1964 while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer.
Was the daughter of a Mississippi sharecropper and became the voice of the
SNCC organized Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
Birmingham , Alabama was a city known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in public life;
Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC went to Birmingham to desegregate it but after days of
protesting, Martin Luther King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; More than a thousand
African-American children took to the streets in protest, police commissioner Eugene “Bull”
Connor’s men arrested 959 of them and a day later attacked them with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs—
TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of viewers heard the children screaming; Continued
protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation
Malcolm X criticized King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy
was attempting to take over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nickname the march "The Farce on Washington".
Integrating
University of
Alabama
4
21.2
715—
N/A
James Chaney
21.2
715—
N/A
Michael Schwerner
21.2
715
Why did Civil Rights
groups organize Freedom
Summer?
21.2
716
“Bloody Sunday”—
The Selma Campaign
21.2
716
Describe the even in Selma,
Alabama, that helped spur the
passage of the Voting Rights Act
of 1965.
21.2
716
Voting Rights Act:
1965
21.3
718
De facto segregation
21.3
718
De jure segregation
21.3
718
—
N/A
Hough Riots
21.3
718
What were some of the
causes and effects of the
urban riots of the mid1960s?
21.3
719
Explain some of the most
important factors that led to the
development of a Black Power
movement in the mid-1960s.
(Think About: de jure
segregation versus de facto
segregation, gains African
Americans had made by the
mid-1960s, and the treatment of
African Americans by law
officers in Northern cities)
Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent mans included the desegregation of schools and
public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that
had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded
housing, employment, and educational opportunities for African Americans. The nonviolent
approach required patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were unwilling to
continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for rights they deserved. Some African
Americans felt that nonviolence was not effective means of ending de facto segregation which had
led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their
economic and social status.
21.3
719
How did the message of
Malcolm X differ from that
of other civil rights leaders
in the early 1960s?
Malcolm X advocated African American separatism and called for freedom to be
brought about “by any means possible.” This philosophy differed greatly from
other leaders, who strove to achieve racial integration through peaceful means.
21.3
719
Malcolm X
21.3
719
Nation of Islam
(Black Muslims)
21.3
720
Black Panthers
was a civil rights worker who was murdered by gunshot in 1964 while trying to
register voters as part of Freedom Summer
Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who was murdered by gunshot in
1964 while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer.
They hoped to call attention to the lack of voting rights in segregationist
strongholds and to promote passage of a federal voting rights act
Police attacked activists protesting the violence used to prevent African
Americans from registering to vote. Public outrage over the attacks help lead to
the passage of the Voting Rights Act just five months later.
Race Riots in Cleveland, Ohio; started on July 18 and lasted for 6 days after a
white dinner owner refused to given an African American a glass of water—By
the end of the riots, four people were killed. About 240 fires were reported
during the riots.
African American frustrations with continuing discrimination and the prevalence
of white racism helped trigger the riots. The riots caused death and destruction
and left white and black Americans more polarized than before.
5
21.3
720
What were some of the
positive aspects of the
Black Power movement?
The Black Power Movement had many positive aspects, including an emphasis
on racial pride and an interest in African culture and heritage.
21.3
720
What were the goals of the
Black Panther Party? What
were the methods they
advocated in their attempt to
achieve these goals?
The Black Panther Party wanted “land, bread, housing, education, clothing,
justice, and peace” as well as the freedom to determine their own destiny. The
group believed that it should arm itself in order to defend the black community
from “racist police oppression.”
21.3
721
Why was the public
reaction to the Back
Panthers mixed?
Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence;
however, some poor African Americans benefited from their community
programs
21.3
722
Civil Rights Act of
1968
21.3
722
Kerner Commission
21.3
722
White Flight
21.3
723
Affirmative Action
21.3
723
—
N/A
Compare what Thurgood
Marshall, Martin Luther
King, Jr., and Malcolm X
achieved for African
Americans. (Think About:
the importance of changing
unjust laws, effective
protests and demonstrations
in the South, and African
Americans’ attitude toward
themselves)
Marshall, as the head of the NAACP’s team of lawyers, argued many important civil
rights cases before the Supreme Court. In winning Brown, he gave all African-American
children the opportunity to succeed and achieved an important first step in the complete
abolishment of segregation. King, as the head of the SCLC, provided leadership. His
love, courage, patience, optimism, and integrity made him an example to all Americans.
He inspired those on the front lines of the moment to persevere and those outside the
moment to sympathize with, and participate in the movement. Malcolm X helped African
Americans to take pride in themselves and their race. The changes he underwent—from a
criminal to a Nation of Islam preacher of black separatism and hatred of whites to a more
tolerant Muslim civil rights organizer—made him a powerful role model for young
African Americans.
21.3
723
—
N/A
723
—
N/A
Describe three factors
responsible for discontent
among African Americans
during the 1960s.
African Americans wanted an end to discrimination, better jobs, better income,
and better places to live.
Explain some of the most
important factors that led to the
development of the civil rights
movement in 1950s and 1960s.
(Think About: economic gains
made by African Americans
during World War II,
participation of African
Americans in the war, early
efforts by civil rights
organizations, early success in
the courts)
World War II created opportunities for African Americans that they were
unwilling to give up after the war ended. Many African-American soldiers
returned from World War II determined to fight for their won freedom. The
groundwork for a civil rights movement was laid by organizations that, during
the war, fought against Jim Crow laws and voting restrictions. The NAACP
adopted a successful strategy for fight civil rights in the courts. The most
important victory was the Supreme Court’s groundbreaking decision in Brown v.
Board of Education, which finally declared separate schools for black
unconstitutional. This important blow to de jure segregation helped strengthen
the efforts of civil right organizations.
723
—
N/A
How did the civil rights
movement evolve from the mid1950s to the late 1960s?
Discuss changes in the goals,
tone, and leadership of the
movement during this period.
(Think About: de jure versus de
facto segregation, contributions
of major leaders, objectives and
strategies of various civil rights
organizations)
The movement at first focused on segregation enforced by law and later turned to fundamental
economic and social inequalities. Early leader Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP won several key
Supreme Court cases including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregated
schools unconstitutional. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rosa Parks challenged segregation on buses in
the South using boycotts. King and others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
which stressed nonviolent tactics such as sit-ins to protest segregation in public facilities. The
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee engaged in sit-ins but also used more confrontational
tactics. Nonviolent protests eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the
Voting Rights Act of 1965. By the late 1960s, however, anger and frustration over the continuing
high rate of poverty and unemployment for blacks gave rise to a new militancy among African
Americans, especially in the North.
21.3
21.3
White flight is a term for the demographic trend of white people, generally but not always
upper and middle class, moving away from increasingly and predominantly non-white
areas, finding new homes in nearby suburbs; Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, due to
racist real-estate covenants and other discriminatory practices, non-white people were
almost never afforded the same opportunities to move away from the cities, even when
they may have been economically able to do so.
6
In what ways did
African Americans’
economic situations
improve during the
1970s?
Los Angeles riots
(LA Riots or the
Rodney King riots)
The number of African American—owned businesses rose greatly. The income
gap between white Americans and African Americans narrowed. In addition,
increased enrollment in colleges and universities ensured that more African
Americans would gain better paying jobs.
723
—
N/A
What did the civil
rights movement
accomplish? Would
you describe the
movement as a
success? (Think
About: political
gains, social and
economic gains)
The civil rights movement brought about important political gains. It eliminated de jure
segregation: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public facilities, the
Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy tests and poll taxes illegal, and the Civil Rights
Act of 1968 ended discrimination in housing. In addition, millions of African Americans
were registered to vote, and more blacks were elected to political office. Social and
economic gains were more elusive. In the late 1960s, African Americans still faced
housing and job discrimination, unequal schools because of white flight to the suburbs,
and poverty rate much higher than whites. The movement, however, did lead to
affirmative action programs designed to equalize education and job opportunities.
Nonviolent protests led by Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as his personal integrity and
philosophy, inspired many whites to sympathize with African Americans. The movement
also brought many blacks and whites together to work toward common goals. Students
who described the movement as a success may say that the legal and political advances
represented a great leap forward, since no civil rights legislation had been passed since
Reconstruction. Those who disagree may stress that much remains to be accomplished in
realms of education, job opportunity, and income equality.
723
—
N/A
723
—
N/A
What effects did the civil
rights have on many
women?
It spurred women to demonstrate for equality by both inspiring them to act and
opening their eyes to their unequal treatment
What rights did President
Kennedy want African
Americans to gain
through civil rights
legislation?
What role did violence
and nonviolence play in
the struggle for civil
rights? How did each
help and hurt the
movement?
What strides did African
Americans make in
politics in the 1970s?
He wanted African Americans as well as all other Americans to have the “right
to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants,
theaters, retail stores and similar establishments.”
What were some of
the ways in which the
civil rights movement
changed between
1960 and 1975?
Gains made through nonviolent protests staged by groups such as the SCLC during the
early stages of the civil rights movement, and then contrast the shift toward violence and
more radical rhetoric. Students should point out how some African American leaders
called for separation from white Americans, whereas earlier activists called for racial
equality and integration. Achievements include gaining enforceable voting rights,
desegregation of public places and schools, and better economic opportunities. Perhaps
the most dramatic achievement of the movement was the large number of African
Americans elected to public office.
21.3
723
—
N/A
21.3
723
—
N/A
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
723
—
N/A
21.3
723
—
N/A
723
—
N/A
21.3
Sparked on April 29, 1992 when a mostly white jury acquitted four police
officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King.
Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mainly young black and Latino males,
joined in what has often been characterized as a race riot, involving mass lawbreaking, including looting, arson and murder. In all 50 to 60 people were killed
during the riots.
White racist violence against nonviolent protesters and demonstrators outraged
many Americans and hastened the political process of change. Some African
Americans came to see nonviolent protest as an ineffective tool once a certain
level of rights had been achieved. On the other hand, violence by African
Americans in the form of urban riots hurt the movement by polarizing society.
By the end of the 1970s more than 4,500 African Americans held elected office.
The roster of elected black officials in 1978 included 16 members of the House
of Representatives.
21.3
723
—
N/A
Why did organizers have
such a difficult time
registering African American
voters during the early stages
of the civil rights movement?
Activists who attempted to register voters continually faced from white racists.
Many African Americans refused to register because they were threatened with
the loss of their jobs or physical harm if they did so.
21.3
723
—
N/A
Why did young people in
SNCC and the MFDP feel
betrayed by some civil
rights leaders?
Because the leaders agreed to compromise with the Johnson administration that
kept most MFDP delegates from the Democratic convention
7
21.3
723
—
N/A
Why do you think so
many people disliked
affirmative action and
busing?
Busing made parents angry about having to send their children outside of their
own neighborhoods to get schooling. Many people disliked affirmative action
because they believed it was a form of reverse discrimination.
21.3
796
Busing
Desegregation busing, also known as forced busing, is the concept of achieving
racial and/or economic integration in public schools by transporting
schoolchildren to schools outside their area of residence; The Supreme Court, in Swann
v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving
integration of public schools; Busing led to further “White Flight” into the suburbs and
other areas; Combined with changes in housing patterns, forced busing programs were gradually
eliminated during the 1990s as the courts nationwide released districts from orders under old
lawsuits.
23.1
98
Thirteenth
Amendment (1865)
23.1
704
What did the Civil Rights
Act of 1957 do?
23.1
768—
N/A
Bilingualism
23.1
768
César Estrada Chávez
23.1
768
What problems did different
groups of Latino immigrants
share?
23.1
770
Dolores Huerta
Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution
abolished slavery. The amendment states:
 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
 Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
It made it a federal crime to prevent qualified persons from voting. It also set up
the federal Civil Rights Commission ot investigate violations of the law.
Ability to speak two languages; the LULAC pushed to have schools taught in
Spanish as well as in English
Founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) that later became the
United Farm Workers. In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA led a strike of California
grape-pickers to demand higher wages. In addition to the strike, they encouraged
all Americans to boycott table grapes as a show of support. The strike lasted five
years and attracted national attention. When the U.S. Senate Subcommittee
looked into the situation, Robert Kennedy gave Chávez his total support. In the
early 1970s, the UFW organized strikes and boycotts to get higher wages from
grape and lettuce growers. During the 1980s, Chávez led a boycott to protest the
use of toxic pesticides on grapes. He again fasted to draw public attention. These
strikes and boycotts generally ended with the signing of bargaining agreements.
Prejudice, job and housing discrimination, high unemployment, and poverty
The co-founder and First Vice President Emeritus of the United Farm Workers of
America, AFL-CIO(UFW). As an advocate for farm worker rights Dolores has been
arrested twenty-two times for non-violent peaceful union activities. Even though Dolores has
invested a great deal of time, sweat and tears and has been a big part of the United Farm Workers
movement, she still does not receive the recognition she deserves for her hard work and dedication.
To this day at her elder age she is working hard for the rights of farm workers
It hurt the grower’s revenue as well as their public image and forced them to
negotiate with the UFWOC; it thus enabled the union to win better wages and
working conditions
Was a bill of rights for Native Americans they was written in 1961 by more than
400 representatives of 67 Native American nations who met in Chicago
23.1
770
What impact did the
grape boycott have?
23.1
771
23.1
771
Declaration of Indian
Purpose
Indian Civil Rights
Act
23.1
771—
N/A
Why did Native
Americans resist
assimilation?
23.1
772
Russell Means
Is one of contemporary America's best-known and prolific activists for the rights of American
Indians. He argues that, "Indian people are dying of sympathy. What we want is respect." Means has
also pursued careers in politics, acting, and music; he joined the American Indian Movement and
quickly became one of its most prominent leaders. He was appointed the group's first national
director in 1970. Later that year, Means was one of the leaders of AIM's takeover of Mount
Rushmore. In 1972, he participated in AIM's takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs office in
Washington, DC, and in 1973 he led AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, which became the group's
most celebrated action.
23.2
771
What tactics did AIM use in
its attempts to gain reforms?
AIM used confrontational and sometimes violent tactics, such as occupying the
Bureau of Indian Affairs and taking hostages during a protest at Wounded Knee
An act passed by Congress in 1968 which guaranteed Native American
reservation dwellers some of the rights provided to other citizens under the Bill
of Rights
Some viewed white culture as shallow and meaningless
8
Woman feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique and helped form NOW; she
galvanized the movement
Women activist
Treating people different because of their gender
Book written by Betty Friedan that rejected the notion that the destiny of women
was only to be wives and mothers; book was a bestseller and helped galvanize
women across country
23.2
776
Betty Frieden
23.2
23.2
23.2
776
776
776
Feminists
Sexism
The Feminine
Mystique
23.2
778
Gloria Steinem
Is a Jewish American feminist and journalist and a spokeswoman for women's rights. She
is the founder and original publisher of Ms. magazine. In 1971 Steinem founded the
National Women's Political Caucus and the Women's Action Alliance. In 1972 she
founded the feminist magazine Ms. and wrote for the magazine until it was sold in 1987.
In 1974 Steinem founded the Coalition of Labor Union Women.
23.2
778
National Women’s
Political Caucus
23.2
778
What prompted women
to establish NOW?
23.2
779
Explain the primary
reason whey the Equal
Rights Amendment was
not ratified.
was formed in 1971 with a goal of increasing the number of women involved in
politics, including running for office and serving as delegates to national
conventions. Gives money and support to all pro-choice female candidates
Their dissatisfaction with the EEOC and the need for a more organized effort to
combat sexism
As a result of a viogurs campaign by STOP ERA and other groups, the Eual
Rights Amendment failed to obtain the votes needed for ratification.
23.2
779
Phyllis Schlafly
23.2
779
23.3
722
What concerns
motivated those who
opposed the ERA?
Shirley Chisholm
25.3
843
—
N/A
Civil Rights Act of
1991
She founded STOP ERA to fight ERA believing it would force women to give
up their traditional roles as wives and mothers, and that they would lose certain
legal protections in the family and in the workplace
Fear of change and the perceived drastic effects the amendment might have had
on traditional family life
In 1968, she became the first African-American woman in the United States
House of Representatives
 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed
in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions
limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for
discrimination. The 1991 Act combined elements from two different
civil rights acts of the past: the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil
Rights Act of 1964.
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