Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Abstract
This invention uses the fact that the gravity force is as strong as the electromagnetic
forces; below one millimeter distance, and gravity propagates at a slower speed than
electromagnetism. This Application is for a Utility Patent on the use of a type device the
inventor characterizes as a “mass spin-valve” or “gravitational rectifier” which uses
gravitational frame dragging to produce (1) an electric signal and/or (2) associated
mechanical force, for (A) general use in surface characterization work and (B) power
produced by the presence or the absence of matter on a spinning disk.
1
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
On Earth's surface, a mass of 1 kg exerts a force of approximately 9.8 Newtons (N). 1 N
is the force of Earth's gravity on a mass of about 102 g = (1⁄9.81 kg) of force [down] (or
1.0 kilogram-force; 1 kgf=9.80665 N by definition). It is shown that the presence or the
absence of matter on a spinning disk’s surface creates gravity-induction on the spinning
disk that can be measured as a mechanical force signal from piezoelectric Glide head and
also as an induced electrical signal on a GMR head.
Independent of the magnetic media
it is shown that an magneto-resistive (MR) element flying over a spinning disk that the
MR element experiences increasing MR mass spin-valve signal MS signal with
increasing defect width along a radius perpendicular to the direction of disk rotation. Pit
defects exhibit an [up] going gravity-induced force which can be converted to an electric
MS signal pulse due to increased MR element and disk spacing. It is shown that the bump
defects exhibit a [down] going gravity-induced force which can be converted to an
electric MS signal pulse representing a decrease in the MR element and disk spacing.
AFM
Design Defect AFM Height
Width Type Width or Depth
(m)
(m) (in/ nm)
MR
Modulation
Pulse
Delay(Sec)
MR
Modulation
Delay x
Velocity(m)
40
20
10
6
4
2
1
40
20
10
6
4
2
1
3.23
1.6
0.858
0.518
0.38
0.218
0.19
3.31
1.59
0.814
0.498
0.34
0.208
0.104
41.021
20.3
10.8966
6.5786
4.826
2.7686
2.413
42.037
20.193
10.3378
6.3246
4.318
2.6416
1.3208
Table 1
Bump
Bump
Bump
Bump
Bump
Bump
Bump
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
40.9
20.2
10.9
6.56
4.76
2.8
2.4
42.2
20.4
10.3
6.28
4.25
2.4
1.28
1.27/32.3
1.22/31
1.27/32.3
1.22/31
1.24/31.5
1.04/26.4
1.05/26.7
1.7/43.2
1.99/50.5
2.02/51.3
1.92/48.8
1.59/40.4
1.65/41.9
1.86/47.2
1
MR mass
spin-valve
Signal
Maximum
Ampl(Vp)
Anti-GForce
nNewtons)
MR mass
spin-valve
Signal
Minimum
Ampl(Vp)
GForce
nNewtons)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.378
0.287
0.245
0.163
0.141
0.102
0.055
-2
-0.805
-0.304
-0.185
-0.14
-0.065
-0.04
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Expected
normal
Gravity Force
Bump Volume x
3
19.3g/cm
density of W
1
(nNewtons)
-0.00010630
-0.00002489
-0.00000755
-0.00000262
-0.00000140
-0.00000041
-0.00000030
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
For comparison purposes, the expected equivalent normal gravity force in units of –nNewtons is
calculated from the bump’s volume as determined dimensionally with the AFM and the density of
3
Tungsten (W) 19.3 g/cm , as shown.
2
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Quality control for high density recording requires that the computer’s hard disk surface
be free of defects larger than 1m x 1m in areal size or better. Current methods for
characterizing defects of this size are limited by slow metrology techniques such as
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) or faster techniques like Piezoelectric (PZT) Glide.
Another faster defect detection technique that uses spin stands such as magnetic
certification testers that detect missing pulses at high frequency write and read rates (i.e.
a hard disk certifier).
GMR is the conventional acronym for “giant magneto-resistive” in terminology of the
hard disk drive storage technology. The term is usually referred to in reference to GMR
heads. GMR heads are termed "giant", not because of their size, but for the giant
magneto-resistive effect, first discovered by the European researchers -- Peter Gruenberg
and Albert Fert -- in the late 1980s. Disk drives that are based on GMR head technology
use these properties to help control a sensor that responds to very small rotations on the
disk. The magnetic rotation yields a very large change in sensor resistance, which in turn
provides a signal that can be picked up by the (electric circuits) sensitive amplifiers in the
drive. Because resistance changes in the GMR head are caused by changes to the spin
characteristics of electrons in the free layer, GMR heads are also known as spin valves, a
term coined by IBM.
In 1998, theoretical physicists Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos and Gia Dvali
pointed out that gravity had not been measured below a distance of about a millimeter.
Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali whose model is known as ADD, — suggest that
there could be extra dimensions as large as a millimeter in diameter. In particle physics,
the ADD model, also known as the model with large extra dimensions, offers an
alternative scenario to explain the weakness of gravity relative to the other forces. This
theory requires that the fields of the Standard Model are confined to a four-dimensional
membrane, while gravity propagates in several additional spatial dimensions that are
3
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
large compared to the Planck scale. 2 The model was proposed by Nima Arkani-Hamed,
Savas Dimopoulos, and Gia Dvali in 1998. 3 4
Theoretical physics typically treats the Planck scale as the highest energy scale and all
dimensional parameters are measured in terms of the Planck scale. In models of large
extra dimensions the fundamental scale is much lower than the Planck scale. This occurs
because the power law of gravity changes. For example, assuming r is the distance
between the head and the spinning disk; when there are two extra dimensions of size d,
the power law of gravity is 1/r4 for objects with r<<d and 1/r2 for objects with r>>d. This
relationship suggests if we want the Planck scale to be equal to the next accelerator
energy (1 TeV) we should take d approximately 1mm.
As suggested by ADD, gravity could be just as strong as the other forces but only felt
strongly at short distances. Scientists funded by the European Space Agency have
measured the gravitational equivalent of a magnetic field for the first time in a
laboratory.5 Just as a moving electrical charge creates a magnetic field, so a moving mass
generates a gravitomagnetic field. According to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity,
the effect is virtually negligible. However, Martin Tajmar, ARC Seibersdorf Research
GmbH, Austria; Clovis de Matos, ESA-HQ, Paris; and colleagues have measured the
effect in a laboratory. Their experiment involves a ring of superconducting material
rotating up to 6,500 times a minute.
2
For a pedagogical introduction, see M. Shifman (2009). "Large Extra Dimensions: Becoming acquainted
with an alternative paradigm". Crossing the boundaries: Gauge dynamics at strong coupling. Singapore:
World Scientific. http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.3074.
3
N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, G. Dvali (1998). "The Hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a
millimeter". Physics Letters B429: 263-272. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00466-3.
4
N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, G. Dvali (1999). "Phenomenology, astrophysics and cosmology of
theories with submillimeter dimensions and TeV scale quantum gravity". Physical Review D59: 086004.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.086004.
5
Martin Tajmar, Florin Plesescu1, Klaus Marhold1 & Clovis J. de Matos, “Experimental Detection of the
Gravitomagnetic London Moment Space Propulsion”, ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH, A-2444
Seibersdorf, Austria, ESA-HQ, European Space Agency, 8-10 rue Mario Nikis, 75015 Paris, France. See
http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/gsp/Experimental_Detection.pdf
4
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
What is needed is a device to harness an electric signal and/or associated mechanical
force for general use for work, and power, produced by the presence or the absence of
matter on the spinning disk.
Figure 1
An atomic force microscope image from a 10m x 10m area pit is shown in Figure 1 a).
A magnetic force microscope image of a written track from a typical hard disk is shown
in Figure 1 b).6 An MR read back signal7 from a magnetically erased disk and a
certification missing pulse test reading for the same 10m x 10m area pit are shown in
Figure 1 c) and 1 d) respectively.
6
Image in Figure 1 b) from http://www.esco.co.kr/pdf/ns/Magnetic_Force_Microscopy.pdf
MR current was optimum at 16mA, and the linear velocity was maintained at 500 inches per second (ips)
[unless otherwise noted].
7
5
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
1.8”
40x40 um
1.75”
20x20 um
1.6”
10x10 um
1.65”
6x6 um
1.6”
4x4 um
1.55”
2x2 um
1.5”
1x1 um
1.4”
40x40 um
1.45”
20x20 um
1.3”
10x10 um
MS signal Calibration
Bump and Pit Disk
Bumps
12.5
47.5
Pits
1.35”
6x6 um
1.2”
4x4 um
1.25”
2x2 um
1.2”
1x1 um
Critical Dimensions
mm
inch
12.5
47.5
0.49
1.87
:
Figure 2 Utility Patent Application US 13/332,677 Pending, 12/21/2011
Fourteen defects were fabricated on a 2400 Oe 31.5mil 95mm MR disk using a Focused
Ion Beam (FIB). Seven bumps of ~1.25in (~32nm) height were deposited, and seven
pits ~2in (~51nm) deep were etched, on a disk 50 mils (~1.27mm) apart on a radius, as
shown in Figure 2.
6
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Signal Characteristics from Reference 10m x 10m ~1.25 in Bump Defect
AFM Microgaph
Non-contact PZT Glide
Non-contact MS-valve signal
Figure 3
Figure 3 shows that for a 1.25in (~32nm) 10m x 10m bump measured with an AFM
produces a characteristic PZT Glide signal [measured at 890 ips] of the downward force
of the bump on the downward facing head slider and a characteristic MR magnetic
modulation signal plus MS signal of a bump (labeled as non-contact MS-valve signal).
7
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Signal Characteristics from Reference 10m x 10m ~2 in Pit Defect
AFM Micrograph
Non-contact PZT Glide
Non-contact MS-valve signal
Figure 4
Figure 4 shows that for ~2in 10m x 10m pit measured with an AFM produce a PZT
Glide signal [measured at 890 ips] and the characteristic MR magnetic modulation signal
plus MS signal of a pit.
8
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Figure 5
Figure 5 shows that 10m x 10m bump defect exhibits two electromagnetic signals due
to electromagnetic induction created by the edges of the bump defect following
Maxwell’s right hand rule8 and also exhibits the gravitational induction signal of 0.304
Volts.
8
Maxwell's right-hand rule (RHR): If the conductor is held with the right hand such that the thumb points
in the direction of the current flow I, the fingers circling the conductor point in the direction of the
magnetic flux lines.
9
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Figure 6
Figure 6 shows that 40m x 40m pit defect exhibits two electromagnetic signals due to
electromagnetic induction created by the edges of the pit defect and also exhibits the
gravitational induction signal of 0.378 Volts with an equivalent [upward] force of 0.378 x
10-9 Newtons produced by 7.69 x 10-17m3 of missing mass. This novel upward [anti]gravitational force [see Table 1] is not predicted by the ADD model.
In a metallic conductor, current is carried by the flow of electrons. In semiconductors,
current is often schematized as being carried either by the flow of electrons or by the flow
of positively charged "holes" in the electron structure of the material. This inventor
postulates that there exists an equivalent quantum nature to gravity associated with the
presence and absence of matter on the spinning disk to the quantum nature in
electromagnetism in the semiconductor junction [or a rectifier] as a type electromagnetic
10
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
spin valve device which is based on the spin of conduction energy band electrons in the
semiconductor crystal.
Pit & Bump Volume v. Gforce Rectification
100
2
Bumps with Height ~+30m height Volume  Gf
3
2
Bump Volume (m ) = 6x(-Gf) - 7x(-Gf) - 0.4 80
2
60
3
Pit or Bump Volume(mm )
R = 0.9997
Antigravitational Induction
40
20
0
-3.5
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
-20
-40
Gravitational Induction
-60
0.5
1.5
2.5
Pits with Depth ~-40m depth
3
Volume Gf
3
3
Pit Volume (m ) = -3000xGf +
2
1000xGf
2
- 200xGf + 8
R = 0.9979
-80
-100
Gforce (nNewton)
Figure 7
Figure 7 shows the gravitational induction equivalent as a gravitational rectifier in the
mass spin valve device; whereby the downward gravitational induction force [N type
donor gravitons] is produced by additional mass; equivalent to the electrons in the
semiconductor rectifier; and the upward gravitational induction force [P type acceptor
anti-gravitons] is produced by the absence of mass, equivalent to “holes” in the
semiconductor rectifier. Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts that non-static,
stationary mass-energy distributions affect spacetime in a peculiar way giving rise to a
phenomenon usually known as frame-dragging. Qualitatively, frame-dragging can be
viewed as the gravitational analog of electromagnetic induction.
11
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Figure 8
Figure 8 shows that a pit defect that is 10m wide along a radius and 100m long along
the circumference of the disk exhibits an anti-gravitational induction signal that is
2.1Sec propagations delayed from the first electromagnetic signal due to
electromagnetic induction created by the edge of the pit defect. The total time due to the
non-renormalizability of anti-gravity was shown to be 2.1Sec propagation delay plus
19.9Sec due to the renormalization delay for a total period of 22Sec.
12
Essay written for the Gravity
Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation
The “Mass Spin-Valve” or “Gravity Rectifier”
By Michael E. Boyd
5439 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (408) 891-9677, E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted January 18, 2012
Gravity-time dilation v. Width (m)
6
Pit Delay (Sec) = -0.0004 x (Pit Width(m)) 2 + 0.0574 x Pit Width(m)
R2 = 0.995
5
Time Delay (mSec)
Bump Delay (Sec) = 0.0568 x Bump Width(m)
R2 = 0.9978
4
Pit Delay (uSec)
Bump Delay (uSec)
Poly. (Pit Delay (uSec))
Linear (Bump Delay (uSec))
3
2
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Defect Width (m)
Figure 9
Figure 9 shows that for pit defects there is a threshold of 2.1Sec propagation delay for
anti-gravitational induction frame dragging described by the relationship, Pit Delay
(Sec)  (Pit Width(m))2 and also shows that for bump defects the threshold of
propagation delay for gravitational induction frame dragging was not yet sufficiently
determined.
13