DATE
9/7
9/8
TOPIC
Introduction to American Studies I
What made Jamestown a successful settlement?
9/9
9/13
9/14
Who were the people of the New England colonies?
Does a close relationship between church and state
End of Period: Colonial
9/15
Were the middle colonies more like New England or
more like the South? Day I
Read “Slavery in Colonial
Times” and answer
9/19
Were the middle colonies more like New England or
more like the South? Day II
Did the British lose more than they gained from their
victory_in_the_French_&_Indian_War?
Test Review
Test: The Colonial Era
9/20
9/21
9/23
ASSIGNMENT DUE
Book Covered (5 points)
Signed Expectations
jpoints)
Study Guide Due (10
points)
the episode of Colonial House entitled “City of God” answer the following questions.
does the close relationship between church and state present in the New England colonies result in a
Directions: As you
Keep in mind
moral society?
1.
—
view
What were some of the laws of the colony? Were these consistent with laws in 1628?
2. What were some of the punishments for breaking these laws?
3.
What was the role of women?
4.
Governor Wyers tries to get the colonists to follow the laws of 1628. When they break these laws what
are some of the colonist’s punishments?
5.
Which two crimes were most often committed by the colonists?
6.
Governor Wyers enacts a new policy for Sabbath breakers. Is it consistent with life in 1628? How or
how not?
7.
Do you think that the connection between the church and the government of the colony made the
people act morally? Why or why not?
)
Slavery in Colonial Times
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Depending on which colony slaves lived in, the way they were treated and the work they performed
varied. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh conditions, while slaves in the middle
and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were treated more humanely.
Slavery in Virginia
While slavery in Virginia eventually became quite large, in its early beginnings the colony did not
depend upon slave labor. In 1619, there were 20 Africans in Jamestown, who held positions similar to
indentured servants. By 1651, census records indicated that Africans who finished their indentured
servitude were assigned land and were considered free.
While this system ensured the growth of the free black population, it also contributed to the need for
laborers. Work in the field was labor intensive and could be expensive, especially when indentured
servants were eventually freed upon the end of their servitude. To offset a portion of the expense,
some Africans were made into servants for life and Indians were also used as laborers,
However, the colonists soon learned that this did not work; they began to look toward slavery. After
Virginians heard about the success of slavery in the Caribbean, they became convinced that slavery
was the answer to their labor problems. From thereafter, there was movement toward implementing a
system of black slave labor.
In 1661, Virginia officially recognized slavery by statute. A year later, a Virginia statute declared that
newly born children would have the same status as their mother. With the lawful support of slavery,
slaves were brought into the colony by ship. By the end of the 17th century, more than a thousand
slaves per year were transported into the colony. In 1708, there were 12,000 blacks and 18,000
whites. By 1756, the black population was 120,156 while the white population was still the majority,
numbering 173,316.
Because of the harsh labor conditions, male slaves were brought more often than female slaves.
However, by the 18th century, this view changed. Women were brought just as often and were
required to perform the same labor as men.
As the slave population increased, so did the fear of slave insurrections. In order to prevent revolts,
Virginia enacted slave codes. Slave codes restricted the movement of slaves and dictated the
punishment for offenses. For example, slaves were not allowed to leave the plantation without written
permission from their master; robbery and other major offenses was punishable by 60 lashes and
placement in a pillory where the slave’s ears were cut off; and for the commission of petty offenses,
the individual was whipped, branded, or maimed.
)
Slavery in Maryland
Unlike in Virginia, Maryland had slaves shortly after the establishment of its first settlements in 1634.
Although slavery existed, it was not recognized by law until 1663. The first statute enacted attempted
to enforce a law that all blacks, even those who were free, would be slaves and all newborn black
children would be slaves regardless of the status of their mother. In 1681, a new law changed this; it
established freedom for children born to free black women, and mixed black and white heritage
children, also known as mulattoes, born to white women.
In order to ensure that blacks would remain enslaved, a law declared that slaves who converted to
Christianity would not become free. With the enactment of this new law, slave owners felt secure that
they would not be stripped of their investments. In 1750, 40,000 blacks and 100,000 whites
populated the territory.
Slave importation in Maryland continued to increase. This, however, created fear about slave
insurrections. Like in Virginia, Maryland enacted laws that restricted the movement of free blacks and
slaves. One law declared that slaves would be punished by death, branding, or whipping if found guilty
of murder, arson, larceny, association with whites, insolence, and traveling without permission.
Slavery in North and South Carolina
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Slavery was encouraged from the outset of the Carolina colony. The four proprietors of the colony
were members of the Royal African Company, a slave trading company. In 1663, the proprietors
encouraged settlers to acquire slaves with the promise that they would be given 20 acres of land for
every black male slave and 10 acres for every black female slave brought to the colony within the first
year. This encouragement worked; by 1683, the black population was equal to the white population.
South Carolina, which became a separate colony in 1712, relied heavily on slave labor. By 1715,
blacks outnumbered whites by 10,500 to 6,250. Less then ten years later, in 1724, there were three
times as many blacks as whites.
Because of the sizeable slave population, South Carolina became fearful of slave Insurrections. In
order to help keep slaves from revolting, slave codes prohibited the sale of alcohol to slaves. In
addition, it was believed that slave rebellions could be prevented by prohibiting cruelty against slaves.
Owners were prohibited from working slaves more than 15 hours between March 25 and September
25 and not more than 14 hours between September 25 and March 25.
North Carolina, on the other hand, had a large Quaker population that was opposed to slavery. Even
though the slave population was small, Quakers established regular religious meetings for slaves and
urged slaveholders to treat them well. In 1770, Quakers unsuccessfully sought the prohibition of
slavery in the colony. Slavery continued and by 1775, 66,000 slaves occupied the territory.
)
Slavery in New York
New York, originally called New Netherland by the Dutáh who settled it, did have plantations that used
slave labor. By 1638, it was not uncommon to have slaves. Slavery under the Dutch was different
from in the South. Treatment of slaves was more humane and manumission was commonly granted to
slaves who served loyally for a long time.
In 1664, New Netherland was taken over by the English. After siavery was recognized as legitimate in
1684, the siave population grew. In 1698, there were 2,170 blacks out of the total population of
18,067. By 1723, the slave population had grown to 6,171; in 1771, there were 19,883 blacks out of a
total population of 168,007.
Like its southern counterparts, New York had slave codes. Their concern focused on ensuring that
slaves did not escape or become free because of conversion to Christianity. In 1706, one slave code
dictated that a slave who was baptized did not become free as a result. In 1715, to deter slaves from
escaping to Canada, slaves that were caught 40 miles north of Albany would be executed based upon
the oath of two credible witnesses.
Despite attempts to control slaves with slave codes, insurrections did happen. In 1712, 23 slaves in
possession of guns and knives set fire to the home of a slaveowner. The siaves then killed nine and
injured six whites. The slaves responsible were captured and put on trial. Twenty-one of the slaves
were found guilty and executed.
Jersey-
.
.
.
.
New Jersey also encouraged their citizens to own slaves, espedaily once the English came to dominate
the colony. Unlike southern states, their slave population was never large and grew slowly. In 1726,
the black population was 2,581. By 1738, it had only grown to 3,981; in 1745, there only were 4,606
blacks out of the total population of 61,000.
Slavery in Pennsylvania
The slave population in Pennsylvania grew very slowly, largely because of Quaker opposition. In 1721,
the black population was 2,000; thirty years later it had only grown to 3,000. In 1790, there were
10,274 blacks, and of these, only 3,737 were slaves.
The Pennsylvania colony was somewhat distinctive because of its belief in the humanity of blacks.
Schools, churches, and marriage were open to the black population. The black family achieved some
level of stability, and the community was generally free from violence.
Slavery in Colonial Times
Directions: Complete the reading “Slavery in Colonial Times.” When you’re done reading. answer the questions below.
Slavery in Virginia
1.
What was the role of slavery in Jamestown?
2. What were slave codes? Give some examples.
Slavery in Maryland
1.
How did slavery in Maryland differ from slavery in Virginia?
Slavery in North & South Carolina
1.
How was slavery encouraged from the beginning of the North & South Carolina colonies?
2. What unique laws were passed to keep slaves in South Carolina from revolting?
3. How did the Quaker population affect slavery in North Carolina?
Slavery in New York
1.
Describe how slavery in New York under the Dutch was unique.
2. What was the purpose of the slave codes in New York?
Slavery in Pennsylvania
1.
Why did slavery grow slowly in Pennsylvania?
2.
What beliefs made the Pennsylvania colony’s treatment of blacks distinctive?