DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote sensing is the
collection of information
about the surface of the
Earth and its atmosphere
by detecting reflected or
emitted electromagnetic
radiation from sensors
aboard airplanes and
satellites.
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October 8, 2011
Remote Sensing
Hydrosphere
Remote Sensing-Hydrospere
October 8, 2011
NC Science Olympiad Oct 2011 Coaches Institute
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2011-12
event rules
DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
2011-12 Remote Sensing
WHAT THE 2011-12 EVENT WILL NOT BE ABOUT
In North Carolina Tournaments, students are not expected to study all the
science related to the Earth’s Hydrosphere.
For instance, for impacts to coral reefs, students are not expected to
know marine biology. That is left to the Oceanography event. For changes in
ice caps & glaciers, students are not expected to know the science behind
glaciers. That is left to the Dynamic Planet event.
The North Carolina remote sensing event will focus on how remote
sensing satellites and sensors help scientists and planners to gather and
analyze data related to their particular specialties related to Earth’s
Hydrosphere. Such specialties include; oceanography, meteorology,
agriculture, hydrology, flood control, glaciology, etc.
Remote sensing is particularly good at detecting (1) changes over time,
(2) Ice, snow, and/or cloud cover for vast areas at the same time, (3) data
on Inaccessible areas, and using wavelengths beyond the visible light
that our eyes cannot see.
The event is about the WHAT, the HOW, and the WHY for information
obtained by remote sensors related to the Earth’s Hydrosphere.
Slide 3
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October 8, 2011
WHAT THE 2011-12 EVENT WILL BE ABOUT
DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
2011-12 Remote Sensing
TECHNICAL STUFF ... the BLACK MAGIC part
WHERE ON THE EARTH IS THAT ??? Students should be familiar with various
geographic coordinate systems used to locate images, how to translate these into
distances, how to determine and use image scales
HOW IN SPACE DID WE OBTAIN THAT ??? Students should be familiar with NASA’s
earth resources satellites, basic science objectives, orbits, sensor systems used to detect
and observe the hydrosphere, and electro-magnetic spectrum’s interaction with the
atmosphere and earth surface.
HOW ON EARTH DID THAT PRETTY IMAGE COME FROM ONES AND ZEROS ???
October 8, 2011
APPLICATION STUFF ... the SCIENCE part
OBSERVABLE CHANGES (IMPACTS)
IN THE ENVIRONMENT ???
HUMAN ACTIONS &
REACTIONS?
FLOOD EVENTS; TSUNAMIS; STORM EVENTS
AGRICULTURAL USE OF WATER
DAM BUILDING - RESERVOIRS
SHRINKING LAKES; CHANGING SEA LEVEL
ICECAP THICKNESSES, GLACIAL RETREAT AND
CALVING; SNOW COVER; CLOUD COVER
OCEAN PRODUCTIVITY, TEMPERATURE, HEIGHT
CITIES IN THE DESERT
AGRICULTURE
OCEAN POLLUTION,
CLIMATE CHANGE – SEVERE STORMS
DAMMING RIVERS,
WATER DIVERSIONS
Slide 4
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Students should be familiar with the basics of digital image processing.
DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
OCT 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing of Earth’s Hydrosphere
∙ Earth Resource missions (currently operational)
∙ Sensor systems and characteristics applicable to water on earth’s
surface and atmosphere
∙ Internet-accessible satellite images and scientific studies
•Student understanding of the science …
Water in all its states (solid, liquid and gas) can be observed
directly and/or indirectly from orbital platforms
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
∙ Examples of Remote Sensing
∙ Maps, coordinates, scales, measurements and proportions
∙ Aerial Photography ... focal length and altitude ratios
∙ Electromagnetic spectrum ... capturing and counting photons
∙ Converting data to visual images (RGB)
∙ Atmospheric Windows ... absorption and scattering effects
∙ Passive and Active systems
∙ Sensor Resolution ... spatial, spectral and temporal
∙ Getting the most from the data ... digital signal enhancement
October 8, 2011
Slide5
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
What’s the next part of this presentation ???
NASA / ESA Earth Resources Satellite Missions
Where to find this information
Sensor Systems carried onboard
Where to find this information
Images and Science from Internet-accessible NASA collections
Where to find this information
The type of information a student will be expected to determine
from her/his evaluation of satellite images
October 8, 2011
Slide 6
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing of Land Use
INTERNET PORTALS
NASA Earth Satellite Programs
http://www.nasa.gov/missions/index.html
http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/log/
http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/mission_list
Earth Observing Sysem
http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/
Satellites
http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions
IMAGE Collections
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
Scientific Feature Articles
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/
NC Science Olympiad Coaches Institute
This Coaches Institute presentation will be posted on the NCSO webpage
October 8, 2011
Slide 7
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Earth Observing System
LANDSAT 7 http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/
QuickSCAT
TERRA
http://terra.nasa.gov/
JASON-1
AQUA
http://aqua.nasa.gov/
SEAWINDS
ICESat
http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/
AURA
http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/
OSTM
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ostm/main/index.html
TRMM
http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov
EARTH OBSERVING-1 (EO-1) http://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission_list.php?id=2
October 8, 2011
Slide 8
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ETM+
(Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus)
DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
LANDSAT-7
http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/
http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov/handbook/handbook_toc.html
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=33
October 8, 2011
Slide 9
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
TERRA
ASTER
(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)
CERES
(Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System)
MISR
(Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer)
MODIS
(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
MOPITT
(Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere)
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=35
October 8, 2011
Slide 10
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DIVISION C
AQUA
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
AIRS
(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)
AMSR
(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer)
AMSU-A
(Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A)
CERES
(Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System)
HSB
(Humidity Sounder for Brazil)
MODIS
(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer )
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/index.html
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=11
October 8, 2011
Slide 11
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
EARTH OBSERVING – 1
(EO-1)
ALI
(Advanced Land Imager )
Hyperion
(Hyperion Hyperspectral Imager )
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/index.html
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=11
October 8, 2011
Slide 12
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
MODIS ... (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
http://modarch.gsfc.nasa.gov/
ASTER ... (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)
http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/
CERES ... (Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System)
http://science.larc.nasa.gov/ceres/index.html
MISR ... (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer)
http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/
MOPITT ... (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere)
http://mopitt.eos.ucar.edu/mopitt/
H2O SENSORS FLOWN ON TERRA
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=35
October 8, 2011
Slide 13
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Satellite Altimetry
http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/index.html
October 8, 2011
Slide 14
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
TOPEX-POSEIDON
OSTM-JASON 1 & 2
http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/overview.html
http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission.html
http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/instrument.html
October 8, 2011
Slide 15
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
•Precipitation Radar (PR)
TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)
•Visible and InfraRed Scanner (VIRS)
•Cloud and Earth Radiant Energy Sensor (CERES)
•Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)
http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/
October 8, 2011
Slide 16
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Slide 17
DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Orbital Information from heavens-above.com
http://www.heavens-above.com/selectsat.asp?lat=40.015&lng=-105.270&loc=Boulder&alt=1646&tz=MST
Orbit:
701 x 703 km, 98.2°
Polar, Sun-synchronous
October 8, 2011
Slide 18
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011-12 Coaches Institute
Image Collection Portal ...
October 8, 2011
Slide 19
Remote Sensing
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Earth Observatory Features ... http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/
October 8, 2011
Slide 20
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Earth Observatory Features ...
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/
Irrigation in Turkey
October 8, 2011
Slide 21
Remote Sensing
There are many feature articles
on the Earth Observatory site
dealing with satellite remote
sensing related to the Earth’s
Hydrosphere and the potential
relationships with … carbon
cycle, global climate change,
dams and diversions,
agriculture, land use changes,
urbanization, resource
extraction, polar ice cover,
yearly snowpack, severe storm
events (hurricanes), etc.
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
2011 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Earth Observatory Features ... http://terra.nasa.gov/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/IceMoving/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/ArcticReflector/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/HighWater/
October 8, 2011
Slide 22
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Earth Observatory Features ...
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/
October 8, 2011
Slide 23
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Amazon Deforestation … 2000 to 2009
Temporal
Comparisons
Students may (1) determine image scales (2) measure distances and areas
(km, square km), (3) make quantitative and qualitative assessments,
(4) comment on technologies used to obtain and calibrate the images, etc.
City Lights
October 8, 2011
Bolivian Agriculture
City Lights
Slide 24
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing Image Scale Tutorial
… see NCSO Resource Page
Using PROPORTIONS to determine the unknown
scale of an enlarged or reduced image from an
original image with a known scale
Remote Sensing
(Step 1) Set up equivalence between original and reduced
images
(12.5 cm) x (296,000) = (7 cm) X (unknown scale)
(Step 2) Solve for the unknown scale
(unknown scale = (12.5 cm X 296,000) / (7 cm)
(Step 3) Solve for the unknown scale
unknown scale = 528,571
ORIGINAL IMAGE
Scale 1 : 296,000
(Step 4) The non-dimensional scale of the reduced image is ...
1 : 528,571
(Step 5) Is the computed scale logical ??? YES
12.5 cm
37 KM
Real World in image
7 cm
in image
51 KM
Real World
REDUCED IMAGE
NOTE: measurements in this sample calculation will not match those from your printout due the size of paper you’ve printed, or automatic
shrinking/stretching accomplished by your software and/or printer. Original was 11x17. Presentation is 8-1/2x11.
October 8, 2011
Slide 25
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
∙ Examples of Remote Sensing – discuss differences between in situ
and remote “sensing” ... at a distance
electromagmetic radiation (sight)
physical vibrations (sound)
∙ Instruments used for Remote Sensing – discuss how we “capture”
and interpret remotely sensed data
instruments used
means for transmitting data
interpretation of data
October 8, 2011
Slide 26
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 201112 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
∙ Maps, coordinates, scales, measurements and proportions
Discussion of maps, coordinate systems and scales
English and metric scales
Coordinate grids ... Cartesian, Geographic, UTM
Problem: determine coordinates of a feature on a map.
Problem: determine dimensionless map scale
Problem: convert a map measurement to a real distance
Problem: proportion measurements from map to image
October 8, 2011
Slide 27
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
Geographic Coordinate System
Familiar Latitude and Longitude
LATITUDE ... 0-90 degrees north and south of Equator
Latitude - distance per degree is constant globally
LONGITUDE ... 0-180 degrees east and west of Prime Meridian
Longitude - distance per degree is NOT constant globally
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Distances in METERS north of Equator and north of South Pole
Southern Hemisphere starts at 10,000,000 m
Distances in METERS east of “false” baseline
500,000 m EASTING at center of ZONE
60 Zones worldwide, each 6-degrees wide
Right-angle system allows direct computation of distances in zone
October 8, 2011
Slide 28
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
∙ Aerial Photography ... focal length and altitude ratios
Discussion of focal length, film/sensor dimensions and relationship to
distances on the ground
Diagram showing focal ratios.
Problem: determine ground frame width of an aerial photo
(use examples of 9x9 negatives)
Problem: determine altitude needed for a scaled photo
(use examples of 9x9 negatives)
Discussion of proportionality relationships and scale ratios for digital sensor
systems with the PIXEL as the smallest unit of data capture
October 8, 2011
Slide 29
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect10/Sect10_1.html
October 8, 2011
Slide 30
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
∙ Electromagnetic spectrum ... capturing and counting photons
Discussion of energy versus wavelength; gamma, x-ray, UV, visible, IR, and
radio waves.
E-M Spectrum Diagrams
Discussion of analog (film) and digital data collection; multi-spectral versus
frequency-specific data capture
Discussion of “visualizations” of data, and false color images
Color Infrared RGB (red, green, blue) assignments
October 8, 2011
Slide 30
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DIVISION C
October 8, 2011
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Slide 31
Remote Sensing
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
▪ Absorption and scattering effects ...
http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter1/04_e.php
Mie scattering, Raleigh scattering, non-selective scattering
absorption
Relationship between wavelength and particle/molecule size
∙ Atmospheric Windows ...
Restricts wavelengths available for remote sensing use
Visible, Near IR, Short Wave IR, Far (thermal IR), Radio
Function of atmospheric composition and density
October 8, 2011
Slide 32
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DIVISION C
October 8, 2011
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Slide 33
Remote Sensing
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
▪ Passive Sensor Systems ...
Discuss energy sources for passive systems
Discuss energy levels (radiometric resolution)
Affects time available for data acquisition
Affected by atmospheric effects (moisture, cloud cover)
∙ Active Sensor Systems ...
RADAR
LIDAR
Can choose penetrating wavelengths to see through clouds
Requires higher power level onboard sensor platform
Can “see” during the dark side of polar orbits
http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter1/06_e.php
October 8, 2011
Slide 34
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
▪ Sensor Resolutions ... Big tradeoff in mission design.
Increasing one usual decreases another
“Juggling” diagram
Discuss the various sensor resolutions and how they vary
Spatial ...
Limiting object size
Spectral ...
Frequency discrimination
Radiometric ... range of values, gray levels
Temporal ...
Revisit frequency
Diagrams with digital sensor arrays and pixels
▪ Scanner Systems ... Cross Track ... Along Track
Diagram with scanner types
▪ Orbits and Swaths ... Cross Track ... Along Track
Diagram with orbital paths
http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter2/02_e.php
October 8, 2011
Slide 35
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DIVISION C
October 8, 2011
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Slide 36
Remote Sensing
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Pixels detect light intensity as shades of gray.
Filters limit the wavelengths coming in to each detector
Panchromatic
Visible Light
http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec10.html
October 8, 2011
Slide 37
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Image
Type
Pixel Value
Remote Sensing
Color
Levels
8-bit
image
28 = 256
0-255
16-bit
image
216 = 65536
0-65535
24-bit
image
224 =
16777216
016777215
2-bit image
4 gray levels
8-bit image
256 gray levels
http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec10.html
October 8, 2011
Slide 38
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Pushbroom Scanner
Whiskbroom Scanner
October 8, 2011
Remote Sensing
Slide 39
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Near-polar, Sun Synchronous Orbit
http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter2/02_e.php
October 2, 2011
Slide 40
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
▪ Getting the most from the data ... digital signal enhancement
Diagrams and Images for “stretch” example and false color
Problem: determine min and max values for 2-bit and 8-bit
processors
Problem: determine gray levels for 6-bit processor
Problem: what wavelengths are usually combined for
“Color Infra-Red” images?
Discuss comparison with Ansel Adams’ ZONE SYSTEM for black and
white film photography
http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec10.html
October 8, 2011
Slide 41
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Linear Contrast Stretch
R-G-B
False
Color
Image
Band 1
October 8, 2011
Band 2
Band 3
Slide 42
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DIVISION C
NC Science Olympiad
Oct 2011-12 Coaches Institute
Remote Sensing
Mapping and Remote Sensing Basics
Canada Center For Remote Sensing
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Tutorial
http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter1/01_e.php
Digital Images and Digital Analysis Techniques Tutorial
http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/digitech/index_e.php
Glossary of Remote Sensing Terms
http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php
NASA Remote Sensing Tutorial
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/tofc.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_1.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_4.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_5a.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_10.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_16.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_20.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_24.html
October 8, 2011
Slide 43
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