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Fighting the War in Europe
The Allies halted German advances in 1942, then
went on the offensive to reverse earlier Axis gains.
★ Allied advances pushed Axis troops out
of France, Italy, and the Soviet Union. Italy
surrendered on September 3, 1943.
★ By 1945 the conflict had become a true world
war, involving nearly 60 nations from six
continents.
★ In 1945 Allied troops fought their way toward
Berlin from the east, west, and south. Germany
surrendered on May 7.
Victory in Europe
1942–1945
Axis power and occupied
area, January 1, 1945
Allied power
Neutral power
Allied advance on Germany
Axis victory
Allied victory
No clear victor
0
0
250
250
I CE
10°E
0°
10°W
20°W
40°E
30°E
20°E
a
ts Se
Baren
N
LA
ND
SWEDEN
500 miles
60°
N
500 kilometers
FINLAND
ND
50°
N
SO
DENMARK
UNI
KIN TED
GDO
M
Ba
B EL G I
UM
FRAN
UGA
L
1944
St. Trope
z
Gibr
Med
19 3
Kasseri4
ne
Pass
Tunisia
(Sp.)
occo
(Fr.)
it
er
BULGARIA
ALB.
TURK
GREECE
n
alta (U.K.)
eM
an
(Fr.)
Algeria
(Fr.)
Libya (It.)
88
Sea
Black
LA
VI
A
EY
1943 Sicily
ra
S pa
Mor nish
occo
Mor
1944
Anzio
1943
Salerno
a
(U.K.ltar
)
k
ROMANIA
LY
SPAI
N
Ku r s
AUSTRIA HUNGARY
SWITZ.
A
40°N
ION
3
–194
1942ingrad
Stal
POLAND
S
POR
T
1943
CZECHO
1944–19
SLOVAKIA
Battle of 45
the Bulge
IT
Victories in Stalingrad
and North Africa were
turning points of
the war and opened
the way to Allied
advances by land and
by sea. Fierce fighting
continued for over
two years before the
Axis fell.
c
1944 Warsaw
GERMANY
GO
YU
B
CE
lti
1945
Berlin
NETH.
194
D-Da 4
y
UN
VIET
a
No r t h
Sea
grad
Lenin
Se
AT
LA
OC NTIC
EAN
IRE
LA
1944
1941–
NORWAY
S Y RI
Cyprus
(U.K.)
Sea
1942
Tobruk
(U.K.)
1942 mein
El Ala
EGYPT
IRAQ
ON
LEBAN
e
Palestin
A
n
jorda
Trans
(U.K.)
I
SAUD
IA
B
A
R
A
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ERA
The Great Depression and World War II
1929–1945
UNITED
KINGDOM
Rh
i
all Brussels
cW
n ti
BELGIUM
rm
a
nA
tla
R.
Portsmouth
Newhaven
Ge
nnel
Cha Cherbourg
Axis power
Allied Invasion Routes
Axis-occupied area
U.S.
Allied power
British
Neutral power
Canadian
German fortification 0
50
100 miles
Minefield in
0 50 100 kilometers
English Channel
ne
E
ish
ngl
Strait of
Dover
MANY
GER
Plymouth
C
D-Day
June 6, 1944
Amsterdam
London
Southampton
Portland
NETH.
North
Sea
8
Le Havre
N
N
DY
AN
ORM
Germa
n Atlantic Wall
Seine
LUX.
Paris
R.
FRANCE
The invasion at Normandy, the largest sea
invasion in history, launched the Allied western
assault. German forces, expecting the invasion
at the Strait of Dover, were caught shorthanded at Normandy.
2 Daytime 6,000 naval
vessels carry 132,500
soldiers across rough seas
up to Normandy’s beaches.
Beaches of
Normandy
June 6, 1944
Utah
N
5
10
10
British
Om
aha
15 miles
Gold
Juno
Sword
15 kilometers
1 Before dawn 13,000 planes
D
Canadian
ah
5
British
Ut
Fortified German Positions
Artillery
Machine guns
0
U.S.
Allied invasion force
Code name for beach
Paratroops landing
site
0
U.S.
Allied troops met the most
resistance at Omaha Beach.
However, by the end of the
day, the Allies controlled all
five beaches in Normandy.
take part; 820 carry 23,500
paratroops, while the
rest provide air support.
Bayeux
Caen
N O R M A N D Y
Civilian 67%
Civilian 14%
Military 33%
Military 86%
World War I
10 million dead
F
E
Allied troops faced deadly fire from German artillery as their landing
craft fought through the waves to the beaches of Normandy, as in this
hand-painted photo.
World War II
51 million dead
Lives Lost to Total War
Worldwide, World War II took more lives, mostly civilian, than
any other war. Among the civilian dead were up to 13 million
targeted by the Nazis as undesirable, about half of them Jews
killed during the Holocaust. See the graphs on pages 31, 59,
and 77.
more at
USHAtlas.com
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