Chapter 8 Overvotes and Undervotes Table 8 presents data from the Election Day Survey on overvotes and undervotes for candidates in
federal contests at the November 2004 general election. Traditionally, overvotes and undervotes are
the two components that combine together to make up drop-off. (See chapter 7). While drop-off is a
data element calculated from known data items, overvotes and undervotes are actual numbers that
have to be generated by vote-tallying software.
The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) survey defined “overvote” as an occurrence “when
a voter makes more than the permitted number of selections in a single race/contest or when a voter
makes a selection in a race/contest on which he/she was not eligible to vote.” The problems with the
EAC definition are how to operationally test for the latter part of the definition and be able to collect
that data.
Traditionally, overvotes occur when a voter casts more votes for an office than they are allowed to
cast. For example, in a “vote for one” office like president, a voter casting votes for two or more
candidates would have overvoted for that office only. As a result, the voter’s candidate choice would
not be recorded for that office. The voter’s choices for other offices, if properly cast, would be
counted under most state laws. Independent research has shown that the higher the allowable votes
for an office (like a “vote for five” contest), the higher the rate of overvotes. It would appear that
voters have a hard time keeping track of how many candidates they have voted for.
Overvoting usually comes about because of voter mistakes and/or bad ballot design. Actual data has
shown that when candidates for a single office are spread across multiple pages in a ballot book, or
multiple columns on a ballot, greater numbers of overvotes occur. Many times voters fall prey to
mistakes they have no control over.
The EAC defined an “undervote” as an occurrence “when a voter makes less than that allowed
number of selections in a single race/contest or when a voter votes on less than all of the
races/contests for which he/she is eligible to vote.” It is possible that an undervote can occur when a
voter simply does not see a contest, and then fails to vote for any candidate for that office. But it is
also possible, in fact, more likely, that an undervote occurs through the voter’s choice to not cast a
vote for that office. This choice may be because they do not know anything about the candidates and
do not want to make an uneducated choice, or they uniformly do not like any of the candidates. It is
not proper to attribute all of the “undervotes” to errors in voting equipment, as some commentators
have subscribed, but it is possible that a small number may be linked to faulty voting equipment.
Applicability and Coverage
For some voting systems, such as electronic direct recording electronic (DRE) machines, overvotes
can be prevented through programming in the units. As a result, overvote reports tend to not be
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September 27, 2005
generated in jurisdictions using that type of system. The EAC survey shows that only one-third of
the nation’s jurisdictions reported the number of overvotes. Overvote and undervote reports have
traditionally been difficult to obtain. The EAC survey was able to obtain undervote counts from just
two-thirds of the nation’s jurisdictions.
Historical Context
Overvotes and undervotes traditionally have been tied to advances and variation in voting
technology. When votes were cast by voice or by party-printed ballots in the 19th century, overvotes
and undervotes would have been more difficult to cast. A person voicing their vote for multiple
candidates when only one was allowed would have been corrected on the spot, and abstention would
have been specifically voiced by the voter. Similarly, with party-printed ballots, voters would have
had to alter the existing ballot to cast an overvote or an undervote.
In 1888, Massachusetts became the first state to adopt the secret ballot (Evans 1917), which moved
administration of printing ballots away from the political parties and to local jurisdictions. As more
jurisdictions adopted the secret ballot, many maintained the use of paper ballots, but provided boxes
for voters to check off the candidate they wanted to vote for. An early alternative system of lever
machines was adopted in New York in 1892.
Voters’ experiences varied with the format of the ballot: some jurisdictions created “office bloc”
formats where voters selected among candidates for offices, while other adopted “party bloc”
formats that allowed the selection of all candidates for one party with one check of a box. While the
party bloc format reduced the amount of split-ticket voting (Rusk 1970), it also likely reduced the
incidence of overvotes and undervotes for offices on the ballot (Walker 1966).
There are few historical statistics on the incidence of overvoting and undervoting. Research specific
to overvoting and undervoting, rather than the broader subject of drop-off or residual votes, first
examined municipal elections where multiple candidates could be selected for a single office, such
as school board, and compared rates of overvoting and undervoting using paper and punch card
ballots in an experimental setting (Shocket, Heighberger, and Brown 1992). In the wake of the 2000
election, a number of academic studies (e.g., Brady, Herron, Mebane, Sekhon, Shotts, and Wand
2001) and a consortium of news organizations (Keating and Balz 2001) examined the structure of
the Florida ballot in relation to overvoting and undervoting for president.
Traditionally (i.e., before 2000), vote-tallying software did not report undervotes and overvotes
unless specifically programmed to generate such numbers. Vote equipment and vote-tallying
software vendors usually have not advocated to election administrators that they exercise any option
to print overvotes and undervotes with the election results. This study’s principal investigator has
over three decades of observing elections and studying election results, but has found only a few
instances of overvote and undervote tallies. Where we have found such data, generally the
information is heavily tilted toward the undervotes, with few overvotes recorded. It is typical to find
that only about 10 percent of the drop-off in a contest is caused by overvoting, while 90 percent of
the drop-off is due to undervoting.
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Survey Results
Table 8 presents data on overvotes and undervotes from question 12 on the Election Day Survey. In
the table, the overvotes and undervotes, which are the components of drop-off, are calculated for
presidential, senatorial, and congressional elections as percentages of ballots counted. The column
headings in Table 8 are as follows:
Table 8 Column Headings. Overvotes and undervotes
Col.
Heading
Description
1
Code
State census code
2
Name
Respondent to Election Day Survey
3
Jurisdiction
4
Total Ballots Counted
5
Cases
6
Total Ballots
for President
7
Cases
8
Number Not Voting for
President (Drop-off)
Number of ballots counted (col. 4) minus the number of votes for
president (col. 6)
9
Percent Not Voting for
President (Drop-off)
Number not voting for president (col. 8) divided by the number of
ballots counted (col. 4).
10
Cases
11
Exceptions
12
Total Overvotes
for President
13
Cases
14
Percent President Overvotes of Total Ballots
15
Cases
16
Percent Pres.
Overvotes of Total
Over & Undervotes
Number of overvotes for president (col. 14) divided by the sum of
the number of overvotes for president (col. 12) and the number of
undervotes for president (col. 18).
17
Cases
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 10, 11, and 12
18
Total Undervotes
for President
19
Cases
20
Percent President Undervotes of Total Ballots
21
Cases
Number of local election jurisdictions from survey question 22
Number of ballots counted from survey question 2
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 2
Number of votes for president from survey question 12
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 12
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 2 and 12
Number of jurisdictions that reported more votes for president
(col. 6) than the total number of ballots counted (col. 4)
Number of overvotes for president from survey question 11
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 11
Number of overvotes for president (col. 12) divided by the number
of ballots counted (col. 4).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 2 and 11
Number of undervotes for resident from survey question 10
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 10
Number of undervotes for president (col. 18) divided by the
number of ballots counted (col. 4).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 2 and 10
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Table 8 Column Headings (cont.)
Col.
Heading
Description
22
Percent Pres.
Undervotes of Total
Over & Undervotes
23
Cases
24
Total Ballots
for U.S. Senate
25
Cases
26
Number Not Voting for
U.S. Senate (Drop-off)
Number of ballots counted (col. 4) minus the number of votes for
U.S. Senator (col. 24)
27
Percent Not Voting for
U.S. Senate (Drop-off)
Number not voting for U.S. Senator (col. 26) divided by the number of ballots counted (col. 4).
28
Cases
29
Exceptions
30
Total Overvotes
for U.S. Senate
31
Cases
32
Percent
U.S. Senate Overvotes
of Total Ballots
33
Cases
34
Percent U.S. Sen.
Overvotes of Total
Over & Undervotes
Number of overvotes for U.S. Senator (col. 30) divided by the sum
of the number of overvotes for U.S. Senator (col. 30) and the number of undervotes for U.S. Senator (col. 36).
35
Cases
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 10, 11, and 12
36
Total Undervotes
for U.S. Senate
37
Cases
38
Percent
U.S. Senate Undervotes
of Total Ballots
39
Cases
40
Percent U.S. Sen.
Undervotes of Total
Over & Undervotes
41
Cases
42
Total Ballots
for Congress
43
Cases
Number of undervotes for president (col. 18) divided by the sum
of the number of overvotes for president (col. 12) and the number
of undervotes for president (col. 18).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 10, 11, and 12
Number of votes for U.S. Senator from survey question 12
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 12
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 2 and 12
Number of jurisdictions that reported more votes for U.S. Senator
(col. 24) than the total number of ballots counted (col. 4)
Number of overvotes for U.S. Senator from survey question 11
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 11
Number of overvotes for U.S. Senator (col. 30) divided by the
number of ballots counted (col. 4).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 2 and 11
Number of undervotes for U.S. Senator from survey question 10
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 10
Number of undervotes for U.S. Senator (col. 36) divided by the
number of ballots counted (col. 4).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 2 and 10
Number of undervotes for U.S. Senator (col. 36) divided by the
sum of the number of overvotes for U.S. Senator (col. 30) and the
number of undervotes for U.S. Senator (col. 36).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 10, 11, and 12
Number of votes for U.S. Representative from survey question 12
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 12
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Table 8 Column Headings (cont.)
Col.
Heading
Description
44
Number Not Voting for
Congress (Drop-off)
Number of ballots counted (col. 4) minus the number of votes for
U.S. Representative (col. 42)
45
Percent Not Voting for
Congress (Drop-off)
Number not voting for U.S. Representative (col. 44) divided by the
number of ballots counted (col. 4).
46
Cases
47
Exceptions
48
Total Overvotes
for Congress
49
Cases
50
Percent Congress
Overvotes of Total Ballots
51
Cases
Number of jurisdictions that responded to both question 2 and 11
52
Percent Congress
Overvotes of Total
Over & Undervotes
Number of overvotes for U.S. Representative (col. 48) divided by
the sum of the number of overvotes for U.S. Representative
(col. 48) and the number of undervotes for U.S. Representative
(col. 54).
53
Cases
54
Total Undervotes
for Congress
55
Cases
56
Percent Congress
Undervotes of
Total Ballots
57
Cases
58
59
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 2 and 12
Number of jurisdictions that reported more votes for U.S. Representative (col. 42) than the total number of ballots counted (col. 4)
Number of overvotes for U.S. Representative from survey
question 11
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 11
This cell has an extra line of space at the top. Number of overvotes
for U.S. Representative (col. 48) divided by the number of ballots
counted (col. 4).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 10, 11, and 12
Number of undervotes for U.S. Representative from survey question 10
Number of jurisdictions that responded to question 10
Number of undervotes for U.S. Representative (col. 54) divided by
the number of ballots counted (col. 4).
Number of jurisdictions that responded to both questions 2 and 10
This cell has an extra
line of space at the top.
Percent Undervotes
of Total Over &
Undervotes
Number of undervotes for U.S. Representative (col. 54) divided by
the sum of the number of overvotes for U.S. Representative (col.
48) and the number of undervotes for U.S. Representative (col.
54).
Cases
Number of jurisdictions that responded to questions 10, 11, and 12
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Analysis of Survey Results
The following is our analysis of the data in Table 8 for each of the 18 cross-tabulation factors
described earlier in this report. A description of each factor follows a general summary and a statelevel summary of the survey data.
1) Regions
2) Urban to Rural
3) Size of Jurisdiction
4) Race and Ethnicity
5) Median Income
6) High School Education
7) Section 203 Language Minority Requirements
8) Section 5 Preclearance of Voting Procedures
9) Type of Voting Equipment
10) Changed Voting Equipment since 2000
11) Statewide Voter Registration Database
12) Election Day Registration
13) Provisional Ballot Acceptance
14) No Excuse Absentee Balloting
15) Early Voting
16) Battleground States
17) Presidential Margin of Victory
18) Red versus Blue Jurisdictions
This analysis is based only on data that was reported to the EAC on the Election Day Survey. Many
state responses to a survey question or part of a question did not cover all local election jurisdictions.
In Table 8 as well as other tables in this report, a jurisdiction was excluded from a statistical
calculation if its response was missing for one or more of the data items (i.e., columns) used in the
calculation. A column labeled “Cases” next to each statistical calculation shows the number of
jurisdictions covered by that calculation.
Summary
Drop-off, which is a combination of undervotes and overvotes, is analyzed in chapter 7, and
although a column is reported for presidential, Senate, and U.S. House drop-off, it is not discussed in
depth in this chapter.
Nationally, for president, 133,289 overvotes were reported cast, or 0.23 percent of total ballots cast.
863,872 presidential undervotes were reported, or 0.91 percent of total ballots cast. For Senate,
49,100 overvotes were reported, or 0.11 percent of total ballots cast in Senate contests. For Senate
races, 2,488,016 Senate undervotes were reported, or 3.80 percent of total ballots cast. For U.S.
House, 56,173 overvotes were reported, or 0.12 percent of total ballots cast in House contests.
5,077,325 undervotes in House elections were reported, or 6.27 percent of total ballots cast.
Considerable care should be taken in interpreting the analysis presented here. Many jurisdictions did
not provide overvotes and undervotes on their response to the Election Day Survey, so the analysis is
only valid for reporting jurisdictions. In addition, some jurisdictions provided data for either
overvotes or undervotes, but not both. We also make two caveats for overvotes and undervotes:
•
For overvotes, only a small percentage of overvotes were reported cast, and any inference is
suspect when there is little variation.
•
For undervotes, particularly for Senate and U.S. House, undervotes are a function of the
competitiveness of the election. We note sizable increases in undervotes for elections that
were won handily by one candidate, particularly when that candidate was unopposed.
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With these caveats in mind, we note a few interesting patterns in our analysis:
Jurisdictions with the lowest income and education levels tended to report the highest percentage of
overvotes and undervotes. The percentages tended to drop to a lower level at the second-to-third
lowest income and education categories.
Many of the studies in the wake of the 2000 election focused on the relationship between voting
equipment and overvotes and undervotes. For overvotes, which are more clearly an error in the
recording of a vote, we note that punch card jurisdictions reported the highest overvotes as a
percentage of total ballots cast for president and Senate, and were second highest to paper ballot
jurisdictions for U.S. House elections. Overvotes are more prone to occur in voting systems where a
voter marks a physical ballot and it is deposited in a ballot box to be counted at the close of the polls.
Systems that provide an in-precinct checking capability are likely to see lower numbers of overvotes.
Electronic systems reported a low percentage of undervotes, but lever systems also reported a low
rate, as did jurisdictions using multiple systems. Optical scan jurisdictions tended to fall in the
middle.
Predominantly Hispanic jurisdictions tended to report the highest percentage of overvotes for all
offices, and generally a high percentage of undervotes for U.S. House and Senate. Predominantly
non-Hispanic Native American jurisdictions reported the highest percentage of undervotes for
president.
States
For the presidential election, Alaska reported the lowest overvotes as a percentage of total ballots
cast, 0.01 percent. Idaho reported the highest, 1.50 percent. Alabama and Maryland reported the
lowest undervotes as a percentage of total ballots cast, 0.30 percent. Nevada also reported a low
number of undervotes, 0.44 percent; Nevada is the only state that presents voters with “None of
these candidates” as an option for presidential vote. New Mexico reported the highest percentage of
undervotes, 2.74 percent, but this was based on reports of only 10 of the state’s 33 counties.
For Senate, Maryland reported the lowest overvotes as a percentage of total ballots cast, 0.002
percent. Illinois reported the highest percent of overvotes at 0.27 percent. Colorado reported the
lowest percentage of undervotes at 0.47 percent and Idaho reported the highest, at 17.60 percent. The
high percentage in Idaho and the second highest in Connecticut at 10.71 percent, reflect the lack of
competition for the office of Senate in these states—both winning candidates won handily.
Democrats in Idaho chose not to nominate a candidate, though a Democratic write-in did receive a
small number of votes.
For U.S. House, Maryland reported the lowest undervotes as a percentage of total ballots cast, 0.003
percent, and Washington reported the highest, at 0.84 percent. Puerto Rico reported the lowest
number of undervotes for its nonvoting member of Congress, 0.25 percent, and North Dakota was
next, at 1.51 percent. Massachusetts and Connecticut reported undervotes for U.S. House slightly
higher than 10 percent.
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Regions
For president, reported percentage overvotes were lowest in the Northeast and South, 0.03 and 0.08
percent, respectively, and were greatest in the Midwest and West, 0.36 and 0.25 percent,
respectively. Percentage undervotes were generally equal across regions, with the Midwest reporting
the highest, 1.00 percent, and the Northeast the lowest, 0.75 percent.
For Senate, reported percentage overvotes were lowest in the Northeast and South, 0.02 and 0.01
percent, respectively, and were greatest in the Midwest and West, 0.17 and 0.11 percent,
respectively. Percentage undervotes were greatest in the Northeast, 9.29 percent, and relatively
similar elsewhere, varying between 3.12 and 3.99 percent.
For U.S. House, reported percentage overvotes was greatest in the U.S. territories, 0.20 percent,
followed by the West, 0.19 percent; Midwest, 0.12 percent; and Northeast, 0.10 percent. The South
reported the lowest percentage at 0.02 percent. Percentage of undervotes was greatest in the
Northeast, 9.76 percent, followed by the South, 6.59 percent, and the West and Midwest, which were
5.97 and 4.49 percent, respectively. The U.S. territories reported percentage of undervotes at 0.25
percent.
Urban to Rural
For president, urban and suburban jurisdictions reported the lowest percentage of overvotes, 0.15
and 0.13 percent, respectively. Small towns and rural jurisdictions reported higher percentages, 0.18
and 0.33 percent, respectively. Percentage of undervotes was highest among rural jurisdictions, 1.34
percent, and similar elsewhere, 0.77 to 0.88 percent.
For Senate, urban jurisdictions reported the highest percentage of overvotes, 0.12 percent, and other
jurisdictions varied between 0.04 and 0.07 percent. Percentage of undervotes was also highest in
urban areas, 4.39 percent, and varied between 3.17 and 3.71 percent elsewhere.
For U.S. House, suburban jurisdictions reported 0.21 percent overvotes, while other jurisdictions
reported 0.05 to 0.09 percent. Urban jurisdictions reported the highest percentage of undervotes, 7.43
percent, and jurisdictions elsewhere reported around 6.00 percent. The territories reported overvotes
of 0.20 percent and undervotes of 0.25 percent.
Size of Jurisdiction
For president, jurisdictions with voting age population (VAP) in the two categories 3,500 to 10,000
and 10,000 to 50,000 reported the highest percentage of overvotes, 0.31 and 0.28 percent,
respectively. All other jurisdictions reported between 0.12 and 0.18 percent. Jurisdictions with VAP
between 1,000 to 3,500 reported the highest percentage of undervotes, 2.66 percent, followed by
10,000 to 50,000, 1.29 percent; and 3,500 to 10,000, 1.15 percent; followed by all other jurisdictions
at 0.62 to 1.03 percent.
For Senate, reported overvotes ranged as a percentage between 0.05 and 0.12 percent, with no clear
pattern. Percentage undervotes tended to be higher in smaller jurisdictions, those with populations of
up to 50,000 voting-age population reporting over 4.43 percent and larger jurisdictions all reporting
below 3.89 percent.
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For U.S. House, smaller jurisdictions under 3,500 reported higher percentages of overvotes and
undervotes than larger jurisdictions. The smallest jurisdictions, under 1,000 voting age population,
reported the highest percentage of overvotes and undervotes, 0.32 and 11.21 percent, respectively.
Race and Ethnicity
For president, predominantly Hispanic jurisdictions reported much higher percentages of overvotes,
0.29 percent, than for predominantly non-Hispanic White and predominantly non-Hispanic Black
jurisdictions, 0.17 and 0.10 percent, respectively. Predominantly non-Hispanic Native American and
predominantly Hispanic jurisdictions reported higher percentages of undervotes, 3.93 and 1.40
percent, respectively, than for predominantly non-Hispanic White and predominantly non-Hispanic
Black jurisdictions, 0.87 and 0.57 percent, respectively.
For Senate, predominantly Hispanic jurisdictions reported a higher percentage of overvotes, 0.19
percent, than all other jurisdictions, which reported 0.06 percent and below. Predominantly Hispanic
reported higher percentages of undervotes, 5.22 percent, than other jurisdictions, which reported
between 3.34 and 3.93 percent.
For U.S. House, predominantly Hispanic and predominantly non-Hispanic White jurisdictions
reported higher percentages of overvotes, 0.12 percent for both, than for predominantly nonHispanic Native American, at 0.08 percent, and predominantly non-Hispanic Black jurisdictions, at
0.02 percent. Predominantly Hispanic jurisdictions reported the highest percentage of undervotes,
8.96 percent, and predominantly non-Hispanic Native American jurisdictions reported the lowest, at
4.44 percent, while all other jurisdictions varied between 6.15 and 6.26 percent.
Median Income
For president, reported percentage of overvotes tended to decrease as median income within a
jurisdiction increased, from 0.31 to 0.08 percent. The same pattern is evident in percentage of
undervotes, which tended to decrease as median income in a jurisdiction increased, from 1.83 to 0.65
percent.
For Senate, reported percentage of overvotes showed no clear pattern, varying between 0.04 and
0.09 percent. For percentage of undervotes, the lowest median income jurisdiction reported the
highest percent, 5.31, but varied between 3.51 and 3.92 for the remaining jurisdictions without
exhibiting a clear pattern.
For U.S. House, for percentage of overvotes, the second to highest [ “second highest”?] median
income jurisdictions reported the highest level, 0.22 percent, and the highest median income
jurisdictions the next highest level, 0.16 percent, while the remaining jurisdictions measured
between 0.05 and 0.12 percent. For percentage of undervotes, the lowest median income jurisdiction
reported the highest level, 8.38 percent, . The remaining jurisdictions varied between 5.37 and 7.44
percent without exhibiting a clear pattern.
High School Education
For president, reported percentage of overvotes was highest in jurisdictions for the two lowest
categories of education, 0.22 percent for the lowest , 0.34 percent for the second lowest, and 0.16
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percent or lower for the remainder. Reported percentage of undervotes trended down with increasing
education, ranging from 1.66 to 0.48 percent.
For Senate, jurisdictions in the second lowest and third lowest categories of education reported the
highest percentage of overvotes, 0.15 and 0.08 percent, respectively. The lowest category reported
0.03 percent, the second highest reported 0.06 percent and the highest reported 0.03 percent.
Jurisdictions with the two lowest education categories reported the highest percentage of undervotes,
5.64 percent for the lowest and 4.65 percent for the second lowest. The remainder varied between
3.34 and 3.95 percent.
For U.S. House, there was no clear pattern to reported overvotes, which ranged between 0.07 and
0.26 percent. Percentage of undervotes tended to follow a pattern of decreasing overvotes with
increasing education, though jurisdictions in the second lowest education category reported the
highest percentage of undervotes, 8.93 percent. The highest education category reported the lowest
percentage, 5.50 percent.
Section 203 Language Minority Requirements
For president, Section 203 covered jurisdictions reported the same percentage of overvotes as other
jurisdictions, 0.17 percent, and reported a higher percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions,
1.04 versus 0.83 percent. For Senate, Section 203 covered jurisdictions reported a higher percentage
of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.10 versus 0.05 percent, and reported a slightly lower
percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 3.73 versus 3.81 percent. For U.S. House, Section
203 covered jurisdictions reported a slightly lower percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions,
0.11 versus 0.13 percent, and reported a higher percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions,
7.02 versus 5.88 percent.
Section 5 Preclearance of Voting Procedures
For president, Section 5 covered jurisdictions reported a lower percentage of overvotes than other
jurisdictions, 0.12 versus 0.20 percent, and reported a higher percentage of undervotes than other
jurisdictions, 1.08 versus 0.84 percent. For Senate, Section 5 covered jurisdictions reported a slightly
lower percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.06 versus 0.08 percent, and reported a
slightly higher percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 3.87 versus 3.76 percent. For U.S.
House, Section 5 covered jurisdictions reported a lower percentage of overvotes than other
jurisdictions, 0.08 versus 0.14 percent, and reported a higher percentage of undervotes than other
jurisdictions, 7.37 versus 5.84 percent.
Type of Voting Equipment
For president, jurisdictions with lever machines reported the lowest percentage of overvotes, 0.004
percent. Electronic machines were next lowest at 0.03 percent. Although electronic machines inform
voters that an overvote is an error, voters in these jurisdictions can still cast absentee and provisional
ballots that may produce overvotes. Multiple system jurisdictions reported 0.06 percent overvotes.
Punch card jurisdictions reported the highest percentage of overvotes, 0.49 percent, and paper and
optical scan jurisdictions reported 0.22 and 0.21 percent overvotes, respectively. Punch card
jurisdictions also reported the highest percentage of undervotes, 1.41 percent, followed by paper at
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0.98 percent, lever at 0.94 percent, optical scan at 0.86 percent, and electronic and multiple systems,
both at 0.70 percent.
For Senate, electronic and multiple system jurisdictions reported the lowest percentage of overvotes
at 0.02 percent, followed by, in increasing order, paper, 0.06 percent; optical scan, 0.08 percent; and
punch card, 0.24 percent. (No jurisdictions with lever machines reported overvotes in a Senate race.)
For undervotes, lever jurisdictions reported the highest percentage of undervotes, 9.17 percent,
followed by punch cards, 4.08 percent;, electronic, 3.60 percent; paper, 3.33 percent; optical scan,
3.27 percent; and multiple systems, 2.23 percent.
For U.S. House, paper jurisdictions reported the highest percentage of overvotes, 0.35 percent, and
in descending order, punch cards at 0.22 percent, optical scan at 0.15 percent, lever and electronic at
0.05 percent, and multiple systems at 0.02 percent. Lever jurisdictions reported the highest
percentage of undervotes, at 10.58 percent, and in descending order, paper at 9.77 percent, electronic
at 7.10 percent, optical scan at 5.88 percent, punch card at 5.01 percent, and multiple systems at 4.71
percent.
Changed Voting Equipment since 2000
For all three types of federal offices, jurisdictions that changed voting equipment reported a lower
percentage of overvotes and undervotes than jurisdictions that did not change voting equipment.
Statewide Voter Registration Database
For president, jurisdictions with a statewide voter registration database reported a lower percentage
of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.08 versus 0.19 percent, and a lower percentage of undervotes
than other jurisdictions, 0.73 versus 0.95 percent. For Senate, jurisdictions with a statewide voter
registration database reported a lower percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.03 versus
0.08 percent, and reported a higher percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 4.40 versus
3.65 percent. For U.S. House, jurisdictions with a statewide voter registration database reported a
lower percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.08 versus 0.13 percent, and reported a
higher percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 6.95 versus 6.04 percent.
Election Day Registration
For president, jurisdictions with Election Day registration reported a higher percentage of overvotes
than other jurisdictions, 1.27 versus 0.16 percent, and reported a higher percentage of undervotes
than other jurisdictions, 1.08 versus 0.88 percent. For Senate, jurisdictions with Election Day
registration reported a lower percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.02 versus 0.07
percent, and reported a higher percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 7.89 versus 3.55
percent. For U.S. House, jurisdictions with Election Day voter registration reported a slightly higher
percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.14 versus 0.12 percent, and reported a lower
percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 5.65 versus 6.33 percent.
Provisional Ballot Acceptance
For president, jurisdictions with no provisional ballots reported a higher percentage of overvotes,
1.02 percent, than other jurisdictions, which reported 0.18 percent of overvotes for within-
Election Data Services, Inc.
2004 Election Day Survey Report, Part 2 Survey Results
Overvotes and undervotes, Page 8-12
September 27, 2005
jurisdiction acceptance and 0.14 percent for within-precinct acceptance. Percentage of undervotes
did not vary greatly by jurisdiction with regard to provisional ballot acceptance, ranging from 0.66 to
0.91 percent.
For Senate, jurisdictions with provisional ballots accepted in the overall jurisdiction reported the
highest rate of overvotes, 0.11 percent, versus 0.03 percent for jurisdictions with within-precinct
acceptance and no provisional ballots. Jurisdictions without provisional ballots had the highest
percentage of undervotes, 11.95 percent (mainly due to Idaho[-why is that again?]), while other
jurisdictions reported similar percentages: 3.54 percent in jurisdictionwide acceptance and 3.85
percent within-precinct acceptance.
For U.S. House, jurisdictions with no provisional ballots and within jurisdiction acceptance of
ballots reported the highest percentage of overvotes, 0.18 percent, versus 0.04 percent for withinprecinct acceptance. Jurisdiction with no provisional ballots reported the lowest percentage of
undervotes, 2.67 percent, with 6.02 percent for jurisdictionwide acceptance and 6.94 for withinprecinct acceptance.
No Excuse Absentee Balloting
For president, jurisdictions with “no excuse” absentee balloting reported a slightly higher percentage
of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.18 versus 0.17 percent, and reported a slightly lower
percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.88 versus 0.91 percent. For Senate, jurisdictions
with “no excuse” absentee balloting reported a slightly lower percentage of overvotes than other
jurisdictions, 0.07 versus 0.08 percent, and reported a slightly lower percentage of undervotes than
other jurisdictions, 3.77 versus 3.80 percent. For U.S. House, jurisdictions with “no excuse” absentee
balloting reported a higher percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.14 versus 0.07 percent,
and reported a lower percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 6.04 versus 6.52 percent.
Early Voting
For president, jurisdictions with early voting reported a slightly lower percentage of overvotes than
other jurisdictions, 0.17 versus 0.18 percent, and reported a higher percentage of overvotes than
other jurisdictions, 0.95 versus 0.85 percent. For Senate, jurisdictions with early voting reported a
slightly lower percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.06 versus 0.10 percent, and
reported a lower percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 3.54 versus 4.09 percent. For U.S.
House, jurisdictions with early voting reported a lower percentage of overvotes than other
jurisdictions, 0.06 versus 0.26 percent, and reported slightly a higher percentage of undervotes than
other jurisdictions, 6.35 versus 6.18 percent.
Battleground States
For president, jurisdictions in battleground states reported a slightly higher percentage of overvotes
than other jurisdictions, 0.23 versus 0.15 percent, and reported a lower percentage of undervotes than
other jurisdictions, 0.80 versus 0.96 percent. For Senate, jurisdictions in battleground states reported
a slightly lower percentage of overvotes than other jurisdictions, 0.07 versus 0.08 percent, and
reported a lower percentage of undervotes than other jurisdictions, 3.29 versus 4.15 percent. For U.S.
House, jurisdictions in battleground states reported a higher percentage of overvotes than other
Election Data Services, Inc.
2004 Election Day Survey Report, Part 2 Survey Results
Overvotes and undervotes, Page 8-13
September 27, 2005
jurisdictions, 0.19 versus 0.09 percent, and reported a lower percentage of undervotes than other
jurisdictions, 5.64 versus 6.59 percent.
Presidential Margin of Victory
For president, there was no clear pattern to reported percentage of overvotes by presidential margin
of victory within the jurisdiction, ranging from 0.10 to 0.18 percent. There was no clear pattern for
undervoters, either, ranging from 0.80 to 0.91 percent across categories.
For Senate, there was no clear pattern to reported percentage of overvotes by presidential margin of
victory within the jurisdiction, ranging from 0.03 to 0.07 percent. Reported percentage of undervotes
also did not exhibit a clear pattern with presidential margin of victory within the jurisdiction, ranging
from 3.02 to 4.52 percent.
For U.S. House, the percentage of overvotes tended to decrease with presidential margin of victory
within the jurisdiction, ranging from 0.37 to 0.02 percent. Reported percentage of undervotes tended
to increase slightly with presidential margin of victory within the jurisdiction, ranging from 5.60 to
6.60 percent.
Red versus Blue Jurisdictions
For president, there was no clear pattern to overvotes by the presidential winner within the
jurisdiction, ranging from 0.7 to 0.20 percent across categories. Jurisdictions won by Bush reported
higher undervotes, ranging between 0.90 and 0.93 percent, than jurisdictions won by Kerry, which
ranged from 0.77 to 0.86 percent.
For Senate, those jurisdictions won by Kerry tended to report a higher percentage of overvotes, 0.05
to 0.11 percent, than jurisdictions won by Bush, ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 percent. Jurisdictions that
Kerry won by a plurality reported the highest percentage of undervotes, 9.37 percent, while the
remainder varied between 3.34 and 4.27 percent. (The few tied jurisdictions reported the highest
undervote, 6.36 percent.)
For U.S. House, those jurisdictions won by Bush tended to report a lower percentage of overvotes,
ranging between 0.01 and 0.08 percent, than those won by Kerry, ranging between 0.08 and 0.21
percent. (The few tied jurisdictions reported an overvote of 0.17 percent.) There was no clear pattern
for undervotes, which varied between 5.20 percent in jurisdictions won by Kerry by a plurality, to
7.90 percent for those jurisdictions won by Bush by a plurality. (The few tied jurisdictions reported
the highest undervote, 11.45 percent.)
REFERENCES
Brady, Henry E., Michael C. Herron, Walter R. Mebane Jr., Jasjeet Singh Sekhon, Kenneth W. Shotts, and
Jonathan Wand. 2001. “‘Law and Data’: The Butterfly Ballot Episode.” PS: Political Science and Politics
34(1): 59–69.
Election Data Services, Inc.
2004 Election Day Survey Report, Part 2 Survey Results
Overvotes and undervotes, Page 8-14
September 27, 2005
Evans, Eldon C. 1917. A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Keating, Dan and Dan Balz. 2001. “Florida Recounts Would Have Favored Bush: But Study Finds Gore
Might Have Won Statewide Tally of All Uncounted Ballots.” The Washington Post, November 12, 2001:
A1.
Rusk, Jerrold G. 1970. “The Effect of the Australian Ballot Reform on Split Ticket Voting, 1876–1908.”
American Political Science Review 64: 1220–38.
Shocket, Peter A., Neil R. Heighberger, and Clyde Brown. 1992. “The Effect of Voting Technology on
Voting Behavior in a Simulated Multi-Candidate City Council Election: A Political Experiment of Ballot
Transparency.” The Western Political Quarterly 45(2): 521–37.
Walker, Jack L. 1966. “Ballot Forms and Voter Fatigue: An Analysis of the Office Block and Party Column
Ballots.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 10: 448–63.
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Presidential Drop­off
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Total
Number Presidential Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Total
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
Ballots
For
For President
For President
For Presidential Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
President
Overvotes of
Undervotes
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For Percent
Percent
President
Undervotes of
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Code
Name
Jurisdictions
Counted
Cases
President
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Cases
Exception
President
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
President
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
01
02
04
05
06
08
09
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
60
66
72
78
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
67
1
15
75
58
64
169
3
1
67
159
5
44
110
92
99
105
120
64
517
24
351
83
87
82
116
56
93
17
242
21
33
58
100
53
88
77
36
67
39
46
66
95
254
29
246
134
39
55
1,910
23
1
1
110
1
1,683,735
314,502
2,038,077
1,055,510
12,359,633
2,148,036
1,595,013
377,407
230,105
7,639,949
3,317,336
431,203
612,786
5,361,048
2,512,142
1,513,894
1,199,590
1,816,867
1,956,590
754,777
2,395,127
2,927,455
4,876,237
2,842,912
1,163,460
2,765,960
456,096
792,910
831,833
686,390
3,639,612
328,636
7,448,266
3,571,420
316,049
5,730,867
1,474,304
1,851,671
3,006,146
440,743
1,626,720
394,930
2,458,213
7,507,333
942,045
313,973
3,223,156
2,885,001
769,645
3,009,491
245,789
61
1
15
75
53
64
169
3
1
67
159
4
44
110
92
98
105
120
64
517
24
351
83
87
82
116
56
93
17
241
21
21
58
100
53
88
77
36
46
39
46
66
95
254
29
245
134
39
55
1,880
23
1,758,927
312,598
2,013,913
1,055,510
12,266,320
2,130,472
1,578,757
375,273
227,586
7,609,810
3,304,484
430,565
598,447
5,070,558
2,467,863
1,488,776
1,188,799
1,794,860
1,943,106
741,081
2,386,668
2,912,395
4,839,252
2,825,015
1,152,145
2,731,364
450,313
778,186
829,587
677,634
3,609,691
320,066
7,391,036
3,501,007
312,833
5,627,207
1,467,052
1,836,782
64
1
15
75
55
64
169
3
1
67
159
4
44
96
92
97
105
120
64
517
24
351
83
87
82
116
56
93
17
238
21
21
58
100
53
88
77
36
13,608
1,904
24,164
0
154,770
17,564
17,146
2,134
2,519
30,139
12,852
638
14,339
33,122
44,279
18,313
14,058
22,007
13,606
13,696
8,459
15,060
36,985
17,897
11,315
34,596
5,783
14,724
2,246
10,763
29,921
8,570
57,230
70,413
3,216
103,660
7,252
14,889
1.12
0.61
1.19
24
58
1
15
75
54
14
169
3
1
67
159
4
28
94
0.05
0.01
0.28
0.68
0.24
0.37
0.30
58
86.6
58
7.6
66.2
23.2
58
1
15
65
54
14
165
3
1
67
159
4
28
91
58
0.05
1.50
0.32
58
1
15
75
51
14
169
3
1
67
159
4
28
94
13.4
100.0
25.4
45.4
20.1
51.4
6
710
25
5,745
7,144
29,616
1,313
0
0
624
4,046
0
202
8,424
16,229
4,569
1.28
0.82
1.11
0.57
1.09
0.39
0.39
0.15
2.34
0.66
1.76
1.22
1.28
1.21
0.71
1.81
0.35
0.51
0.76
0.63
0.97
1.25
1.27
1.86
0.27
1.59
0.82
2.61
0.77
1.97
1.02
1.81
0.49
0.80
59
1
15
75
52
64
169
3
1
67
159
4
44
96
92
97
105
120
64
517
24
351
83
87
82
116
56
93
17
238
21
21
58
100
53
88
77
36
16,866
8,579
117,522
1,242
18,487
2,134
1,883
27,475
12,852
2,446
4,294
53,668
15
75
54
14
169
3
1
67
159
4
28
95
0.83
0.81
0.94
0.35
1.16
0.57
0.82
0.36
0.39
0.57
0.76
1.06
15
75
51
14
169
3
1
67
159
4
28
95
74.6
54.6
79.9
48.6
100.0
100.0
75.1
87.2
100.0
92.4
33.8
76.8
15
65
54
14
165
3
1
67
159
4
28
92
1
17
4,260
752
97
66
0.28
0.08
97
66
40.5
6.0
92
55
6,258
14,064
97
86
0.42
1.29
97
86
59.5
95.3
92
85
437,134
39
3,609
0.82
39
388,215
66
2,434,949
95
7,410,766
254
928,379
29
314,275
246
3,198,367
134
2,859,084
39
756,341
55
2,992,340 1,897
242,948
23
6,715
23,394
96,567
13,666
48
24,807
25,917
13,602
45,982
2,841
1.70
66
0.96
95
1.29
254
1.45
29
0.02
245
0.77
134
0.90
39
1.80
55
1.58 1,880
1.16
23
1,990,372
31,391
110
1
Total Maximum
Average
Minimum
6,568 121,862,353 6,488 113,968,736 6,290
1,910
12,359,633 1,880
12,266,320 1,897
119
2,299,289
122
2,325,892
128
1
31,391
1
227,586
1
1,160,985
154,770
23,693
0
1.02 6,264
2.61 1,880
1.08
127
0.02
1
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
2
5
2
0.27
0.05
24.9
12.8
0
64
62
13,606
63
0.70
63
100.0
62
247
24
0.01
64
24
3.3
24
7,292
15,060
36,940
17,897
24
351
83
87
0.30
0.51
0.76
0.63
24
351
83
87
96.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
24
339
83
87
1,450
4,282
146
51
93
12
0.33
0.54
0.02
51
93
12
37.1
50.9
5.3
40
88
12
32,042
2,629
4,132
3,688
116
51
93
17
1.16
0.64
0.52
0.44
116
51
93
17
100.0
77.9
49.1
96.2
111
40
88
17
385
0
21
5
0.01
21
5
1.3
21
5
29,536
4,310
21
10
0.81
2.74
21
10
98.7
100.0
21
9
0
415
20,226
1,146
3,209
100
48
71
77
36
0.14
0.48
0.08
0.17
100
48
71
77
36
16.1
30.1
10.9
21.6
98
48
71
77
36
70,413
2,168
55,094
9,400
11,645
100
48
79
77
36
1.97
0.71
1.18
0.64
0.63
100
48
79
77
36
100.0
83.9
73.1
89.1
78.4
98
48
79
77
36
970
39
0.22
39
26.9
39
2,639
39
0.60
39
73.1
39
898
3,019
6,445
2,745
464
1,703
4,572
1,444
43
22
254
22
246
134
37
28
0.28
1.21
0.09
0.32
0.15
0.05
0.16
0.43
43
22
254
22
245
134
37
28
18.0
54.6
5.2
22.2
23.8
6.6
21.9
18.2
43
22
153
22
226
131
37
28
433
16
0.32
16
31.6
133,289
29,616
3,507
0
2,348
254
61
1
11
2
4
2
3
73
152
73
11
1
9/22/05
0.23 2,344
1.50
254
0.29
61
0.01
1
16
4,114
43
20,375
93
117,363
254
11,054
24
1,487
246
23,174
131
16,452
39
13,602
52
44,482 1,493
939
16
1.28
43
0.84
93
1.56
254
1.21
24
0.47
245
0.73
131
0.57
39
1.80
52
1.62 1,493
0.69
16
82.2
43
87.1
93
94.8
153
80.1
24
76.2
226
93.4
131
78.3
39
90.4
52
100.0 1,493
68.4
16
22.4 2,171
100.0
226
26.3
57
1.3
1
863,872 4,611
117,522 1,493
20,568
109
939
1
0.91 4,607
2.74 1,493
0.87
109
0.30
1
86.7 4,430
100.0 1,493
84.1
105
33.8
1
Page 1 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Presidential Drop­off
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Total
Number Presidential Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Total
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
Ballots
For
For President
For President
Jurisdictions
Counted
Cases
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
None / Unknown
Punch card
Lever
Paper
Optical scan
Electronic
Multiple Systems
Changed Voting Equipment Since 2000 General Election
908
260
394
1,734
2,541
608
123
9,922,294
10,938,861
12,981,126
2,172,234
49,661,061
27,295,070
8,891,707
875
255
384
1,727
2,524
601
122
7,782,772
766
10,202,265
244
11,663,153
374
2,135,810 1,732
48,141,235 2,490
25,285,382
564
8,758,119
120
Yes
No
1,753
4,815
35,479,523
86,382,830
1,739
4,749
1,335
5,233
27,317,939
94,544,414
2,823
3,745
Name
President
For Presidential Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
President
Overvotes of
Undervotes
OverVotes of
Total Over &
Total Ballots
Undervotes
For Percent
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Total Ballots
Undervotes
Cases
Exception
President
Cases
136,741
134,740
95,556
29,342
483,390
216,995
64,221
1.76
761
1.60
243
0.83
374
1.54 1,726
1.12 2,479
0.86
561
0.83
120
27
4
10
46
64
1
13,644
38,733
171
1,122
71,128
5,890
2,601
78
145
275
353
1,097
347
53
0.24
78
0.49
144
0.00
275
0.22
352
0.21 1,096
0.03
346
0.06
53
15.9
77
26.3
144
0.4
262
34.5
232
19.6 1,065
4.0
339
9.2
52
82,530
574
138,039
212
38,882
299
15,128
991
377,631 2,028
155,197
398
56,465
109
1.25
574
1.41
211
0.94
299
0.98
990
0.86 2,027
0.70
397
0.70
109
85.8
572
78.1
209
99.6
289
93.1
860
84.3 2,002
96.3
390
95.6
108
34,381,658 1,722
79,587,078 4,568
320,668
840,317
0.97 1,715
1.16 4,549
52
100
30,680
102,609
493
1,855
0.11
492
0.21 1,852
12.7
478
18.0 1,693
235,133 1,176
628,739 3,435
0.73 1,175
0.98 3,432
88.5 1,163
86.1 3,267
1,322
5,166
25,489,478 1,276
88,479,258 5,014
203,051
957,934
0.82 1,276
1.18 4,988
10
142
10,084
123,205
569
1,779
0.08
569
0.19 1,775
9.9
563
17.4 1,608
169,597 1,117
694,275 3,494
0.73 1,117
0.95 3,490
94.4 1,099
85.0 3,331
8,152,145
113,710,208
2,792
3,696
8,077,465 2,806
105,891,271 3,484
105,518
1,055,467
1.34 2,789
1.08 3,475
84
68
8,857
124,432
44
2,304
1.27
44
0.16 2,300
62.9
44
15.6 2,127
67,612 1,624
796,260 2,987
1.08 1,624
0.88 2,983
88.4 1,624
86.6 2,806
1,162
4,350
1,056
44,662,901
69,964,775
7,234,677
1,123
4,312
1,053
41,055,629 1,066
67,758,097 4,285
5,155,010
939
405,687
695,387
59,911
1.14 1,062
1.07 4,263
1.16
939
14
127
11
72,279
52,171
8,839
988
1,284
76
0.18
984
0.14 1,284
1.02
76
17.1
951
13.9 1,144
57.8
76
351,761
996
487,752 3,452
24,359
163
0.90
992
0.91 3,452
0.66
163
83.0
959
90.5 3,308
73.4
163
3,781
2,787
46,531,514
75,330,839
3,731
2,757
46,108,172 3,750
67,860,564 2,540
510,564
650,421
1.18 3,729
1.04 2,535
99
53
70,934
62,355
1,160
1,188
0.18 1,156
0.17 1,188
17.8 1,104
15.1 1,067
379,041 2,685
484,831 1,926
0.88 2,681
0.91 1,926
84.4 2,639
88.6 1,791
1,701
4,867
50,903,807
70,958,546
1,681
4,807
50,439,831 1,683
63,528,905 4,607
522,673
638,312
1.12 1,679
1.08 4,585
29
123
76,489
56,800
1,439
909
0.17 1,435
0.18
909
15.2 1,279
18.5
892
457,972 1,563
405,900 3,048
0.95 1,559
0.85 3,048
85.8 1,412
87.7 3,018
Yes
No
Covered By Section 5 of Voting Rights Act
468
6,100
34,287,661
87,574,692
450
6,038
33,986,664
452
79,982,072 5,838
362,562
798,423
1.17
449
1.07 5,815
4
148
54,079
79,210
396
1,952
0.17
393
0.17 1,951
14.0
293
18.6 1,878
333,686
409
530,186 4,202
1.04
406
0.83 4,201
86.1
307
87.1 4,123
Yes
No
880
5,688
27,429,425
94,432,928
872
5,616
25,638,280
829
88,330,456 5,461
285,559
875,426
1.19
823
1.07 5,441
29
123
28,842
104,447
732
1,616
0.12
731
0.20 1,613
9.9
626
20.1 1,545
263,161
728
600,711 3,883
1.08
727
0.84 3,880
90.1
626
85.3 3,804
Cases
Cases
President
Percent
President
Undervotes of
Cases
Cases
Cases
Election Administration
Voting Equipment Used in 2004 General Election
State Wide Voter Registration System in Place
Yes
No
Election Day Registration
Yes
No
Provisional Ballot Acceptance
In Overall Jurisdiction
In Precinct Only
None
No Excuse Absentee Balloting
Yes
No
Early Voting Allowed
Yes
No
Covered By Section 203, Language Minority Requirements
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
Page 2 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Presidential Drop­off
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Total
Number Presidential Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Total
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
Ballots
For
For President
For President
Jurisdictions
Counted
Cases
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
1,710
1,423
2,902
420
113
20,812,375
42,266,877
31,316,030
25,445,308
2,021,763
1,687
1,417
2,871
402
111
17,662,003 1,639
40,376,851 1,374
30,710,408 2,873
25,219,474
404
567
871
1,710
3,307
113
42,675,443
33,263,865
30,364,561
13,536,721
2,021,763
563
860
1,685
3,269
111
1,761
1,165
1,043
1,704
586
140
25
144
634,024
1,630,543
4,256,986
21,817,391
33,587,618
35,485,241
22,427,696
2,022,854
1,740
1,162
1,038
1,689
570
133
24
132
6,264
85
24
50
145
112,362,361
2,117,437
127,150
5,209,222
2,046,183
298
884
1,372
1,215
881
587
1,180
151
126
661
1,646
3,111
873
151
Name
President
For Cases
Exception
President
Cases
147,473
352,674
373,547
287,291
0.85 1,638
0.96 1,369
1.34 2,856
1.22
401
20
33
97
2
1,819
26,528
47,062
57,880
41,592,050
562
30,993,718
847
28,304,035 1,634
13,078,933 3,247
398,607
285,490
292,227
184,661
1.01
560
0.95
845
1.19 1,627
1.60 3,232
10
15
38
89
636,085
1,597,029
4,156,692
20,865,743
31,211,163
33,329,394
22,168,851
3,779
1,754
1,164
1,029
1,641
534
125
24
19
6,957
40,658
60,236
273,979
275,154
245,112
258,845
44
1.46
2.82
1.59
1.47
0.95
0.78
1.24
6.63
1,739
1,162
1,028
1,637
530
125
24
19
60
24
21
37
8
1
6,201
85
23
46
133
106,734,482 6,127
1,960,695
73
123,548
24
5,122,903
46
27,108
20
1,055,209
14,101
5,312
86,319
44
1.07 6,102
0.82
73
4.18
23
1.71
46
6.63
20
148
3
1,488,479
5,685,388
14,312,622
26,144,458
26,227,676
15,037,096
30,943,728
2,022,906
294
876
1,356
1,204
871
577
1,173
137
1,440,538
291
5,455,490
866
13,179,325 1,316
24,868,484 1,182
24,994,175
862
14,514,853
578
29,512,042 1,172
3,829
23
24,692
78,404
165,933
251,089
282,093
140,457
218,271
46
2.41
291
1.70
863
1.45 1,313
1.12 1,177
1.18
857
0.98
572
0.78 1,168
6.91
23
6
12
34
37
23
15
24
1
951,317
10,083,603
31,406,406
65,275,468
12,099,350
2,046,209
125
652
1,630
3,074
870
137
931,510
124
9,719,374
635
29,496,147 1,589
61,770,600 3,048
12,023,973
871
27,132
23
16,216
154,138
348,449
563,253
78,883
46
2.05
124
1.78
629
1.33 1,587
0.96 3,031
0.69
870
6.91
23
25
39
72
15
1
Presidential Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
President
Overvotes of
Undervotes
OverVotes of
Total Over &
Total Ballots
For President
Cases
Percent
Percent
President
Undervotes of
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
475
1,066
512
295
0.03
474
0.08 1,066
0.36
512
0.25
292
3.4
7.9
26.9
23.4
451
948
488
284
67,209
826
332,717 1,157
270,859 2,320
193,087
308
0.75
825
0.89 1,157
1.00 2,320
0.84
305
97.4
790
92.6 1,043
85.2 2,301
77.2
296
41,399
27,741
34,882
29,267
163
246
670
1,269
0.15
163
0.13
246
0.18
668
0.33 1,267
14.4
162
15.3
244
17.8
655
20.1 1,110
311,062
505
202,530
662
204,665 1,100
145,615 2,344
0.88
505
0.77
662
0.87 1,098
1.34 2,342
88.3
504
88.0
659
85.5 1,086
83.7 2,181
124
753
6,105
33,043
31,892
30,324
31,048
156.0
290.0
493.0
937.0
359.0
94.0
19.0
0.18
0.18
0.31
0.28
0.15
0.12
0.18
26.7
17.9
18.9
16.5
17.0
16.9
15.0
125
234
439
909
352
93
19
3,713 1,073
30,337
817
38,425
806
223,906 1,340
196,270
443
185,170
111
186,050
20
1
1
0.88 1,071
2.66
817
1.15
806
1.29 1,340
0.75
441
0.62
111
1.03
20
8.33
1
96.8 1,033
97.6
764
86.3
753
87.2 1,312
86.3
437
85.9
110
85.7
20
100.0
1
116,355
1,806
164
14,964
2248.0
52.0
10.0
38.0
0.17 2,244
0.10
52
0.15
10
0.29
38
16.4 2,078
15.4
51
3.6
10
17.2
32
777,582 4,504
9,894
52
4,387
15
72,008
39
1
1
0.87 4,500
0.57
52
3.93
15
1.40
39
8.33
1
87.1 4,330
84.6
51
96.4
15
82.8
33
100.0
1
2,449
10,733
19,124
29,245
38,738
18,650
14,350
117.0
449.0
612.0
461.0
256.0
150.0
303.0
0.31
0.28
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.17
0.08
117
449
612
459
255
150
302
14.0
18.7
14.7
18.0
19.0
17.7
10.7
105
385
564
431
246
141
299
16,854
58,678
139,408
187,167
196,066
101,085
164,613
1
1.83
1.26
1.22
1.01
0.89
0.75
0.65
8.33
87.3
84.5
88.3
86.5
83.5
84.5
92.0
100.0
1,108
29,110
29,753
66,566
6,752
57.0
394.0
701.0
991.0
205.0
0.22
0.34
0.15
0.16
0.10
57
393
701
988
205
10.9
20.4
10.9
19.1
17.8
49
350
634
942
196
11,295
74
120,842
480
302,650 1,191
379,795 2,238
49,289
627
1
1
Demographics
Region
Northeast
South
Midwest
West
Territories
Urban to Rural
Urban
Suburban
Small Towns
Rural
Not Available ­ Territories
Size of Jurisdiction (VAP)
< 1,000
>=1,000 to <3,500
>=3,500 to <10,000
>=10,000 to <50,000
>=50,000 to <250,000
>=250,000 to <1,000,000
>=1,000,000
Not Available
154
290
493
937
357
94
19
1
Race and Ethnicity
Predominently NH White
Predominently NH Black
Predominently NH Native American
Predominently Hispanic
Not Available
1
Median Income
< $25,000
>=$25,000 to <$30,000
>=$30,000 to <$35,000
>=$35,000 to <$40,000
>=$40,000 to <$45,000
>=$45,000 to <$50,000
>=$50,000
Not Available
156
634
989
833
604
443
951
1
156
634
989
831
603
443
950
1
143
567
944
806
591
434
944
1
High School Education
< 60%
>=60% to <70%
>=70% to <80%
>=80% to <90%
>=90%
Not Available
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
1.66
74
1.34
479
1.23 1,191
0.74 2,235
0.48
627
8.33
1
91.1
66
80.6
436
91.0 1,125
85.2 2,190
88.0
612
100.0
1
Page 3 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Presidential Drop­off
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Total
Number Presidential Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Total
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
Ballots
For
For President
For President
Jurisdictions
Counted
Cases
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
3,093
3,475
43,980,255
77,882,098
3,028
3,460
40,593,153 2,995
73,375,583 3,295
< 2.5%
>=2.5% to < 5.0%
>=5.0% to < 7.5%
>=7.5% to < 10.0 %
>=10.0 %
Red vs Blue Jurisdictions Won By in 2004 Presidential Election
515
476
510
429
4,492
10,753,542
8,077,591
9,931,823
6,126,475
84,945,042
508
471
506
426
4,448
Bush > 55%
Bush 50% to 55%
Bush < 50%
Kerry < 50%
Kerry 50% to 55%
Kerry > 55%
Tied
3,115
982
136
150
872
1,161
25
47,293,906
18,343,733
1,386,188
3,447,366
16,109,589
33,249,808
9,842
3,083
974
135
149
860
1,152
18
Name
President
For Presidential Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
President
Overvotes of
Undervotes
OverVotes of
Total Over &
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
For Cases
President
Cases
Percent
Percent
President
Undervotes of
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Cases
Exception
President
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
405,287
755,698
1.03 2,978
1.14 3,286
88
64
52,105
81,184
457.0
1891.0
0.23
457
0.15 1,887
26.0
442
13.3 1,729
296,572 2,280
567,300 2,331
0.80 2,280
0.96 2,327
85.1 2,259
87.6 2,171
10,520,129
502
6,840,604
462
9,790,598
504
5,948,052
422
80,860,548 4,384
96,163
48,544
99,084
54,824
862,325
0.96
499
0.78
460
1.04
503
0.99
421
1.16 4,365
13
9
14
14
100
8,551
5,231
11,315
5,905
102,286
126
128
138
122
1,832
0.15
126
0.12
128
0.17
138
0.15
121
0.18 1,829
14.5
120
11.1
121
21.8
134
17.2
116
16.5 1,678
68,864
346
49,619
317
65,838
355
46,834
307
632,706 3,283
0.84
346
0.87
317
0.83
355
0.85
306
0.92 3,280
89.0
339
90.5
310
85.4
351
88.8
297
86.2 3,130
44,578,904 3,029
17,379,107
963
1,318,265
131
3,423,694
149
15,319,622
856
31,936,516 1,140
9,741
17
494,305
184,958
12,408
25,550
124,181
319,478
102
1.21 3,016
1.14
959
0.96
131
0.75
149
0.88
850
1.07 1,137
1.21
17
85
25
4
5
19
12
1
65,421
14,070
700
1,477
16,104
35,516
1
1,398
270
30
42
247
359
2
0.20 1,397
0.12
270
0.09
30
0.09
42
0.16
246
0.18
357
0.07
2
18.3 1,261
12.5
257
10.6
29
12.5
41
17.0
237
15.6
344
9.1
2
355,770 2,290
138,886
670
9,073
76
16,474
97
103,087
618
240,571
857
11
3
0.91 2,289
0.92
670
0.90
76
0.75
97
0.84
617
0.91
855
0.71
3
84.6 2,160
90.8
656
92.8
75
91.9
95
86.5
605
87.1
836
91.7
3
Political
Battleground States in 2004 Presidential Election
Yes
No
Margin of Victory in 2004 Presidential Election
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
Page 4 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
U.S. Senatorial Drop­off
Total
Number U.S. Senatorial Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For US Senate
For US Senate
For Code
Name
Jurisdictions
US Senate
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Cases
01
02
04
05
06
08
09
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
60
66
72
78
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
67
1
15
75
58
64
169
3
1
67
159
5
44
110
92
99
105
120
64
517
24
351
83
87
82
116
56
93
17
242
21
33
58
100
53
88
77
36
67
39
46
66
95
254
29
246
134
39
55
1,910
23
1
1
110
1
1,751,909
308,315
1,932,503
1,040,021
11,808,639
2,107,900
1,424,726
64
1
15
75
55
64
169
27,373
6,187
105,574
19,343
611,796
40,136
171,082
2.42
1.97
5.18
2.21
5.07
1.87
10.74
59
1
15
75
52
64
169
7,429,894
3,222,467
427,492
503,932
4,998,444
2,428,233
1,462,091
1,129,857
1,724,362
1,848,056
67
159
4
44
96
92
97
105
120
64
210,055
94,869
3,711
108,854
115,574
83,909
45,017
71,432
92,505
108,534
2.75
2.86
0.86
17.76
2.31
3.34
3.00
6.02
5.09
5.55
67
159
4
44
96
92
97
105
120
64
2,323,177
24
71,950
3.00
24
2,706,402
116
59,558
2.15
116
810,068
657,049
17
238
21,765
31,148
2.62
4.55
17
238
5,790
6,702,875
3,420,245
310,696
5,427,452
1,455,330
1,780,550
1
58
100
53
88
77
36
469
745,391
151,175
5,353
303,415
18,974
71,121
7.49
10.01
4.23
1.69
5.29
1.29
3.84
1
58
100
53
88
77
36
391,188
66
3,742
0.95
66
1
1,990,372
1,180
Total Maximum
Average
Minimum
6,568 78,486,597 4,377
1,910 11,808,639 1,897
2,242,474
128
119
0
1
1
5,676,784
1,990,372
162,193
48
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
913,845
314,273
29
246
28,200
48
2.99
0.02
29
245
2,818,651
39
66,350
2.30
39
2,869,954 1,897
190,622
0
30,211
6.39 1,880
100.00
4
Exception
U.S. Senatorial Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
US Senate
Overvotes of
Undervotes
US Senate
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
US Senate
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
US Senate
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
58
1
15
75
54
14
169
0.00
0.10
0.14
0.12
0.14
0.10
58
1
15
75
51
14
169
0.2
100.0
3.9
4.9
3.4
18.1
58
1
15
66
54
14
169
35,178
58
2.33
58
99.8
58
1
66
330
2,936
1,219
17,189
367
0
71,475
23,635
491,742
1,662
170,748
15
75
54
14
169
3.51
2.24
3.97
0.47
10.71
15
75
51
14
169
96.1
95.1
96.6
81.9
100.0
15
66
54
14
169
67
159
4
28
94
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.27
67
159
4
28
94
0.4
7
839
0
107
123
13,916
0.7
0.1
7.5
67
159
4
28
92
204,174
94,869
14,711
99,078
173,012
67
159
4
28
95
2.67
2.86
3.41
17.60
3.40
67
159
4
28
95
99.6
100.0
99.3
99.9
92.6
67
159
4
28
93
1
6
1,191
239
97
66
0.08
0.03
97
66
3.2
0.6
92
63
35,611
71,094
97
97
2.37
6.02
97
97
96.8
99.7
92
97
0
64
64
108,651
64
5.55
64
100.0
64
50
24
24
70,980
24
2.96
24
99.9
24
58,330
116
2.11
116
100.0
115
12
12,968
17
1.56
17
99.6
17
1
51
2
0.49
2
100.0
1
21
26
2
64
0.00
54
12
0.01
0
4
0
136
4,876
326
2,103
100
48
69
77
36
0.04
0.12
0.02
0.11
106
41
0
1,092
456
254
22
246
1,379
37
24
12
0.1
0.6
2
5
4
100
48
69
77
36
2.8
2.3
1.2
2.9
100
48
69
77
36
151,175
4,753
223,411
26,954
69,955
100
48
77
77
36
4.23
1.55
4.81
1.83
3.78
100
48
77
77
36
100.0
97.2
97.9
98.8
97.1
100
48
77
77
36
0.03
41
3.8
41
2,725
43
0.85
43
96.3
42
0.13
0.15
254
22
245
4.1
6.5
22
244
27,693
6,565
24
246
3.02
2.09
24
245
96.2
93.5
24
244
0.05
37
2.3
37
59,927
39
2.08
39
97.8
39
176,889
1717
6.11
1717
100.0
1717
2,488,016
491,742
88,857
51
3562
1717
127
2
3.80
17.60
3.74
0.47
3558
1717
127
2
98.1
100.0
97.6
81.9
3541
1717
126
1
63
1
6.86 4,351
100.00 1,880
6.90
127
0.02
1
134
63
13
1
49,100 1,935
17,189
254
1,753
69
0
1
9/22/05
0.11 1,931
0.27
254
0.08
68
0.00
1
3.2
100.0
7.7
0.1
1657
244
61
1
Page 5 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Total
U.S. Senatorial Drop­off
Number Total
Overvotes
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For US Senate
For US Senate
Jurisdictions
US Senate
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Name
U.S. Senatorial Overvotes
Percent
For Cases
Exception
U.S. Senatorial Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
US Senate
Overvotes of
Undervotes
US Senate
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
US Senate
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
US Senate
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
3,233
16,968
0
230
24,992
3,166
511
73
122
230
288
902
298
22
0.06
0.24
73
121
230
287
901
297
22
2.0
5.4
4.6
2.9
0.5
1.1
64
112
226
198
750
289
18
205,307
330,276
243,669
36,712
1,015,483
612,472
44,097
638
152
245
841
1368
299
19
5.20
4.08
9.17
3.33
3.27
3.60
2.23
638
151
245
840
1367
298
19
98.4
95.1
100.0
99.4
97.6
99.5
98.9
637
150
243
840
1359
294
18
Election Administration
Voting Equipment Used in 2004 General Election
None / Unknown
Punch card
Lever
Paper
Optical scan
Electronic
Multiple Systems
Changed Voting Equipment Since 2000 General Election
908
260
394
1,734
2,541
608
123
4,837,124
715
8,160,186
173
9,135,575
305
1,384,461 1,106
33,045,332 1,589
19,329,451
461
2,594,468
28
2,277,688
348,741
993,452
55,016
1,125,428
823,495
52,964
32.37
710
4.30
172
9.81
305
4.29 1,100
3.51 1,578
4.12
458
2.31
28
23
6
1
39
65
Yes
No
1,753
4,815
26,799,451 1,434
51,687,146 2,943
1,031,159
4,645,625
3.77 1,427
8.67 2,924
25
109
16,551
456
32,549 1,479
0.06
455
0.08 1,476
2.0
2.3
437
1220
874,765
1,613,251
1168
2394
3.42
4.01
1167
2391
98.1
98.0
1165
2376
1,335
5,233
12,740,229
676
65,746,368 3,701
605,647
5,071,137
4.70
676
7.45 3,675
1
133
3,805
534
45,295 1,401
0.03
534
0.08 1,397
0.8
2.6
531
1126
490,184
1,997,832
533
3029
4.40
3.65
533
3025
99.3
97.8
531
3010
2,823
3,745
4,030,935 2,179
74,455,662 2,198
330,624
5,346,160
7.74 2,162
6.97 2,189
65
69
123
28
48,977 1,907
0.02
28
0.07 1,903
0.1
2.3
28
1629
275,967
2,212,049
1745
1817
7.98
3.55
1745
1813
100.0
97.8
1745
1796
1,162
4,350
1,056
38,842,876 1,004
38,141,833 3,037
1,501,888
336
1,491,326
2,048,551
2,136,907
3.87 1,000
5.29 3,015
58.80
336
40
92
2
41,037
7,804
259
945
914
76
0.11
0.03
0.03
941
914
76
3.0
1.0
0.2
929
652
76
1,351,392
1,032,793
103,831
947
2539
76
3.54
3.85
11.95
943
2539
76
97.1
99.3
99.8
933
2532
76
3,781
2,787
42,268,719 3,041
36,217,878 1,336
1,797,994
3,878,790
4.21 3,020
10.15 1,331
77
57
26,870
22,230
997
938
0.07
0.08
993
938
2.0
2.6
984
673
1,567,898
920,118
2753
809
3.77
3.80
2749
809
98.3
97.6
2744
797
1,701
4,867
37,689,513 1,180
40,797,084 3,197
1,514,758
4,162,026
4.01 1,176
9.64 3,175
40
94
25,512 1,321
23,588
614
0.06 1,317
0.10
614
2.0
2.5
1045
612
1,310,517
1,177,499
1100
2462
3.54
4.09
1096
2462
98.1
98.0
1083
2458
Yes
No
Covered By Section 5 of Voting Rights Act
468
6,100
23,303,504
149
55,183,093 4,228
1,089,591
4,587,193
4.60
146
8.01 4,205
2
132
30,635
382
18,465 1,553
0.10
379
0.05 1,552
3.5
1.3
125
1532
835,919
1,652,097
130
3432
3.73
3.81
127
3431
96.5
98.9
129
3412
Yes
No
880
5,688
13,521,427
361
64,965,170 4,016
569,836
5,106,948
4.30
355
7.55 3,996
21
113
12,416
601
36,684 1,334
0.06
600
0.08 1,331
2.3
2.2
347
1310
534,437
1,953,579
347
3215
3.87
3.76
346
3212
97.7
98.2
347
3194
0.06
0.08
0.02
0.02
State Wide Voter Registration System in Place
Yes
No
Election Day Registration
Yes
No
Provisional Ballot Acceptance
In Overall Jurisdiction
In Precinct Only
None
No Excuse Absentee Balloting
Yes
No
Early Voting Allowed
Yes
No
Covered By Section 203, Language Minority Requirements
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
Page 6 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
U.S. Senatorial Drop­off
Total
Number U.S. Senatorial Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For US Senate
For US Senate
Jurisdictions
US Senate
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
1,710
1,423
2,902
420
113
9,098,923
711
24,215,461
750
21,724,317 2,610
23,417,685
305
30,211
1
947,669
794,778
878,622
1,064,163
1,991,552
9.73
710
3.32
745
4.07 2,593
4.50
302
98.51
1
567
871
1,710
3,307
113
27,244,638
373
22,314,125
602
20,398,374 1,114
8,499,249 2,287
30,211
1
1,502,958
981,444
855,122
345,708
1,991,552
5.32
371
4.27
600
4.34 1,107
4.33 2,272
98.51
1
1,761
1,165
1,043
1,704
586
140
25
144
526,044
1,092,727
2,393,836
12,477,672
21,055,221
23,242,925
17,664,923
33,249
1425
842
618
1006
369
89
19
9
25,000
88,900
142,597
585,754
994,141
793,020
1,055,789
1,991,583
5.51
8.56
6.23
4.89
4.75
3.38
5.64
98.50
1410
840
617
1002
365
89
19
9
52
16
23
32
8
1
6,264
85
24
50
145
73,276,603
1,337,737
85,914
3,729,765
56,578
4300
43
17
7
10
3,413,658
52,456
2,871
216,216
1,991,583
4.64
3.96
3.30
5.48
98.50
4275
43
16
7
10
125
6
1
298
884
1,372
1,215
881
587
1,180
151
806,941
3,199,718
8,865,756
18,552,287
18,228,672
10,040,530
18,759,411
33,282
159
488
889
865
692
442
830
12
52,744
135,443
362,817
988,143
912,831
411,510
821,707
1,991,589
7.33
4.50
4.39
5.22
4.88
4.00
4.32
98.50
159
485
886
860
687
436
826
12
126
661
1,646
3,111
873
151
336,333
7,482,643
18,778,364
44,838,970
6,993,702
56,585
63
392
1094
2242
574
12
26,503
374,159
983,190
2,035,099
266,244
1,991,589
7.53
5.23
5.18
4.49
3.75
98.50
63
386
1092
2225
573
12
Name
For Cases
Exception
U.S. Senatorial Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
US Senate
Overvotes of
Undervotes
US Senate
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
US Senate
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
US Senate
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
8
47
77
2
456
2,500
20,464
25,680
415
878
415
227
0.02
0.01
0.17
0.11
414
878
415
224
0.3
0.3
4.3
3.0
413
615
405
224
177,313
715,616
745,825
849,262
415
624
2290
233
9.29
3.12
3.99
3.81
414
624
2290
230
99.7
99.7
97.3
97.1
413
615
2281
232
6
15
33
80
26,442
99
8,505
206
8,585
578
5,568 1,052
0.12
99
0.04
206
0.05
576
0.07 1,050
3.1
1.3
1.7
2.4
95
191
525
846
971,393
698,885
549,051
268,687
342
488
808
1924
4.35
3.71
3.17
3.68
342
488
806
1922
97.4
98.8
98.5
98.1
342
488
804
1907
66
220
1,582
5,781
7,058
9,370
25,023
138
248
378
768
307
77
19
0.12
0.06
0.11
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.15
136
248
378
768
305
77
19
4.0
1.9
2.5
1.5
1.2
1.6
4.3
128
203
311
664
266
70
15
21,622
78,460
103,988
449,018
660,454
618,442
556,030
2
1207
687
489
795
293
75
15
1
4.74
8.31
5.13
4.32
3.79
3.05
3.89
9.09
1205
687
489
795
291
75
15
1
99.7
99.7
98.5
98.7
98.9
98.6
95.7
100.0
1206
684
479
790
291
75
15
1
39,114 1,846
300
43
35
8
9,651
38
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.19
1842
43
8
38
2.0
0.5
1.3
4.5
1602
43
7
5
2,224,855
54,632
2,671
205,856
2
3503
43
10
5
1
3.68
3.93
3.34
5.22
9.09
3499
43
10
5
1
98.3
99.5
98.7
95.5
100.0
3482
43
10
5
1
15
23
32
20
17
9
16
2
432
1,663
3,296
11,798
16,194
8,322
7,395
97
351
500
397
222
125
243
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
97
351
500
395
221
125
242
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.5
2.9
2.6
1.4
76
263
406
353
207
116
236
30,144
116,798
273,205
517,073
632,092
334,917
583,785
2
110
423
748
707
544
355
674
1
5.28
3.91
3.51
3.85
3.92
3.51
3.80
9.09
110
423
748
705
543
355
673
1
98.6
98.6
98.8
97.8
97.5
97.6
98.8
100.0
108
418
739
703
543
355
674
1
2
31
41
49
9
2
119
11,777
14,406
21,165
1,633
46
330
593
793
173
0.03
0.15
0.08
0.06
0.03
46
329
593
790
173
1.5
3.3
3.1
1.7
0.9
21
258
456
751
171
8,534
346,201
504,535
1,404,179
224,565
2
26
332
901
1870
432
1
5.64
4.65
3.34
3.75
3.95
9.09
26
331
901
1867
432
1
98.6
96.7
97.2
98.5
99.3
100.0
26
329
891
1862
432
1
Demographics
Region
Northeast
South
Midwest
West
Territories
Urban to Rural
Urban
Suburban
Small Towns
Rural
Not Available ­ Territories
Size of Jurisdiction (VAP)
< 1,000
>=1,000 to <3,500
>=3,500 to <10,000
>=10,000 to <50,000
>=50,000 to <250,000
>=250,000 to <1,000,000
>=1,000,000
Not Available
2
Race and Ethnicity
Predominently NH White
Predominently NH Black
Predominently NH Native American
Predominently Hispanic
Not Available
2
Median Income
< $25,000
>=$25,000 to <$30,000
>=$30,000 to <$35,000
>=$35,000 to <$40,000
>=$40,000 to <$45,000
>=$45,000 to <$50,000
>=$50,000
Not Available
High School Education
< 60%
>=60% to <70%
>=70% to <80%
>=80% to <90%
>=90%
Not Available
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
Page 7 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Total
U.S. Senatorial Drop­off
Number U.S. Senatorial Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For US Senate
For US Senate
Jurisdictions
US Senate
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Cases
Exception
3,093
3,475
31,048,325
47,438,272
2750
1627
1,164,573
4,512,211
3.66
9.19
2733
1618
92
42
< 2.5%
>=2.5% to < 5.0%
>=5.0% to < 7.5%
>=7.5% to < 10.0 %
>=10.0 %
Red vs Blue Jurisdictions Won By in 2004 Presidential Election
515
476
510
429
4,492
7,307,480
344
4,912,863
320
7,359,512
353
4,412,861
299
54,455,145 3,044
364,717
194,109
334,778
185,948
2,605,387
4.86
341
4.25
318
4.45
352
4.22
298
4.75 3,025
Bush > 55%
Bush 50% to 55%
Bush < 50%
Kerry < 50%
Kerry 50% to 55%
Kerry > 55%
Tied
3,115
982
136
150
872
1,161
25
30,588,738 2,176
11,240,315
707
1,114,145
83
2,476,702
99
11,167,231
577
21,860,730
718
5,669
11
1,215,700
518,758
112,274
136,073
445,792
1,256,342
290
4.03 2,163
4.57
703
9.20
83
5.26
99
4.07
571
5.55
715
5.38
11
Name
For US Senate
U.S. Senatorial Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
US Senate
Overvotes of
Undervotes
US Senate
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
US Senate
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
14,964
426
34,136 1,509
0.07
0.08
426
1505
2.2
2.2
409
1248
938,088
1,549,928
2272
1290
3.29
4.15
2272
1286
98.4
97.9
2256
1285
9
10
6
11
97
2,819
113
1,819
111
3,369
112
1,158
101
39,935 1,496
0.05
113
0.05
111
0.06
112
0.03
100
0.08 1,493
1.2
1.7
1.6
1.0
2.5
105
105
108
97
1240
244,305
122,255
240,503
168,153
1,712,661
278
272
296
248
2461
4.53
3.02
4.08
4.00
3.70
278
272
296
247
2458
98.9
98.5
98.6
99.3
97.7
274
269
295
246
2450
73
17
1
2
18
22
14,789 1,122
4,187
233
103
30
1,212
37
4,707
204
24,102
307
0
2
0.05 1,121
0.04
233
0.01
30
0.07
37
0.06
203
0.14
305
2
1.8
1.4
0.1
2.3
1.7
3.4
885
216
29
36
198
291
2
911,679
378,339
89,151
52,932
299,122
756,654
139
1733
571
69
84
488
610
7
3.35
4.00
9.37
3.75
3.42
4.20
6.36
1732
571
69
84
487
608
7
98.4
98.9
99.9
98.4
98.5
96.9
100.0
1723
564
68
83
487
609
7
Political
Battleground States in 2004 Presidential Election
Yes
No
Margin of Victory in 2004 Presidential Election
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
Page 8 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Cases = Number of Jurisdictions Reporting Subject Matter
U.S. Congressional Drop­off
Total
Number U.S. Congressional Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For Congress
For Congress
For U.S. Congressional Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
Congress
Overvotes of
Undervotes
Congress
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Code
Name
Jurisdictions
Congress
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Cases
Exception
Congress
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
Congress
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
01
02
04
05
06
08
09
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
60
66
72
78
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
67
1
15
75
58
64
169
3
1
67
159
5
44
110
92
99
105
120
64
517
24
351
83
87
82
116
56
93
17
242
21
33
58
100
53
88
77
36
67
39
46
66
95
254
29
246
134
39
55
1,910
23
1
1
110
1
1,638,054
299,996
1,869,664
791,667
10,265,624
2,040,001
1,428,604
356,053
221,213
5,627,494
2,256,560
428,342
572,426
62
1
15
46
55
64
169
3
1
65
159
4
44
74,955
14,506
168,413
15,282
2,155,645
108,035
166,409
21,354
8,892
1,887,267
1,060,776
2,861
40,360
6.72
4.61
8.26
2.13
17.86
5.03
10.43
5.66
3.86
25.11
31.98
0.66
6.59
57
1
15
46
52
64
169
3
1
65
159
4
44
22
39
268
2,883
481
11,716
79
4
1
14
29
50
10
0.08
0.09
0.14
0.08
0.10
0.02
4
1
14
29
47
10
1.4
100.0
1.8
3.0
1.4
2.4
4
1
14
29
50
10
82,928
58
5.49
58
100.0
58
51
594
1
42
0.02
0.01
1
42
0.6
0.1
1
42
102
843
4
25
0.02
0.15
4
25
0.7
5.3
4
25
160,760
20,650
824,053
4,364
166,117
21,354
8,347
507,013
230,708
14,835
16,292
15
41
54
13
169
3
1
64
159
4
19
7.89
2.80
6.66
3.97
10.41
5.66
3.63
6.88
6.95
3.44
4.40
15
41
51
13
169
3
1
64
159
4
19
98.2
97.9
98.6
98.8
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.9
100.0
99.3
96.5
15
41
54
13
169
3
1
64
159
4
19
1,866,709
1,431,874
1,156,790
1,635,045
1,035,862
710,512
2,228,796
2,472,146
4,628,840
2,721,681
1,116,203
1,749,317
442,929
764,972
791,430
652,664
3,284,595
316,192
2,819,282
3,409,472
310,814
84
96
105
120
48
517
24
350
83
87
82
110
56
93
17
240
21
21
55
100
53
423,172
68,052
44,224
181,822
300,018
44,265
166,331
454,838
247,397
121,231
47,257
187,953
13,167
27,938
40,403
35,000
355,017
14,600
902,794
161,948
5,235
18.48
4.56
3.72
10.01
22.46
5.86
6.94
15.54
5.07
4.26
4.06
9.70
2.89
3.52
4.86
5.13
9.75
4.47
24.26
4.53
1.66
84
96
105
120
48
517
24
350
83
87
82
110
56
93
17
240
21
21
55
100
53
719
173
68
35
0.06
0.03
68
35
1.6
0.9
68
35
54,740
43,767
90
98
3.77
3.70
90
98
98.7
99.6
90
98
146,647
52
8.65
52
100.0
52
31
9
0.00
9
0.0
9
133,415
315,507
124,646
121,231
24
349
76
87
5.57
10.78
3.71
4.26
24
349
76
87
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
24
349
76
87
93
2,785
26
21
71
3
0.03
0.37
0.00
21
71
3
1.3
14.7
0.1
21
71
3
9,503
16,631
32,569
39
84
12
2.60
2.13
5.09
39
84
12
99.3
85.7
99.9
39
84
12
1,564
7
0.10
7
1.0
7
353,453
6,537
21
7
9.71
5.05
21
7
99.6
100.0
21
7
97
33
0.04
33
2.2
33
161,948
4,629
100
48
4.53
1.51
100
48
100.0
97.9
100
48
1,418,515
1,772,306
77
36
55,789
79,365
3.78
4.29
77
36
256
1,368
45
32
0.02
0.08
45
32
0.3
1.7
45
32
99,218
78,134
77
36
6.73
4.22
77
36
99.7
98.3
77
36
402,165
39
38,578
8.75
39
328
35
0.08
35
1.7
35
20,141
39
4.57
39
98.4
39
129
349
1,864
1,122
264
146
23,458
174
32
17
79
19
111
22
28
16
0.05
0.18
0.04
0.13
0.21
0.01
0.84
0.09
32
17
79
19
111
22
28
16
30.8
1.9
0.6
3.9
7.5
0.2
14.1
1.8
32
17
79
19
111
22
28
16
129
15
0.10
15
3.6
15
1,151
241,189
386,340
30,198
6,018
219,003
146,219
44,387
213,754
3,969
8
95
137
24
228
134
38
38
1818
17
1.51
9.81
6.38
3.30
2.68
6.79
5.08
8.31
7.29
2.78
8
95
137
24
227
134
38
38
1816
17
98.2
99.9
99.6
96.4
95.8
99.9
86.2
99.7
100.0
96.9
8
95
137
24
228
134
38
38
1,818
17
1,959,553
30,211
110
1
30,819
1,180
1.55
4
110
1
Total Maximum
Average
Minimum
6,568
1,910
119
1
86,338,384
10,265,624
1,798,716
30,211
6039
1896
125
1
11,669,373
2,155,645
243,111
1,180
12.04
31.98
8.49
0.66
6013
1879
125
1
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
389,468
66
5,462
1.38
66
6,836,206
908,531
225,106
2,548,424
2,729,995
721,665
2,815,739
238,677
254
29
231
133
39
55
1896
23
673,689
33,514
89,209
664,081
155,006
47,980
220,172
7,112
8.98
3.56
28.51
20.67
5.37
6.23
7.33
2.89
254
29
230
133
39
55
1879
23
9
2
1
5
3
1
1
2
17
63
22
6
1
4,042
110
0.20
110
44.9
110
4,960
110
0.25
110
55.1
110
56,173
23,458
1,812
26
988
111
31
1
0.12
0.84
0.11
0.00
985
111
31
1
2.1
100.0
8.1
0.0
988
111
31
1
5,077,325
824,053
126,933
1,151
4486
1818
112
1
6.27
10.78
5.22
0.25
4480
1816
112
1
98.9
100.0
97.3
55.1
4,486
1,818
112
1
9/22/05
Page 9 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Cases = Number of Jurisdictions Reporting Subject Matter
U.S. Congressional Drop­off
Number Total
Percent
Total
Overvotes
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For Congress
For Congress
Jurisdictions
Congress
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Name
Cases
U.S. Congressional Overvotes
For Cases
Exception
Congress
Cases
U.S. Congressional Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
Congress
Overvotes of
Undervotes
Congress
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Total Ballots
Election Administration
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
Congress
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
President, U.S. Senate, and U.S. House of Representatives Drop­Off excluded where Drop­Off = 0. Voting Equipment Used in 2004 General Election
None / Unknown
Punch card
Lever
Paper
Optical scan
Electronic
Multiple Systems
Changed Voting Equipment Since 2000 General Election
908
260
394
1,734
2,541
608
123
5,193,674
5,618,247
6,439,348
1,464,574
40,376,414
19,563,903
7,682,224
798
177
349
1724
2378
501
112
312,613
252,471
1,334,160
131,496
5,227,053
3,402,886
1,008,694
5.70
4.38
17.17
8.91
11.93
14.89
11.68
793
176
349
1718
2367
498
112
Yes
No
1,753
4,815
26,546,492
59,791,892
1629
4410
5,195,067
6,474,306
16.52
10.06
1622
4391
1,335
5,233
22,199,846
64,138,538
1259
4780
2,872,348
8,797,025
11.54
12.41
2,823
3,745
7,711,699
78,626,685
2807
3232
468,140
11,201,233
1,162
4,350
1,056
30,907,990
48,472,533
6,957,861
910
4077
1052
3,781
2,787
40,200,425
46,137,959
1,701
4,867
Yes
No
Covered By Section 5 of Voting Rights Act
Yes
No
6
2
4,108
8,472
425
522
37,298
4,903
445
114
91
4
120
597
39
23
0.11
0.22
0.05
0.35
0.15
0.05
0.02
114
90
4
120
596
38
23
2.2
4.7
0.5
13.5
2.6
0.7
0.4
114
91
4
120
597
39
23
258,345
227,994
407,721
71,554
2,296,236
1,542,632
272,843
732
123
286
999
1862
381
103
4.95
5.01
10.58
9.77
5.88
7.10
4.71
731
122
286
998
1860
380
103
98.4
96.5
99.9
99.3
98.4
99.7
99.8
732
123
286
999
1,862
381
103
8
55
10,946
45,227
127
861
0.06
0.16
126
859
0.8
3.3
127
861
2,001,994
3,075,331
1253
3233
6.91
5.92
1250
3230
99.5
98.6
1,253
3,233
1259
4754
1
62
3,863
52,310
113
875
0.08
0.13
113
872
1.4
2.2
113
875
1,461,445
3,615,880
1045
3441
6.95
6.04
1045
3435
99.8
98.6
1,045
3,441
5.75
12.78
2790
3223
20
43
972
55,201
40
948
0.14
0.12
40
945
5.0
2.1
40
948
355,246
4,722,079
1941
2545
5.65
6.33
1939
2541
99.8
98.9
1,941
2,545
4,582,580
6,808,703
278,090
13.24
12.62
3.85
906
4055
1052
14
46
3
41,998
9,193
4,982
338
482
168
0.18
0.04
0.18
335
482
168
3.0
0.7
17.0
338
482
168
1,991,146
2,939,067
147,112
833
3389
264
6.02
6.94
2.67
829
3387
264
98.0
99.7
96.9
833
3,389
264
3715
2324
5,663,201
6,006,172
12.63
11.79
3694
2319
28
35
45,736
10,437
627
361
0.14
0.07
624
361
2.5
1.3
627
361
2,504,815
2,572,510
2909
1577
6.04
6.52
2903
1577
98.2
99.6
2,909
1,577
41,451,444
44,886,940
1541
4498
6,674,553
4,994,820
14.19
10.25
1537
4476
21
42
21,110
35,063
618
370
0.06
0.26
615
370
1.1
5.5
618
370
2,873,489
2,203,836
1355
3131
6.35
6.18
1351
3129
99.3
98.4
1,355
3,131
468
6,100
25,887,743
60,450,641
447
5592
4,966,872
6,702,501
16.41
10.23
444
5569
4
59
28,763
27,410
184
804
0.11
0.13
181
804
1.6
3.2
184
804
1,982,362
3,094,963
279
4207
7.02
5.88
276
4204
98.6
99.1
279
4,207
880
5,688
21,772,674
64,565,710
812
5227
3,473,066
8,196,307
14.41
11.44
806
5207
23
40
9,893
46,280
130
858
0.08
0.14
129
856
1.0
2.8
130
858
1,676,757
3,400,568
601
3885
7.37
5.84
600
3880
99.4
98.7
601
3,885
16
39
State Wide Voter Registration System in Place
Yes
No
Election Day Registration
Yes
No
Provisional Ballot Acceptance
In Overall Jurisdiction
In Precinct Only
None
No Excuse Absentee Balloting
Yes
No
Early Voting Allowed
Yes
No
Covered By Section 203, Language Minority Requirements
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
Page 10 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Cases = Number of Jurisdictions Reporting Subject Matter
U.S. Congressional Drop­off
Number Total
U.S. Congressional Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
U.S. Congressional Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
Congress
Overvotes of
Undervotes
Congress
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For Congress
For Congress
Jurisdictions
Congress
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Cases
Exception
Congress
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
Congress
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
1,710
1,423
2,902
420
113
11,995,074
31,841,229
17,836,204
22,676,113
1,989,764
1622
1229
2673
404
111
2,086,110
5,367,441
1,350,836
2,832,987
31,999
15.04
14.95
7.06
11.40
1.58
1621
1224
2656
401
111
5
32
23
3
2,156
3,985
3,903
42,087
4,042
153
264
239
222
110
0.10
0.02
0.12
0.19
0.20
153
264
239
219
110
1.2
0.4
4.5
3.1
44.9
153
264
239
222
110
861,236
2,303,147
580,549
1,327,433
4,960
806
983
2309
278
110
9.76
6.59
4.49
5.97
0.25
805
983
2307
275
110
99.8
99.8
99.4
97.0
55.1
806
983
2,309
278
110
567
871
1,710
3,307
113
26,198,612
23,915,863
22,603,090
11,631,055
1,989,764
534
809
1461
3124
111
5,123,823
4,118,453
1,682,163
712,935
31,999
16.38
14.91
7.26
6.11
1.58
532
807
1454
3109
111
1
6
17
39
13,243
29,256
4,935
4,697
4,042
54
79
224
521
110
0.08
0.21
0.05
0.09
0.20
54
79
222
520
110
1.1
3.9
1.0
2.4
44.9
54
79
224
521
110
2,061,934
1,337,963
1,140,517
531,951
4,960
502
676
992
2206
110
7.43
5.74
6.04
5.90
0.25
501
676
989
2204
110
99.4
97.9
99.6
99.3
55.1
502
676
992
2,206
110
1,761
1,165
1,043
1,704
586
140
25
144
577,365
1,502,245
3,742,764
16,947,060
24,517,131
23,788,846
13,270,041
1,992,932
1751
1160
982
1431
456
109
18
132
64,320
134,114
316,967
1,345,305
2,077,370
5,043,763
2,655,478
32,056
11.12
8.87
8.16
7.65
8.04
17.74
16.67
1.58
1736
1158
981
1427
452
109
18
132
14
10
8
22
7
1
89
337
1,057
3,759
8,547
16,056
22,286
4,042
55
100
170
313
166
59
15
110
0.32
0.23
0.15
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.16
0.20
54
100
170
313
164
59
15
110
9.8
8.3
4.0
2.0
1.7
1.8
2.2
44.9
55
100
170
313
166
59
15
110
55,714
97,252
215,200
1,014,636
1,167,116
1,509,407
1,013,037
4,963
1336
787
682
1094
366
93
16
112
11.21
8.96
7.54
7.14
5.52
6.08
7.06
0.25
1332
787
682
1094
364
93
16
112
99.8 1,336
99.7
787
99.5
682
99.7 1,094
99.3
366
99.0
93
97.8
16
55.1
112
6,264 78,272,192
85 1,377,203
24
122,765
50 4,549,963
145 2,016,261
5767
69
24
46
133
10,597,752
374,394
5,912
659,259
32,056
12.21
22.78
4.65
12.66
1.58
5742
69
23
46
133
58
4
1
46,697
106
36
5,292
4,042
846
8
6
18
110
0.12
0.02
0.08
0.12
0.20
843
8
6
18
110
2.1
0.2
3.8
1.3
44.9
846
8
6
18
110
4,514,361
105,302
4,593
448,106
4,963
4281
50
13
30
112
6.26
6.15
4.44
8.95
0.25
4275
50
13
30
112
99.0 4,281
99.9
50
99.5
13
98.8
30
55.1
112
298
884
1,372
1,215
881
587
1,180
151
1,191,846
4,234,332
11,170,815
15,829,284
19,709,032
9,594,222
22,615,873
1,992,980
274
798
1228
1101
805
555
1142
136
148,881
306,675
773,203
1,768,738
2,574,659
2,770,377
3,294,782
32,058
12.40
7.39
6.90
10.27
11.75
22.58
12.77
1.58
274
795
1225
1096
800
549
1138
136
6
13
18
9
6
5
5
1
229
989
3,465
3,514
9,105
16,720
18,109
4,042
34
135
251
201
109
63
85
110
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.22
0.16
0.20
34
135
251
200
108
63
84
110
3.8
1.8
1.3
1.1
1.0
4.3
2.8
44.9
34
135
251
201
109
63
85
110
47,651
253,759
608,409
880,540
1,290,285
594,306
1,397,411
4,964
121
500
895
811
617
446
983
113
8.38
7.09
6.31
6.15
7.44
5.37
6.23
0.25
121
500
895
809
615
446
981
113
126
778,033
661 8,292,294
1,646 20,677,376
3,111 44,262,963
873 10,311,435
151 2,016,283
114
563
1469
2901
856
136
101,312
993,803
2,034,154
7,515,605
992,441
32,058
12.07
11.65
9.24
14.70
8.82
1.58
114
557
1467
2884
855
136
22
15
24
1
1
286
6,321
6,115
27,283
12,126
4,042
19
81
225
485
68
110
0.12
0.11
0.07
0.11
0.26
0.20
19
80
225
483
68
110
3.7
1.2
1.1
2.0
5.8
44.9
19
81
225
485
68
110
36,358
769,217
1,271,516
2,480,710
514,560
4,964
59
415
1055
2198
646
113
7.27
8.93
6.97
5.87
5.50
0.25
59
414
1055
2193
646
113
Name
For Demographics
Region
Northeast
South
Midwest
West
Territories
Urban to Rural
Urban
Suburban
Small Towns
Rural
Not Available ­ Territories
Size of Jurisdiction (VAP)
< 1,000
>=1,000 to <3,500
>=3,500 to <10,000
>=10,000 to <50,000
>=50,000 to <250,000
>=250,000 to <1,000,000
>=1,000,000
Not Available
1
Race and Ethnicity
Predominently NH White
Predominently NH Black
Predominently NH Native American
Predominently Hispanic
Not Available
Median Income
< $25,000
>=$25,000 to <$30,000
>=$30,000 to <$35,000
>=$35,000 to <$40,000
>=$40,000 to <$45,000
>=$45,000 to <$50,000
>=$50,000
Not Available
99.7
99.6
99.5
99.6
99.3
97.3
98.7
55.1
121
500
895
811
617
446
983
113
High School Education
< 60%
>=60% to <70%
>=70% to <80%
>=80% to <90%
>=90%
Not Available
Election Data Services, Inc. Confidential
9/22/05
99.3
59
99.2
415
99.6 1,055
98.9 2,198
97.7
646
55.1
113
Page 11 of 12
Overvotes and Undervotes
EAC Election Day Survey
Over and Undervotes 2004 General Election
Updated: 09/19/2005 13:05:59
Code
Cases = Number of Jurisdictions Reporting Subject Matter
U.S. Congressional Drop­off
Number Total
U.S. Congressional Overvotes
Percent
Total
Overvotes
U.S. Congressional Undervotes
Percent
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
Congress
Overvotes of
Undervotes
Congress
Undervotes of
OverVotes of
Total Over &
For
Undervotes of
Total Over &
Election
Ballots
Not Voting
Not Voting
Administration
For
For Congress
For Congress
Jurisdictions
Congress
Cases
(Drop­off)
(Drop­off)
Cases
Exception
Congress
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
Undervotes
Cases
Congress
Cases
Total Ballots
Cases
3,093 30,660,529
3,475 55,677,855
2870
3169
3,396,156
8,273,217
10.02
13.37
2853
3160
31
32
29,782
26,391
242
746
0.19
0.09
242
743
3.2
1.5
242
746
1,515,004
3,562,321
2335
2151
5.64
6.59
2333
2147
1
3
6
52
9,192
2,530
1,348
492
38,568
33
38
53
46
707
0.37
0.10
0.03
0.02
0.12
33
38
53
45
705
5.9
1.9
0.6
0.4
1.9
33
38
53
46
707
312,594
279,928
403,891
269,056
3,806,646
337
324
356
302
3050
5.60
5.59
6.09
6.66
6.60
337
324
356
301
3045
97.2
99.1
99.7
99.8
99.0
337
324
356
302
3,050
14,453
1,510
65
1,042
11,559
23,501
1
523
91
9
12
91
151
1
0.08
0.03
0.01
0.08
0.21
0.18
0.17
522
91
9
12
90
150
1
1.5
0.4
0.2
1.6
3.9
2.5
5.6
523
91
9
12
91
151
1
2,015,411
676,219
62,160
108,647
610,951
1,598,727
250
2035
647
72
104
631
880
7
6.05
6.28
7.90
5.20
6.04
7.30
11.45
2032
647
72
104
630
878
7
99.3
99.8
99.9
99.3
98.1
98.6
99.6
2,035
647
72
104
631
880
7
Name
For Undervotes
Cases
Political
Battleground States in 2004 Presidential Election
Yes
No
98.1 2,335
99.3 2,151
Margin of Victory in 2004 Presidential Election
< 2.5%
>=2.5% to < 5.0%
>=5.0% to < 7.5%
>=7.5% to < 10.0 %
>=10.0 %
Red vs Blue Jurisdictions Won By in 2004 Presidential Election
515
476
510
429
4,492
7,345,052
5,877,115
5,979,485
4,322,549
60,816,606
478
435
483
398
4117
1,257,012
429,030
2,145,845
273,060
7,531,991
14.73
6.89
26.58
6.03
11.35
475
433
482
397
4098
Bush > 55%
Bush 50% to 55%
Bush < 50%
Kerry < 50%
Kerry 50% to 55%
Kerry > 55%
Tied
3,115
982
136
150
872
1,161
25
36,235,076
12,785,725
1,008,995
2,418,039
10,476,132
21,413,183
9,178
2814
898
128
146
817
1102
17
3,469,067
2,067,621
207,051
282,559
1,887,529
3,722,885
662
9.10
14.03
17.11
10.55
15.45
15.01
7.14
2801
894
128
146
811
1099
17
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6
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Page 12 of 12