Warm-Up (1/23)
Based on the graph
below, calculate the
mean rate of
transcription between
30 and 40 minutes.
Express your answer in
units of mRNA Level
Units/min. Round your
answer to the nearest
whole number.
Last Friday’s Picture
UNIT
4B
Cladograms
UNIT
4C
1B.2.a: Phylogenic trees and cladograms can represent traits that are either
derived or lost due to evolution.
Illustrative example: absence of legs in some sea mammals
1B.2.b: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate speciation that has
occurred, in that relatedness of any two groups on the tree is shown by how
recently two groups had a common ancestor.
1B.2.c: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be constructed from
morphological similarities of living or fossil species, and from DNA and
protein sequence similarities, by employing computer programs that have
sophisticated ways of measuring and representing relatedness among
organisms.
1B.2.d: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are dynamic (i.e., phylogenetic
trees and cladograms are constantly being revised), based on the biological
data used, new mathematical and computational ideas, and current and
emerging knowledge.
UNIT
Cladograms
4C
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
Ice Age
Cladograms
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
UNIT
4C
Cladograms
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
UNIT
4C
UNIT
Cladograms
4C
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
Common
ancestor of all
animals in this
clade
node
Cladograms show speciation events
(depicted by nodes) over time,
beginning with a common ancestor.
UNIT
Cladograms
4C
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
Cladograms show speciation events
(depicted by nodes) over time,
beginning with a common ancestor.
TIME
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
Common
ancestor of all
animals in this
clade
node
UNIT
Cladograms
4C
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
Common
ancestor of all
animals in this
clade
node
Cladograms show speciation events
(depicted by nodes) over time,
beginning with a common ancestor.
The point just before a node
represents the common ancestor
between all species after that node.
Common
ancestor of
lizards, birds
and
mammals
TIME
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
UNIT
Cladograms
4C
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
Cladograms show speciation events
(depicted by nodes) over time,
beginning with a common ancestor.
The point just before a node
represents the common ancestor
between all species after that node.
Common
ancestor of all
animals in this
clade
node
Common
ancestor of
lizards, birds
and
synaptomorphy mammals
TIME
Synaptomorphies
are traits shared by
all organisms which
come after the
synaptomorphy.
UNIT
Cladograms
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
4C
Cladograms show speciation events
(depicted by nodes) over time,
beginning with a common ancestor.
The point just before a node
represents the common ancestor
between all species after that node.
TIME
Synaptomorphies
are traits shared by
all organisms which
come after the
synaptomorphy.
synaptomorphy
node
UNIT
Cladograms
Variation results in speciation:
the generation of a new species.
The evolutionary relationships
between a group of species is
depicted on a cladogram (AKA
phylogenetic tree).
4C
Cladograms show speciation events
(depicted by nodes) over time,
beginning with a common ancestor.
The point just before a node
represents the common ancestor
between all species after that node.
TIME
Synaptomorphies
are traits shared by
all organisms which
come after the
synaptomorphy.
The outgroup is the
species least
related to the rest in
the group.
synaptomorphy
node
UNIT
CTQ #1
4C
The following table lists presence (+) or
absence (-) of traits of a group of organisms.
R. catesbeiana
S. catenatus
D. rerio
P. troglodytes
Fur
+
Lost limbs
+
-
Amniotic eggs
+
+
+
Four limbs
+
+
Vertebrae
+
+
+
+
Based on these data, create a phylogenetic
tree which illustrates the evolutionary
relationships of the organisms. State which
organism is least related to the other
organisms. (LO 1.19)
UNIT
CTQ #2
4C
The cladogram below represents a group of invertebrates.
This cladogram could be used to answer which of the following
questions? (LO 1.17)|
a. Which two winged insects are most closely related?
b. At which point in time did eight-legged animals speciate from other
legged animals?
c. How does antenna length correlate with evolutionary relationships?
d. Which characteristics describe the common ancestor between
vertebrates and invertebrates?
Closure
Explain how mutations cause
speciation.