WTHS Biology
Keystone Exams
Biology Keystone Review Packet 10th / 11th Grade Keystone Test Prep ●
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This packet contains helpful information for you to prepare for the upcoming Biology Keystone Test on
May 15th and 16th . As you will see, this packet is broken down into several major themes that the
Keystone Test will cover. You will be assigned to do parts of this packet over the next several days for
a grade. Please take the time to read through and complete each section with your best possible
efforts. The preparation you put into this packet and trying to “re-learn” the material will benefit you
as if you do well on the test this time, you will not have to take it again. If the score of the test does
not meet expectations of the state, the test will need to be taken again. So this is a big deal. We all understand that you still have your regularly scheduled science class and that this is a lot of
stuff coming at you (again) in a short amount of time, but we are confident that we can do this
together. Refresh your biology memories, advocate for yourself with a science teacher if you do not
understand concepts or ideas, put forth a solid effort in completing the tasks and learning the
material…it can be done! Major themes covered in this packet: Themes of Life Organic Chemistry Cells and Cell Transport Energy Cell Reproduction & Genetics Protein Synthesis Evolution/Phylogeny Ecology Each section will have major vocabulary words that you should be familiar with, the major content
anchors that you should be able to answer questions about, some questions that will refresh your
memory and then some practice test questions. A wikispace has been set up to help you be successful in relearning the material. The address of the
wikispace is www.udkeystone.wikispaces.com – use this to your advantage. Your teachers have worked
very hard to help you – now it is your turn. Cell Reproduction & Genetics Vocabulary Al
l
e
l
e
Ce
l
l
c
y
c
l
e
Chr
omos
ome
s
Cl
oni
ng
Co‐
domi
na
nc
e
Cr
os
s
i
ng
ov
e
r
Cy
t
ok
i
ne
s
i
s
DNA r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on Domi
na
nt
i
nhe
r
i
t
a
nc
e
Ga
me
t
e
Ge
ne
Ge
ne
s
pl
i
c
i
ng
Ge
ne
t
he
r
a
py
Ge
ne
r
e
c
ombi
na
t
i
on Ge
ne
t
i
c
e
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
Ge
ne
t
i
c
s
I
nc
ompl
e
t
e
domi
na
nc
e
I
nhe
r
i
t
a
nc
e
I
nt
e
r
pha
s
e
Me
i
os
i
s
Mi
t
os
i
s
Mul
t
i
pl
e
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
Nondi
s
j
unc
t
i
on Pol
y
g
e
ni
c
t
r
a
i
t
Re
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
i
nhe
r
i
t
a
nc
e
S
e
mi
c
ons
e
r
v
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on S
e
x
‐
l
i
nk
e
d t
r
a
i
t
Ge
ne
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
modi
f
i
e
d or
g
a
ni
s
m g
e
not
y
pe
phe
not
y
pe
Concepts to Know Main Concept #1: Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division (i.e. mitosis), cytokinesis. ● T
he
Ce
l
l
c
y
c
l
e
–
pe
r
i
od of
t
i
me
f
r
om t
he
be
g
i
nni
ng
of
one
c
e
l
l
di
v
i
s
i
on t
o t
he
be
g
i
nni
ng
of
t
he
ne
x
t
o Dur
i
ng
t
he
c
e
l
l
c
y
c
l
e
,
a
c
e
l
l
g
r
ows
,
pr
e
pa
r
e
s
f
or
di
v
i
s
i
on,
a
nd di
v
i
de
s
t
o f
or
m t
wo da
ug
ht
e
r
c
e
l
l
s
,
e
a
c
h of
whi
c
h t
he
n be
g
i
ns
t
he
c
e
l
l
c
y
c
l
e
a
g
a
i
n o Cons
i
s
t
s
of
4 pha
s
e
s
▪ M pha
s
e
–
mi
t
os
i
s
–
t
he
di
v
i
s
i
on of
t
he
c
e
l
l
nuc
l
e
us
a
nd c
y
t
ok
i
ne
s
i
s
▪ G1 –
i
nt
e
ns
e
g
r
owt
h a
nd a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
▪ S
pha
s
e
–
c
opy
i
ng
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
▪ G2 –
i
nt
e
ns
e
g
r
owt
h a
nd a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
● G s
t
a
nds
f
or
g
a
p ● I
nt
e
r
pha
s
e
–
t
i
me
be
t
we
e
n t
wo c
e
l
l
di
v
i
s
i
ons
o I
nt
e
r
pha
s
e
c
a
n be
br
ok
e
n i
nt
o 3 pha
s
e
s
:
G1,
S
,
G2 ▪ G1 c
e
l
l
s
do mos
t
of
t
he
i
r
g
r
owi
ng
,
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
i
n s
i
z
e
a
nd s
y
nt
he
s
i
z
i
ng
ne
w pr
ot
e
i
ns
a
nd or
g
a
ne
l
l
e
s
▪ S
c
hr
omos
ome
s
a
r
e
dupl
i
c
a
t
e
d a
nd t
he
s
y
nt
he
s
i
s
of
DNA mol
e
c
ul
e
s
t
a
k
e
s
pl
a
c
e
● Onc
e
c
e
l
l
e
nt
e
r
s
S
pha
s
e
,
i
t
c
ompl
e
t
e
s
c
e
l
l
c
y
c
l
e
▪ G2 us
ua
l
l
y
s
hor
t
e
s
t
of
3 pha
s
e
s
● Or
g
a
ne
l
l
e
s
a
nd pr
ot
e
i
ns
r
e
qui
r
e
d f
or
c
e
l
l
di
v
i
s
i
on a
r
e
pr
oduc
e
d ● Ce
l
l
e
nt
e
r
s
M pha
s
e
onc
e
c
ompl
e
t
e
MITOSIS ●
1.
o
o
▪
▪
▪
●
o
o
2.
o
o
3.
o
o
o
o
4.
o
o
o
o
o
▪
▪
▪
●
Bi
ol
og
i
s
t
s
di
v
i
de
t
he
e
v
e
nt
s
of
mi
t
os
i
s
i
nt
o 4 pha
s
e
s
:
pr
opha
s
e
,
me
t
a
pha
s
e
,
a
na
pha
s
e
,
a
nd t
e
l
opha
s
e
pr
opha
s
e
–
1st a
nd l
ong
e
s
t
pha
s
e
of
mi
t
os
i
s
(
50‐
60% of
t
ot
a
l
t
i
me
)
c
hr
omos
ome
s
be
c
ome
v
i
s
i
bl
e
c
e
nt
r
i
ol
e
s
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
a
nd t
a
k
e
up pos
i
t
i
ons
on oppos
i
t
e
s
i
de
s
of
t
he
nuc
l
e
us
f
oc
a
l
poi
nt
t
ha
t
he
l
ps
or
g
a
ni
z
e
s
pi
ndl
e
(
f
a
n‐
l
i
k
e
mi
c
r
ot
ubul
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
t
ha
t
he
l
ps
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
t
he
c
hr
omos
ome
s
c
hr
omos
ome
s
a
t
t
a
c
h t
o s
pi
ndl
e
a
t
t
he
c
e
nt
r
ome
r
e
pl
a
nt
s
do not
ha
v
e
c
e
nt
r
i
ol
e
s
or
g
a
ni
z
e
s
pi
ndl
e
f
r
om a
r
e
a
s
c
a
l
l
e
d c
e
nt
r
os
ome
s
nuc
l
e
ol
us
di
s
a
ppe
a
r
s
nuc
l
e
a
r
e
nv
e
l
ope
br
e
a
k
s
down me
t
a
pha
s
e
–
2nd pha
s
e
of
mi
t
os
i
s
c
hr
omos
ome
s
l
i
ne
up a
l
ong
c
e
nt
e
r
of
t
he
c
e
l
l
mi
c
r
ot
ubul
e
s
c
onne
c
t
t
he
c
e
nt
r
ome
r
e
of
e
a
c
h c
hr
omos
ome
t
o t
he
pol
e
s
of
t
he
s
pi
ndl
e
a
na
pha
s
e
–
3rd pha
s
e
of
mi
t
os
i
s
c
e
nt
r
ome
r
e
s
t
ha
t
j
oi
n t
he
s
i
s
t
e
r
c
hr
oma
t
i
ds
s
pl
i
t
c
hr
oma
t
i
ds
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
a
nd be
c
ome
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
c
hr
omos
ome
s
c
hr
oma
t
i
ds
g
e
t
pul
l
e
d a
pa
r
t
,
t
o t
he
pol
e
s
of
t
he
s
pi
ndl
e
e
nds
whe
n t
he
y
s
t
op mov
i
ng
t
h
t
e
l
opha
s
e
–
4 pha
s
e
of
mi
t
os
i
s
c
hr
omos
ome
s
be
c
ome
l
oos
e
a
nd be
g
i
n t
o di
s
pe
r
s
e
nuc
l
e
a
r
e
nv
e
l
ope
r
e
f
or
ms
s
pi
ndl
e
br
e
a
k
s
a
pa
r
t
a
nuc
l
e
ol
us
r
e
a
ppe
a
r
s
c
y
t
ok
i
ne
s
i
s
–
di
v
i
s
i
on of
t
he
c
y
t
opl
a
s
m us
ua
l
l
y
oc
c
ur
s
a
t
t
he
s
a
me
t
i
me
a
s
t
e
l
opha
s
e
i
n a
ni
ma
l
s
,
c
e
l
l
me
mbr
a
ne
pi
nc
he
s
i
n a
t
t
he
mi
ddl
e
i
n pl
a
nt
s
,
c
e
l
l
pl
a
t
e
f
or
ms
mi
dwa
y
t
hr
oug
h t
he
c
e
l
l
be
g
i
nni
ng
a
t
t
he
c
e
l
l
wa
l
l
MEIOSIS ● me
i
os
i
s
i
s
a
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
r
e
duc
t
i
on di
v
i
s
i
on i
n whi
c
h t
he
numbe
r
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
pe
r
c
e
l
l
i
s
c
ut
i
n ha
l
f
a
nd homol
og
ous
c
hr
omos
ome
s
i
n a
di
pl
oi
d c
e
l
l
a
r
e
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
d o i
nv
ol
v
e
s
t
wo di
s
t
i
nc
t
s
t
a
g
e
s
:
me
i
os
i
s
I
a
nd me
i
os
i
s
I
I
o one
di
pl
oi
d c
e
l
l
be
c
ome
s
4 ha
pl
oi
d c
e
l
l
s
● homol
og
ous
–
t
wo s
e
t
s
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
(
one
f
r
om mom a
nd one
f
r
om da
d)
o i
f
a
c
e
l
l
ha
s
bot
h s
e
t
s
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
=
di
pl
oi
d (
2n)
▪ 2 c
ompl
e
t
e
s
e
t
s
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
wi
t
h 2 c
ompl
e
t
e
s
e
t
s
of
g
e
ne
s
o g
a
me
t
e
s
wi
t
h onl
y
one
s
e
t
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
=
ha
pl
oi
d (
n)
▪ c
ont
a
i
n onl
y
one
s
e
t
of
g
e
ne
s
● meiosis I –
pr
i
or
t
o me
i
os
i
s
I
,
e
a
c
h c
hr
omos
ome
i
s
r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
e
d o c
hr
omos
ome
s
l
i
ne
‐
up s
i
mi
l
a
r
t
o mi
t
os
i
s
,
e
x
c
e
pt
t
he
homol
og
ous
c
hr
omos
ome
s
f
or
a
t
e
t
r
a
d (
4 c
hr
oma
t
i
ds
)
▪ oc
c
ur
s
dur
i
ng
pr
opha
s
e
I
▪ c
r
os
s
i
ng
ov
e
r
ma
y
oc
c
ur
–
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
n t
he
e
x
c
ha
ng
e
of
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
be
t
we
e
n homol
og
ous
c
hr
omos
ome
s
a
nd pr
oduc
e
s
ne
w c
ombi
na
t
i
ons
of
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
o homol
og
ous
c
hr
omos
ome
s
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
a
nd t
wo ne
w c
e
l
l
s
a
r
e
f
or
me
d ● meiosis II –
c
e
l
l
s
f
r
om me
i
os
i
s
I
e
nt
e
r
me
i
os
i
s
I
I
o c
e
l
l
doe
s
not
unde
r
g
o c
hr
omos
ome
r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on o a
na
pha
s
e
I
I
–
c
hr
oma
t
i
ds
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
Main Concept #2: Compare the processes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear division. In the table provided, check all of the parts of the cell cycle that apply to the description in the left column. In mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II columns – state whether it happens in prophase (P), metaphase (M), anaphase (A), or telophase (T) Description / Event Interphas
e Mitosi
s Meiosis I Meiosis II Neither Nuc
l
e
a
r
me
mbr
a
ne
br
e
a
k
s
down S
e
x
c
e
l
l
s
r
e
s
ul
t
Da
ug
ht
e
r
c
e
l
l
s
a
r
e
i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
t
o pa
r
e
nt
Body
c
e
l
l
s
r
e
s
ul
t
Chr
oma
t
i
ds
l
i
ne
up s
i
ng
l
e
f
i
l
e
dur
i
ng
me
t
a
pha
s
e
F
i
na
l
c
hr
omos
ome
#
i
s
t
he
s
a
me
a
s
t
he
pa
r
e
nt
c
e
l
l
Di
pl
oi
d c
e
l
l
s
r
e
s
ul
t
a
t
e
nd Homol
og
ous
c
hr
omos
ome
s
j
oi
n T
e
t
r
a
ds
f
or
m DNA i
s
r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
e
d Chr
omos
ome
s
a
r
e
doubl
e
f
i
l
e
Cy
t
ok
i
ne
s
i
s
be
g
i
ns
T
r
a
ns
c
r
i
pt
i
on /
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
i
on oc
c
ur
S
pi
ndl
e
f
i
be
r
s
f
or
m Ha
pl
oi
d Ce
l
l
s
Re
s
ul
t
S
i
s
t
e
r
c
hr
oma
t
i
ds
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
Cr
os
s
i
ng
ov
e
r
ha
ppe
ns
DNA Re
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on oc
c
ur
s
● nondi
s
j
unc
t
i
on –
f
a
i
l
ur
e
of
homol
og
ous
c
hr
omos
ome
s
t
o s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
dur
i
ng
me
i
os
i
s
o i
f
nondi
s
j
unc
t
i
on oc
c
ur
s
,
a
bnor
ma
l
numbe
r
s
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
ma
y
f
i
nd t
he
i
r
wa
y
i
nt
o g
a
me
t
e
s
,
a
nd a
di
s
or
de
r
c
hr
omos
ome
numbe
r
s
ma
y
r
e
s
ul
t
Main Concept #3: Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information. ● DNA Re
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on –
c
opy
i
ng
of
DNA o E
ns
ur
e
s
t
ha
t
e
a
c
h r
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
c
e
l
l
wi
l
l
ha
v
e
a
c
ompl
e
t
e
s
e
t
of
DNA mol
e
c
ul
e
o Dur
i
ng
DNA r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on,
t
he
DNA mol
e
c
ul
e
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
s
i
nt
o t
wo s
t
r
a
nds
,
t
he
n pr
oduc
e
s
t
wo ne
w c
ompl
e
me
nt
a
r
y
s
t
r
a
nds
f
ol
l
owi
ng
t
he
r
ul
e
s
of
ba
s
e
pa
i
r
i
ng
.
E
a
c
h s
t
r
a
nd of
t
he
doubl
e
he
l
i
x
of
DNA s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
t
e
mpl
a
t
e
a
g
a
i
ns
t
whi
c
h t
he
ne
w s
t
r
a
nd i
s
ma
de
c
a
l
l
e
d s
e
mi
c
ons
e
r
v
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on Main Concept #4: Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance. ●
1.
o
o
2.
o
o
●
o
T
wo c
onc
l
us
i
ons
f
r
om Me
nde
l
’
s
e
x
pe
r
i
me
nt
s
wi
t
h t
he
pe
a
pl
a
nt
bi
ol
og
i
c
a
l
i
nhe
r
i
t
a
nc
e
i
s
de
t
e
r
mi
ne
d by
f
a
c
t
or
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
pa
s
s
e
d f
r
om one
g
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on t
o t
he
ne
x
t
=
genes e
a
c
h g
e
ne
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d one
t
r
a
i
t
wi
t
h t
wo c
ont
r
a
s
t
i
ng
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
or
ms
of
a
g
e
ne
=
alleles pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
of
domi
na
nc
e
–
s
t
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
s
ome
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
a
r
e
domi
na
nt
a
nd ot
he
r
s
a
r
e
r
e
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
or
g
a
ni
s
m wi
t
h domi
na
nt
a
l
l
e
l
e
f
or
a
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
f
or
m of
a
t
r
a
i
t
wi
l
l
a
l
wa
y
s
ha
v
e
t
ha
t
f
or
m or
g
a
ni
s
m wi
t
h r
e
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
a
l
l
e
l
e
f
or
a
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
f
or
m of
a
t
r
a
i
t
wi
l
l
ha
v
e
t
ha
t
f
or
m onl
y
S
e
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
on –
s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
on of
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
Done
dur
i
ng
f
or
ma
t
i
on of
g
a
me
t
e
s
(
r
e
pr
oduc
t
i
v
e
c
e
l
l
s
)
Main Concept #5: Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (ie. dominant, recessive, co‐dominance, incomplete dominance, sex‐linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles). ● Pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y
–
l
i
k
e
l
i
hood t
ha
t
a
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
e
v
e
nt
wi
l
l
oc
c
ur
o Pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
wo e
v
e
nt
s
ha
ppe
ni
ng
,
y
ou mul
t
i
pl
y
t
he
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
▪
o
●
●
●
●
●
●
Pa
s
t
out
c
ome
s
do not
a
f
f
e
c
t
f
ut
ur
e
one
s
T
he
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
of
pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y
c
a
n be
us
e
d t
o pr
e
di
c
t
t
he
out
c
ome
s
of
g
e
ne
t
i
c
c
r
os
s
e
s
Punne
t
t
s
qua
r
e
–
di
a
g
r
a
m t
ha
t
he
l
ps
de
t
e
r
mi
ne
g
e
ne
c
ombi
na
t
i
ons
t
ha
t
mi
g
ht
r
e
s
ul
t
f
r
om a
g
e
ne
t
i
c
c
r
os
s
Ca
pi
t
a
l
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
domi
na
nt
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
;
l
owe
r
c
a
s
e
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
l
owe
r
c
a
s
e
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
Homoz
y
g
ous
–
ha
v
e
t
wo i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
–
t
r
ue
‐
br
e
e
di
ng
He
t
e
r
oz
y
g
ous
–
ha
v
e
t
wo di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
–
hy
br
i
d –
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
Phe
not
y
pe
–
phy
s
i
c
a
l
f
e
a
t
ur
e
Ge
nt
oy
pe
–
g
e
ne
t
i
c
ma
k
e
‐
up ● f
or
t
wo g
e
ne
s
,
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
s
e
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
l
y
o i
nde
pe
nde
nt
a
s
s
or
t
me
nt
–
g
e
ne
s
s
e
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
l
y
a
nd do not
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
e
a
c
h ot
he
r
’
s
i
nhe
r
i
t
a
nc
e
▪ t
he
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
of
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
a
s
s
or
t
me
nt
s
t
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
g
e
ne
s
f
or
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
r
a
i
t
s
c
a
n s
e
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
l
y
dur
i
ng
t
he
f
or
ma
t
i
on of
g
a
me
t
e
s
● s
ome
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
a
r
e
ne
i
t
he
r
domi
na
nt
nor
r
e
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
,
a
nd ma
ny
t
r
a
i
t
s
a
r
e
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d by
mul
t
i
pl
e
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
or
mul
t
i
pl
e
g
e
ne
s
o i
nc
ompl
e
t
e
domi
na
nc
e
–
one
a
l
l
e
l
e
i
s
not
c
ompl
e
t
e
l
y
domi
na
nt
ov
e
r
a
not
he
r
▪ he
t
e
r
oz
y
g
ous
phe
not
y
pe
i
s
s
ome
whe
r
e
be
t
we
e
n t
wo homoz
y
g
ous
phe
not
y
pe
s
o c
odomi
na
nc
e
–
bot
h a
l
l
e
l
e
s
c
ont
r
i
but
e
t
o t
he
phe
not
y
pe
of
t
he
or
g
a
ni
s
m ▪ he
t
e
r
oz
y
g
ous
phe
not
y
pe
s
ha
v
e
s
ome
of
bot
h homoz
y
g
ous
phe
not
y
pe
s
o mul
t
i
pl
e
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
–
g
e
ne
s
t
ha
t
ha
v
e
mor
e
t
ha
n 2 pos
s
i
bl
e
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
o pol
y
g
e
ni
c
t
r
a
i
t
s
–
t
r
a
i
t
s
t
ha
t
r
e
s
ul
t
f
r
om t
he
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
on of
ma
ny
g
e
ne
s
▪ t
he
s
e
t
r
a
i
t
s
a
r
e
a
l
s
o g
r
e
a
t
l
y
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
d by
t
he
e
nv
i
r
onme
nt
Monohybrid Cross 1. T
wo f
i
s
h me
e
t
a
t
t
he
c
or
a
l
r
e
e
f
,
f
a
l
l
i
n l
ov
e
,
a
nd g
e
t
ma
r
r
i
e
d t
ha
t
s
a
me
ni
g
ht
.
T
he
y
de
c
i
de
t
o ma
k
e
ba
bi
e
s
r
i
g
ht
a
wa
y
.
T
he
mom f
i
s
h ha
s
a
bi
g
f
l
uf
f
y
t
a
i
l
(
T
T
)
whi
l
e
t
he
da
d ha
s
a
v
e
r
y
bor
i
ng
f
l
a
t
t
a
i
l
(
t
t
)
.
T
he
da
d i
s
wor
r
i
e
d t
ha
t
he
wi
l
l
pa
s
s
hi
s
ug
l
y
t
a
i
l
down t
o hi
s
k
i
ds
.
Wha
t
i
s
t
he
c
ha
nc
e
t
ha
t
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
c
hi
l
d wi
l
l
ha
v
e
a
f
l
a
t
t
a
i
l
?
T
=
f
l
uf
f
y
t
a
i
l t
=
f
l
a
t
t
a
i
l
Ge
not
y
pi
c
Ra
t
i
o:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Phe
not
y
pi
c
Ra
t
i
o:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Incomplete Dominance: 1. I
n J
a
pa
ne
s
e
f
our
‐
o’
c
l
oc
k
s
,
t
he
g
e
ne
f
or
r
e
d f
l
owe
r
c
ol
or
(
R)
i
s
i
nc
ompl
e
t
e
l
y
domi
na
nt
ov
e
r
t
he
whi
t
e
f
l
owe
r
c
ol
or
(
r
)
.
F
or
e
a
c
h of
t
he
f
ol
l
owi
ng
s
i
t
ua
t
i
ons
,
pr
e
di
c
t
t
he
g
e
not
y
pi
c
a
nd phe
not
y
pi
c
r
a
t
i
os
of
a
r
e
d pl
a
nt
c
r
os
s
e
d wi
t
h a
whi
t
e
pl
a
nt
.
Codominance 1. T
he
pa
l
omi
no hor
s
e
i
s
a
hy
br
i
d (
mi
x
)
s
howi
ng
a
g
ol
de
n c
oa
t
wi
t
h a
l
i
g
ht
e
r
ma
ne
a
nd t
a
i
l
.
A pa
i
r
of
c
odomi
na
nt
a
l
l
e
l
e
s
,
D1 a
nd D2 i
s
k
nown t
o be
i
nv
ol
v
e
d i
n t
hi
s
t
r
a
i
t
.
Hor
s
e
s
wi
t
h t
he
D1D1 g
e
not
y
pe
a
r
e
c
he
s
t
nut
c
ol
or
e
d,
hor
s
e
s
wi
t
h t
he
D1D2 g
e
not
y
pe
a
r
e
pa
l
omi
no,
a
nd hor
s
e
s
wi
t
h t
he
D2D2 g
e
not
y
pe
a
r
e
whi
t
e
i
n c
ol
or
.
A. T
wo pa
l
omi
no hor
s
e
s
a
r
e
ma
t
e
d by
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
ns
e
mi
na
t
i
on.
Wha
t
t
y
pe
s
of
of
f
s
pr
i
ng
c
oul
d be
pr
oduc
e
d?
Sex‐Linked Traits 1. Whi
t
e
e
y
e
d f
r
ui
t
f
l
i
e
s
a
r
e
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
of
a
s
e
x
‐
l
i
nk
e
d r
e
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
g
e
ne
.
S
how t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
f
r
om a
c
r
os
s
be
t
we
e
n a
r
e
d‐
e
y
e
d (
R)
ma
l
e
a
nd whi
t
e
‐
e
y
e
d (
r
)
f
e
ma
l
e
f
r
ui
t
f
l
y
.
Main Concept #6: Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy). s
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
br
e
e
di
ng
–
a
l
l
owi
ng
onl
y
t
hos
e
a
ni
ma
l
s
wi
t
h de
s
i
r
e
d c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
t
o pr
oduc
e
t
he
ne
x
t
g
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on huma
ns
us
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
br
e
e
di
ng
t
o pa
s
s
de
s
i
r
e
d t
r
a
i
t
s
on t
o t
he
ne
x
t
g
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on of
or
g
a
ni
s
ms
g
e
ne
t
i
c
e
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
–
ma
k
i
ng
c
ha
ng
e
s
i
n t
he
DNA c
ode
of
l
i
v
i
ng
or
g
a
ni
s
ms
Cut
t
i
ng
/
S
pl
i
c
i
ng
DNA Re
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
on e
nz
y
me
s
–
c
ut
s
DNA a
t
a
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
s
e
que
nc
e
of
nuc
l
e
ot
i
de
s
c
ut
t
i
ng
a
nd pa
s
t
i
ng
r
e
c
ombi
na
nt
DNA –
t
a
k
i
ng
DNA a
nd “
pa
s
t
i
ng
”
i
t
t
o a
not
he
r
or
g
a
ni
s
m’
s
DNA t
r
a
ns
g
e
ni
c
or
g
a
ni
s
ms
/
g
e
ne
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
modi
f
i
e
d or
g
a
ni
s
ms
–
or
g
a
ni
s
ms
t
ha
t
c
ont
a
i
n g
e
ne
s
f
r
om ot
he
r
or
g
a
ni
s
ms
us
i
ng
t
he
ba
s
i
c
t
e
c
hni
que
s
of
g
e
ne
t
i
c
e
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
,
a
g
e
ne
f
r
om one
or
g
a
ni
s
m c
a
n be
i
ns
e
r
t
e
d i
nt
o c
e
l
l
s
f
r
om a
not
he
r
or
g
a
ni
s
m.
T
he
s
e
t
r
a
ns
f
or
me
d c
e
l
l
s
c
a
n t
he
n be
us
e
d t
o g
r
ow ne
w or
g
a
ni
s
ms
● c
l
one
–
me
mbe
r
of
a
popul
a
t
i
on or
g
e
ne
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
c
e
l
l
s
pr
oduc
e
d f
r
om a
s
i
ng
l
e
c
e
l
l
● g
e
ne
t
he
r
a
py
i
s
t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
a
t
t
e
mpt
i
ng
t
o c
ur
e
g
e
ne
t
i
c
di
s
or
de
r
s
by
pl
a
c
i
ng
c
opi
e
s
of
he
a
l
t
hy
g
e
ne
s
i
nt
o c
e
l
l
s
t
ha
t
l
a
c
k
t
he
m Practice Questions: ●
o
●
●
o
o
▪
●
o
1. Whi
c
h s
t
a
t
e
me
nt
best de
s
c
r
i
be
s
t
he
pha
s
e
of
t
he
c
e
l
l
c
y
c
l
e
s
hown?
A.
T
he
c
e
l
l
i
s
i
n pr
opha
s
e
of
mi
t
os
i
s
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
numbe
r
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
ha
s
doubl
e
d.
B.
T
he
c
e
l
l
i
s
i
n pr
opha
s
e
I
of
me
i
os
i
s
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
numbe
r
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
ha
s
doubl
e
d.
C.
T
he
c
e
l
l
i
s
i
n t
e
l
opha
s
e
of
mi
t
os
i
s
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
c
e
l
l
i
s
s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
ng
a
nd c
ont
a
i
ns
t
wo c
opi
e
s
of
e
a
c
h c
hr
omos
ome
.
D.
T
he
c
e
l
l
i
s
i
n t
e
l
opha
s
e
of
me
i
os
i
s
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
c
e
l
l
i
s
s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
ng
a
nd c
ont
a
i
ns
t
wo c
opi
e
s
of
e
a
c
h c
hr
omos
ome
.
2. Mi
t
os
i
s
a
nd me
i
os
i
s
a
r
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
by
whi
c
h a
ni
ma
l
a
nd pl
a
nt
c
e
l
l
s
di
v
i
de
.
Whi
c
h s
t
a
t
e
me
nt
best de
s
c
r
i
be
s
a
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
t
we
e
n mi
t
os
i
s
a
nd me
i
os
i
s
?
A.
Me
i
os
i
s
i
s
a
mul
t
i
‐
s
t
e
p pr
oc
e
s
s
.
B.
Mi
t
os
i
s
oc
c
ur
s
onl
y
i
n e
uk
a
r
y
ot
i
c
c
e
l
l
s
.
C.
Me
i
os
i
s
i
s
us
e
d i
n t
he
r
e
pa
i
r
of
a
n or
g
a
ni
s
m.
D.
Mi
t
os
i
s
pr
oduc
e
s
g
e
ne
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
da
ug
ht
e
r
c
e
l
l
s
.
Suppose that the central C‐G base pair in the DNA molecule below is substituted by an A‐T base pair. 3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
Wha
t
i
s
t
he
mos
t
l
i
k
e
l
y
r
e
s
ul
t
of
t
hi
s
mut
a
t
i
on?
g
e
ne
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
on g
e
ne
t
i
c
c
l
one
s
i
nc
ompl
e
t
e
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
i
on i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
of
f
s
pr
i
ng
He
mophi
l
i
a
i
s
a
n i
nhe
r
i
t
a
bl
e
g
e
ne
t
i
c
di
s
or
de
r
t
ha
t
pr
ohi
bi
t
s
t
he
pr
ope
r
f
or
ma
t
i
on of
bl
ood c
l
ot
s
.
T
he
r
e
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
g
e
ne
t
ha
t
c
a
us
e
s
he
mophi
l
i
a
i
s
l
oc
a
t
e
d on t
he
X‐
c
hr
omos
ome
.
Gi
v
e
n t
hi
s
i
nf
or
ma
t
i
on,
whi
c
h of
t
he
f
ol
l
owi
ng
s
t
a
t
e
me
nt
s
i
s
t
r
ue
?
I
n or
de
r
f
or
a
ma
l
e
of
f
s
pr
i
ng
t
o be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
,
hi
s
mot
he
r
mus
t
be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
.
I
n or
de
r
f
or
a
f
e
ma
l
e
of
f
s
pr
i
ng
t
o be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
,
he
r
f
a
t
he
r
mus
t
be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
.
I
n or
de
r
f
or
a
ma
l
e
of
f
s
pr
i
ng
t
o be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
,
hi
s
f
a
t
he
r
mus
t
be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
.
I
n or
de
r
f
or
a
f
e
ma
l
e
of
f
s
pr
i
ng
t
o be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
,
he
r
mot
he
r
mus
t
be
a
he
mophi
l
i
a
c
.
Whi
c
h of
t
he
f
ol
l
owi
ng
s
t
a
t
e
me
nt
s
i
s
t
r
ue
?
a. Mi
t
os
i
s
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
n t
he
f
or
ma
t
i
on of
t
wo ha
pl
oi
d g
a
me
t
e
s
whi
c
h c
a
n t
he
n c
ombi
ne
t
o f
or
m a
di
pl
oi
d da
ug
ht
e
r
c
e
l
l
.
b. Dur
i
ng
t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
me
i
os
i
s
,
ha
pl
oi
d c
e
l
l
s
a
r
e
f
or
me
d.
Af
t
e
r
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on,
t
he
di
pl
oi
d numbe
r
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
i
s
r
e
s
t
or
e
d.
c. T
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
me
i
os
i
s
f
or
ms
da
ug
ht
e
r
c
e
l
l
s
whi
c
h a
r
e
g
e
ne
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
t
o t
he
i
r
pa
r
e
nt
c
e
l
l
s
.
d. T
he
da
ug
ht
e
r
c
e
l
l
s
f
or
me
d dur
i
ng
mi
t
os
i
s
a
r
e
g
e
ne
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
mi
l
a
r
t
o,
t
houg
h not
i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
t
o,
t
he
i
r
pa
r
e
nt
c
e
l
l
.
6. Whi
c
h of
t
he
f
ol
l
owi
ng
be
s
t
de
s
c
r
i
be
s
t
he
wa
y
t
ha
t
g
e
ne
s
,
c
hr
omos
ome
s
,
a
nd DNA a
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d?
a. Chr
omos
ome
s
c
ont
a
i
n s
e
v
e
r
a
l
g
e
ne
s
,
whi
c
h a
r
e
ma
de
up of
s
e
que
nc
e
s
of
DNA.
b. Ge
ne
s
c
ont
a
i
n s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
hr
omos
ome
s
,
whi
c
h a
r
e
ma
de
up of
s
e
que
nc
e
s
of
DNA.
c. Ge
ne
s
c
ont
a
i
n s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
e
que
nc
e
s
of
DNA,
whi
c
h a
r
e
ma
de
up of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
.
d. S
e
que
nc
e
s
of
DNA c
ont
a
i
n s
e
v
e
r
a
l
g
e
ne
s
,
whi
c
h a
r
e
ma
de
up of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
.
7. I
f
a
c
a
t
ha
s
38 c
hr
omos
ome
s
i
n e
a
c
h of
i
t
s
body
c
e
l
l
s
,
how ma
ny
c
hr
omos
ome
s
wi
l
l
be
i
n e
a
c
h da
ug
ht
e
r
c
e
l
l
a
f
t
e
r
mi
t
os
i
s
?
a. 19
c
.
11 b. 76
d.
38 8. T
om i
s
g
oi
ng
t
o buy
t
wo ha
ms
t
e
r
s
.
He
wa
nt
s
t
o br
e
e
d t
he
m a
nd s
e
l
l
t
he
ba
by
ha
ms
t
e
r
s
t
o a
l
oc
a
l
pe
t
s
t
or
e
.
T
he
s
t
or
e
owne
r
t
e
l
l
s
hi
m t
ha
t
hi
s
c
us
t
ome
r
s
pr
e
f
e
r
da
r
k
br
own ha
ms
t
e
r
s
wi
t
h whi
t
e
be
l
l
i
e
s
,
l
ong
f
ur
,
bl
a
c
k
e
y
e
s
,
a
nd l
ong
t
a
i
l
s
.
T
om f
ound a
f
e
ma
l
e
ha
ms
t
e
r
wi
t
h a
l
l
of
t
hos
e
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
Whi
c
h ma
l
e
ha
ms
t
e
r
s
houl
d T
om buy
i
n or
de
r
t
o ha
v
e
t
he
BE
S
T
c
ha
nc
e
of
br
e
e
di
ng
ba
by
ha
ms
t
e
r
s
wi
t
h MOS
T
of
t
hos
e
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
?
Hamster W _ Hamster X _ Hamster Y _ Hamster Z T
a
n F
ur
Da
r
k
Br
own F
ur
T
a
n F
ur
Da
r
k
Br
own F
ur
Whi
t
e
Be
l
l
y
Whi
t
e
Be
l
l
y
Whi
t
e
Be
l
l
y
Da
r
k
Br
own Be
l
l
y
L
ong
F
ur
L
ong
F
ur
S
hor
t
F
ur
L
ong
F
ur
L
ong
T
a
i
l
L
ong
T
a
i
l
L
ong
T
a
i
l
S
hor
t
T
a
i
l
Br
own E
y
e
s
Br
own E
y
e
s
Bl
a
c
k
E
y
e
s
Bl
a
c
k
E
y
e
s
a. W
c
.
Y
b. Z
d.
X Open‐ended Question: 9.
Pa
t
a
u s
y
ndr
ome
c
a
n be
a
l
e
t
ha
l
g
e
ne
t
i
c
di
s
or
de
r
i
n ma
mma
l
s
,
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
f
r
om c
hr
omos
ome
s
f
a
i
l
i
ng
t
o s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
dur
i
ng
me
i
os
i
s
.
Part A: I
de
nt
i
f
y
t
he
s
t
e
p dur
i
ng
t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
me
i
os
i
s
whe
n c
hr
omos
ome
s
woul
d most likely f
a
i
l
t
o s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
.
Most likely chromosomes would fair to separate during anaphase I or Anaphase II. In
anaphase, chromosomes (anaphase I) or sister chromatids (anaphase II) are supposed to
separate, or move AWAY from each other. This is called Nondisjunction.
Part B: De
s
c
r
i
be
how c
hr
omos
ome
s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
on i
n me
i
os
i
s
i
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
om c
hr
omos
ome
s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
on i
n mi
t
os
i
s
.
During meiosis cells and the genetic material is divided twice (the first set of division is
meiosis I and the second set is meiosis II). In mitosis, the cell and chromosomes divide
once.
Part C: Compa
r
e
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
a
di
s
or
de
r
c
a
us
e
d by
c
hr
omos
ome
s
f
a
i
l
i
ng
t
o s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
dur
i
ng
me
i
os
i
s
,
s
uc
h a
s
Pa
t
a
u s
y
ndr
ome
,
t
o t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
c
hr
omos
ome
s
f
a
i
l
i
ng
t
o s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
dur
i
ng
mi
t
os
i
s
.
Due to the improper number of chromosomes, the organism has an improper amount of
genetic material in the form of DNA of the sperm or egg. This mutation will be found in
every cell of the organism‛s body.
If chromosomes fail to separate during mitosis, it does not affect the sex cells but a
body cell. This mutant body cell then can be reproduced and produce more of the abnormal
cells. The cell either dies or is replicated quickly. This could possibly lead to cancer if the
cells are not destroyed by the immune system.