AMBORELLALES
Amborella trichopoda:
An isolated species.
Evidence suggests it
is sister to all other
flowering plants.
2:6
(1) Cabomb-
6:58
Water lilies,
Barclaya
Nymphaeaceae
freshwater
1:12
Annual,
tufted aquatics
Hydatellaceae
Austr, NZ,
India
7:102
Cosmopolitan,
temperate
Freshwater herbs
Pondweed
(Potamogeton)
4:15
4:15
Arrowgrass
Arrowgrass
(Triglochin)
Marsh
herbs
Juncaginaceae
Juncaginaceae
Marsh herbs
Cosmopolitan,
Cosmopolitan
coastal
coastal (3)
106:4025
Araceae
Arum,Philodendron,
Taro,Monstera,Anthurium,
Duckweed,Water lettuce
Herbs,climbers,aquatics
including Lemna
Cosmopolitan, (1)
tropics
1:2-4
Acoraceae
Sweet flag
Wet: N Am,
Eurasia
2:14
Eel-grass
Zosteraceae
Aponogetonaceae
1:1-10
Ditchgrass
Ruppiaceae
Subaquatic,
coasts
1:9
Med, Austr
Posidoniaceae
Submarine
5:16
Cymodoceaceae
Manatee grasses
Undersea grass
Trop & warm
sea,Austr
15:88
Aquatic and
Marsh
Cape pondweed, Scheuchmarsh herbs
Alismataceae
Water hawthorn
zeriaceae
Aqu/marsh herbs NArrowgrass
Water plantain
polar: 1:1
OW trop,S Afr
polar 1:1
N
Cosmopolitan,
Pod-grass
1:43
(4) N temp,Am
1:1
18:116
OW temp
Small herbs
Frogbit, Elodea Butomaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Tofieldiaceae
Flowering
rush
Submersed aquatics,
SE USA,N S Am
CERATOPHYLLALES
Position unclear, possibly
sister to the Eudicots.
N temp
3-5:27
Lauraceae
Siparunaceae
Monimiaceae
Cinnamon, Bay,
Avocado, Camphor,
(Sub)tropics,
Sassafras: Trees,
Austr, S Am,
shrubs, parasitic
SE Asia
vines: (Sub)trop,
SE As,S Am
5:55
1:1
Greasenut
GomortegHernandiaceae
Chile aceae LAURALES
Trees, shrubs,
Aromatic
vines
tree
Pantropical,
coastal
Aromatic
trees: (Sub)trop
Am, Gtr Afr
White cinnamon
Aromatic
shrubs, trees,
few lianas
6-7:16
Atherospermataceae
E&W S Pacific
Trees, shrubs
Blackheart
sassafras
4-7:60-90
Trees and shrubs
Winter’s bark
Warm mts & cool
temp:S hemis,
not Afr
Gtr Afr, 2:7
C&S Am
(2)
EUDICOTS
44:760
Herbs, few
shrubs,vines
Papaveraceae
Poppy, Fumitory,
Opium, Hypecoum
Widespread,
N temp
Burmanniaceae
3:100
Sabiaceae
Trees,shrubs,
few climbers
Tropical Am,
S&E As
Trees
Trochodendraceae
S&E Asia
2:2
4:11
Trees
Ranunculaceae
Buttercup, Hellebore,
Anemone, Clematis,
Glaucidium, Hydrastis etc
Herbs,climbers,shrubs
Cosmopolitan,
N temp
Peridiscaceae
Tropical
S Am,W Afr
(1)
N hemisphere,
E As, EN Am
16:170
Bog
asphodel
Nartheciaceae
N temp, NS Am,
SE Asia:Herbs
4-5:41
2:4
SW Pacific
Campynemataceae
Herbs
1:1
E Austr
Petermanniaceae
Climber
Altingiaceae
Paeoniaceae
Sweetgum
Peony, Moutan S&E As, Med,
Herbs & shrubs
C&N Am
N temperate,
Trees
E Asia
27:82
Witch hazel
Hamamelidaceae
Trees, shrubs
Widespread,
E As
Asteliaceae
Tropics-temp,
S Africa
7-9:200
S&C Pacific,
Indian Ocean
Herbs
Austr (1)
Boryaceae
Xeromorphic
‘lily trees’
2:12
1:2
Doryanthaceae
Giant herbs
E Austr
Asparagaceae
Widespread: Squill,
Asparagus, Hyacinth,
Yucca, Agave, Ruscus,
Aspidistra, Cordyline
Herbs,shrubs,
trees,succs
(4)
(3)
60:1605
Geophytic herbs
Amaryllidaceae
Asphodel,
Aloe, Daylily
Widespread, Austr
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Geophytic herbs
to ‘grass trees’
35:900
(2)
Agapanthus, Garlic,
Onion, Daffodil, Clivia,
Amaryllis, Snowdrop
Widespread
LILIALES
(1) includes
Luzuriagaceae.
ASPARAGALES
ZYGOPHYLLALES
1:18
Rhatany
Krameriaceae
Hemiparasitic
herbs & shrubs
America
CELASTRALES
(1) includes
Stackhousiaceae,
Parnassiaceae and
Pottingeriaceae.
22:285
Lignum vitae,
Creosote bush
Zygophyllaceae
Herbs, shrubs,
few trees: xeros
Widespread,
(sub)trop
Position of (1) uncertain. (2) includes
Asphodelaceae and Hemerocallidaceae,
(3) Alliaceae and Agapanthaceae, and
(4) Agavaceae, Aphyllanthaceae,
Hyacinthaceae, Laxmanniaceae,
Themidaceae and Ruscaceae.
2:2-3
Lepidobotryaceae
C&S Am,Afr
Trees
95:1400
(1) Staff trees,Kokoon,
Spindle trees,Mayten,
Khat,Grass of Parnassus
1:4
Blandfordiaceae
Lily-like herbs
E Austr
Plants of varied habitat, including
important component of tropical
rainforest understorey. (1) includes
Turneraceae & Malesherbiaceae,
(2) Hugoniaceae, (3) Aneulophus,
(4) Medusagyne & Quiinaceae, (5)
Samydaceae, Scyphostegiaceae
and Trichostephanus, (6) Bhesa.
(7), (8) and (9) need regrouping.
Many relationships unresolved
4:5
Herbs
Philydraceae
E Asia,
Austr
9:33
Pickerelweed,
Water hyacinth
Pontederiaceae
Aq/marsh herbs
(Sub)tropics,
temp,Am
2:35
Banana,
Manila hemp
Musaceae
Xeronemataceae
Large herbs
1:2 NZ, New
Caledonia
Giant herbs
OW (sub)trop
forests
This chart is based on the extensive recent work aimed at resolving the molecular
phylogeny of flowering plants (see the references below) and is updated as new
results become available. It depicts a classification in terms of a hierarchical
grouping of families. Most placements are now well-established, but uncertainties
remain - these we have tried to indicate on the chart (see the inset below for details).
The aim of the chart is to present some of the recent work in plant phylogeny in an
attractive and easily assimilable form and, at the same time, to provide a map of
flowering plant families with brief notes on each family. We hope that this will provide
a useful resource. Conservation of all biodiversity is both highly important and urgent.
Many species of significance in plant phylogeny are particularly endangered.
Spiderwort,
Tradescantia
Commelinaceae
Succulent herbs,
few climbers
(Sub)tropics
40:652
MONOCOTS
14:116
Bloodwort,
Kangaroo paw
Haemodoraceae
Austr, S Af, Am,
New Guinea
Herbs
1:15
Lowiaceae
Bird
of paradise
Orchid-like
forest herbs Strelitziaceae
S Am,Gtr Afr
SE Asia
4:16
DasypogonStout aceae
herbs to
small trees
W&S Austr
3:7
4:110
ZINGIBERALES
Costaceae
Aromatic
forest herbs
Large herbs
Pantropical: Am,
SE As - Austr
Costa
1:100-200
Large herbs
57:1400
Bromeliaceae
Bromeliads: Airplants,
Pineapple,Spanish moss
Herbs and shrubs,
xerophytes & epiphytes
(Sub)tropic Am,
Cattail,
1 sp W Af
Bur-reed
Typhaceae (1)
Widespread
Marsh herbs
2:22-27
Heliconiaceae
Lobster-claw
(Heliconia)
S and C Am,
SW Pacific
31:550
Zingiberaceae
Herbs, lianas
Ginger, E Ind arrowroot,
1:10
Marantaceae
Cardamom, Turmeric
Cannaceae
Bamburanta,
Prayer
Pantropical,
plant,W.Ind arrowroot, (Sub)trop Am
Indomalaysia
Water canna
Large lily-like
c50:c1200
(Sub)tropics,
herbs
Am
Canna
EUDICOTS
MALPIGHIALES
Austr,
S&E Asia1:6
HanguanMarsh aceae
herbs
COMMELINALES
Perennial herbs
Widespread
120-150:
2300-2650
15:245
Gloriosa,
Meadow saffron
Vitaceae
1:10
Daphniphyllaceae
Trees, shrubs
E&S Asia
2-4:36
Astelia
8:23
Tecophilae67:1800
aceae
Iridaceae
Cormose herbs
Crocus, Iris, Freesia,
Chile, Calif,
Gtr Afr
Crocosmia, Gladiolus
Alstroemer-
Herbs, iaceae
climbers:Peruvian
lily, Bomarea
C&S Am,NZ,
Austr
(1)
14:850
Grape,Cissus,Leea
Climbers, herbs,
shrubs & trees
Widespread,
(sub)tropics
(Sub)tropics few Afr & temp
Trees, shrubs, vines
Palms: Date, Sago,
Coconut,Rattan,
Areca,Talipot
Cosmopolitan,wet tropics
Mycorrhizal herbs, many
epiphytic, some lianas
and subterranean
788:20000
Hypoxidaceae
Cormose
herbs 1:3
Ixioliriaceae
Egypt to
C As
5:170
Geophytes, some
climbers
OW, N Am
Position unclear,
possibly sister
to other Rosids.
Hypoxis
Herbs: corms
or rhizomes
1:6
SW Pacific
Rhipogonaceae
Climbers
Colchicaceae
VITALES
1:2
Cercidiphyllaceae
Katsura tree
E Asia
Liliaceae
SS Am
Lapageria
Philesiaceae
Shrubs, 2:2
vines
Melanthiaceae
(1) includes Taccaceae and (2)
Thismiaceae, both provisionally.
TROCHODENDRALES
1:13
1:33
Herbs
Paris, Trillium,
False hellebores
Woolly
lily-like herbs
Lanariaceae
Afr Cape
1:1
Lily, Fritillary,
Tulip,Calochortus
Geophytic herbs
N temp,E As,
N Am
Herbs:
saprophytic
Corsiaceae
W Pacific,
S S Am
3:30
DIOSCOREALES
Trees, shrubs
Austr, NZ, (S) Afr,
C&S Am,S&E As
Arid areas
Berberidaceae
Trees, shrubs, herbs
N temp, SE As,
C&S Am mts
62:2525
Trees,
shrubs, lianas
Screw pines
Climbers, herbs
Pantropical
4:817
PROTEALES
70:420
Lianas, trees,
shrubs and herbs
Menispermaceae
Moonseed, Curare
(Chondrodendron)
14:701
(Sub)tropics,
Barberry,
few temp
Epimedium,Twinleaf,Sacred bamboo
Prickly climbers
Widespread
2:315
Herbs, shrubs,
lianas
Tropic Am
Dioscoreaceae
Nelumbo1:10
80:1600
1:1-2 naceae Platanaceae
Sacred lotus
Proteaceae
Am, S As,
Plane trees
Grevillea, Banksia,
N Austr
N Am,SE As, Macadamia, Protea
For more than 250 years, families of flowering plants and relationships between
families were determined mainly by morphology (the structure, shape and number
of plant parts). Since the early 1990s, genetic information has become available
and now the affinity of species, genera and families is based primarily on this
molecular evidence. The previous morphological classifications were, to some
extent, supported by the molecular analysis. However, major changes have been
necessary both to the circumscription of some families and to the placement of
families relative to each other and to the corresponding higher groupings.
189:2361
Arecaceae ARECALES
Orchids,
including vanilla,
helleborines,salep etc.
16:635
Smilacaceae
Cyclanthaceae
Yams,
Tropics, E As,
Black bryony,
NZ,(US?)
Bat plant, Ube,
(1) Polynesian arrowroot
CORE EUDICOTS
S Europe
Smilax,
Sarsaparilla
Arid: Tropical
S Am,Gtr Afr,
China
13:126
Mycotrophic
forest herbs,
inc Thismia (2)
Shrub
PIPERALES
Orchidaceae
12:225
Panama hat
plant
Velloziaceae
PETROSAVIALES
This chart depicts a phylogeny of all existing flowering plants. The disks represent
families of plants. Groups of related families are indicated by a hierarchy of regions.
Some of these groups are named. Insets below explain how to interpret the chart
and describe the information associated with each family.
Betel pepper,Kava,Cubeb
Aristolochiaceae
Shrubs, herbs,
Herbs, shrubs,vines 1:1Lactorismall trees and lianas
Root
daceae
parasites
Widespread,
Pantropical,
Juan FernHydnoraceae
andez Is
not Arctic
forests
Winteraceae
PANDANALES
8:48
(Sub)tropics
Triuridaceae
Pandanaceae
Non-green
OW (sub)tropics,
saprophytic
coast & marsh
herbs
3:885
Petro9:240
saviaceae
Xeromorphic
Herbs & myco
shrubs
-trophs 2:4
S&EAs
A chart of flowering plant families
5-8:480
Birthwort, Pipevine, Snake-root
CANELLALES
Herbs,
climbers
Stemonaceae
E As, Austr,
E N Am
4:27
including marine
Cosmopolitan,
tropics
RANUNCULALES
2:2
Circaeasteraceae
India,China
Herbs
N Am, E As,
NE Austr
Indian mast tree
Trees, shrubs, lianas
Pantropical,N Am,
Old World
ALISMATALES
Mainly families of aquatic plants,
(except (1) and (2)), with the only
truly marine flowering plants. (3)
includes Lilaeaceae and Maundia,
(4) Limnocharitaceae.
Undersea grass
Subtropicaltemp
ACORALES
9:36
Akebia,
Sargentodoxa
Lardizabalaceae
Vines, shrubs
S & E Asia,
Chile
Forest
trees, often
aromatic
50:2500
2:75
Yerba
mansa 5:6
5:3615
Saururaceae
Piperaceae
E As, N Am
Pepper, Pepper elder,
Herbs
Canellaceae
Calycanthaceae Trop Am, W Afr
EupomAnnonaceae
atiaceae 1:3
Ylang-ylang,Sweetsop, Trees,shrubs
Soursop,Custard apple, New Guinea
E Austr
Pawpaw (Asimina),
Nutmeg, Mace
Pantropical
20:475
MAGNOLIALES
Potamogetonaceae
E Asia
Eupteleaceae
Tree, shrub
1:2
Trees and shrubs
Magnolia,Champak,
Tulip tree
2: 227
129:2220
Myristicaceae
Chloranthaceae
Pacific,S&E As,
tropical Am,
Madgscr
5:11
Sweetshrub
Shrubs, trees
Himantandraceae
Trees 1:2
SE Asia,
Austr
ANGIOSPERMS: The flowering plants
MAGNOLIIDS
5:13
22:200
Trees,
shrubs, lianas
MONOCOTS
AUSTROBAILEYALES
(1) includes
Illicium.
EUDICOTS
Age: c125 Mya
(triaperturate
pollen appears).
NYMPHAEALES
(1) & (2) aquatics with
diverse flower structure.
(3) many characters
anomalous.
4:75
Herbs,
shrubs, trees
3:92
1-2:6
Kadsura,Star
W Pacific
anise: Trees,
shrubs & climbers Trimeniaceae
Schisandraceae Trees,vines,
N&C America, (1) shrubs
S&E Asia
1:2-30
Hornwort
Cosmopolitan
Ceratophyllaceae
Submerged
rootless
herbs
Trees
Degeneriaceae
Fiji 1:2
Magnoliaceae
CHLORANTHALES
Position unclear,
possibly sister to
the Magnoliids.
1:1-2
Austrobaileyaceae
NE Austr
Lianas
S & E Asia,
N & S Am
Cosmopolitan, (2)
(3)
1:1
AmborellNew aceae
Caledonia
Shrub
MAGNOLIIDS
aceae
Widespread
Water lilies
1:4
Flagellariaceae
OW tropics
Climbers
16:94
Marsh herbs
Rapateaceae
Trop S Am,
Guiana mtns,
1 sp W Af
Xyridaceae
Marsh herbs
(Sub)tropics to
warm temp,
N Am
Pipewort
Grassy herbs
Eriocaulaceae
Scattered,
(sub)tropics,S.Am
marsh areas
10:1160
Joinville1:2 aceae
Coarse herbs
Malaysia,
W Austr
Pacific Ecdeiocol2:3 eaceae
Sedge-like
668:10025
herbs
3:11
Anarthriaceae
Rush-like
herbs
W Austr
Poaceae
The grasses, including
Wheat, Rice, Maize/Corn,
Sorghum, Oat, Millet, Rye,
Bamboo, Sugar-cane,
Barley, Tef, Reed
Cosmopolitan
5:260
Yellow-eyed
grass (Xyris)
Age: c60-55
Mya (grass
pollen).
POALES
Mossy
1:4 herbs
Mayacaceae
Am, 1 sp in
Afr
(1) includes
Sparganiaceae.
Relationship with
Magnoliids and
Eudicots: possibly
sister to Eudicots.
Age: > c110-120
Mya (earliest recognised monocot
pollen).
2:4
Thurniaceae
Grassy herbs
S Afr,S Am
98:4350
Cyperaceae
7:430
Grassy herbs, few
Juncaceae
shrubs and lianas
Sedges,Clubrush,Coco Rushes, including
Woodrush
grass,Papyrus,Eleochherbs, shrubs
aris(Water chestnut) Grassy
Widespread,
Widespread,cool
marsh, cool
marshes
& mtns
3:35
Centrolepidaceae
Grassy/mossy
herbs: Austr, NZ,
SE As, SS Am,
trop mtns
58:520
Cape rush
Restionaceae
Rush-like herbs
S hemis & SE As,
S Af, Austr, NZ
COMMELINIDS
Relationship of
orders uncertain.
CORE EUDICOTS
MYRTALES
ROSIDS
FABIDS
MALVIDS
Relationship of
orders tentative.
GERANIALES
(1) includes Hypseocharis, (2) Francoaceae and Greyia,
(3) Ledocarpaceae
and Rhynchotheca.
(1) includes Heteropyxidaceae
and Psiloxylaceae, (2) Memecylaceae and (3) Sonneratiaceae (some mangroves), (4)
Oliniaceae (1:5; trees, shrubs)
& Rhynchocalycaceae (1 tree).
SAPINDALES
(1) includes Aceraceae
and Hippocastanaceae.
7:805
(3) Shrubs
30:145
2:14
18:550
2:6
3:16
Pelargonium,
Sumac(h),
(5)
Achariaceae
& wdy herbs
Lacistemat56:1012
GUNNERKirkiaceae
Trees,shrubs
Shrubs
Cosmopolitan,tropics
Pistachio,
Cranesbill,
Erodium
Trees,
shrubs,
aceae
Vivianiaceae
Trees,shrubs
Salicaceae
Harmal
Burseraceae
ALES
Trees, shrubs,
Cashew, Poison ivy,
(climbing) herbs
Geraniaceae
1:2
Trees,shrubs
E&S Afr,
S Am,Andes
Nitrariaceae
Willow, Sallow,
2:21
Mango,
Lacquer
tree
Frankincense,
climbers, some
NE S Am
(Sub)tropics
Mdgsr
Herbs,few shrubs
Gtr Afr
Arid, N hemis,
Osier, Aspen, Poplar,
C&S Am
Trop Am
4-7:18
herbs
Myrrh, Pili-nut
Anacardiaceae
BUXALES
Goupiaceae
Chaulmoogra oil,
MyrothamnWidespread,
few Austr &
Trees,
shrubs
Brushholly,
Kei
apple
13:584
Tropics, warm
Trees, shrubs, vines
Evergreen
Includes Didymelaceae
aceae
1:2
Afr dogrose
N
Am
5:13
temp
Widespread, tropics,
Caryocaraceae
(Sub)tropics,temp
trees
26:280
(2)
temperate
Pantropical
Resurrection
(2 species of trees from
Afr, S S Am
19:95
Position
(1)
few Austr,none NZ
plants
Cunoniaceae
70:600
Souari tree,
Clusiaceae
Madagascar).
Tropics, temp
Melianthaceae
uncertain,
BieberEucryphia,Ulmo,
Trees
Passion23:800
Pequi
Gamboge,Pitchapple,
3:15
Trop Afr
Natal bottlebrush
Simaroubaceae
steiniaceae
3:35
1:40-50
fruit,
Stripeseed,
possibly
in
Kamahi,Coachwood
Violaceae
Mangosteen,Bacuri
4:70 Box,
Huaceae
Greece-C As
Pandaceae
Shrubs,trees,
161:1815
Trees and shrubs
Gunneraceae
SE Asia,
Granadilla, Damiana
Tropics, S hemis,
Trees,
Violet, Pansy,
2:46
Pachysandra
Shrubs, trees Oxalidales.
Trees, shrubs,
Hairy herbs
herbs
Tree of heaven,
Rutaceae
few Africa
Trees,shrubs
Marsh herbs
few
(sub)shrubs
C&S
Am
Passifloraceae
White
ipecacuanha
Macary
bitter
Garlic-tree
1:5
epiphytes
Buxaceae
Trees, shrubs,
Quassia
S&C Pacific,
Citrus, Choisya, Rue,
Bonnetiaceae
Meliaceae
W Africa to
Trees, shrubs, vines, Tropics, warm temp,
Picramniaceae
2:3
1:1
Mainly shrubs
climbers
Gtr Afr,
Angostura, Dictamnus,
Mahogany, Omu,
14:500
Am,Af.
Herbs,vines,
some
herbs
Evergreen
Liana
SE
Asia
(Sub)tropical
Shrub
1:2
Widespread,
6:770
14:476
Iteaceae (2)
S Am
Toon, Sapele,
Jaborandi, Cneorum
Trees,shrubs,
LophopyxidWidespread, (1) shrubs,trees
shrubs
135:1580
4-5:21
America
Penthortropics
Oxalidaceae
Sweetspire
1:55
Aromatic trees, shrubs,
Calophyllaceae
tropics
aceae
lianas,mangroves
26:932
WI Cedar,Neem
9:560
aceae
Trees
Sapindaceae
Pantropical
Wood sorrel, Oca,
SE As
Trees, shrubs
& lianas, few herbs
Fleshy herbs
Tamanu
Widespread
Brunelliaceae
Combretaceae
Maple,Guarana,Akee, (Sub)tropics
Ixonanthaceae
10:300
Carambola, Bilimbi
3:210
E As,N Am
SE As, E Afr,
Widespread,tropics,
(Punnai) oil
52:621
Hypericaceae
PICRAMWoolly
trees
(Sub)tropics,
esp
Rambutan,Mamoncillo,
Dilleniaceae
In core Eudicots,
Herbs, few shrubs,
Trees and
C&N Am
S Af,Austr
218:5735
Putranjivaceae
22:656
Trees & shrubs
Tropical Am,
NIALES
African savannah
St John’s wort,
Lichee,Horse-chestnut (1)
trees and lianas
Trees, shrubs,
shrubs
but placement
Spurge,Croton,
Onagraceae
Evergreen
trees
and
esp
mtns
Pantropical
Afara,
Idigbo
Tutsan
Position
Trees,shrubs,vines
Widespread,
17:50
(8)
5:135
climbers,
herbs
provisional.
SAXIFRAGALES
Rubber, Cassava,
12:180
Evening primrose,
shrubs
Herbs,shrubs, Riverweed
Fungi-like
(sub)trop
Widespread,
1:1
provisional.
Dillenia,Hibbertia
Peraceae
Jatropha,Castor oil
(1) includes Soyauxia and
Fuchsia, Willowherb,
Connaraceae
(Podostemum)
non-green herbs
Cephalot(Sub)tropics,
E
As,
trees
(sub)tropics
(Sub)tropics,
(1)
Clarkia, Gaura
Medusandra, (2) Pteroaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Balanophoraceae
Shrubs to trees
Aquatic herbs
Some ‘zebrawoods’
Afr, SE As
2:5
Asia,Austr
1:165
31:620
Herbs, shrubs, trees
Flycatcher
2:16
stemonaceae.
Root parasites
Trees,
shrubs,
herbs,
Trees,
shrubs
,
1:3
Podostemaceae
Pantropical
Olacaceae
HUERTEALES
Trees
Cosmopolitan,
Lythraceae
Trees,shrubs
W Austr
(Sub)tropics,
Pantropical
Ctenololianas,
succulents
1:2
woody
vines
Tapisciaceae
(Sub)tropics:
(Sub)tropics
Clutia, Pera
Petenaea (1 tree
W N Am
Herbs, shrubs, trees
Dipentodontphonaceae
E Asia
GerrardinSANTALALES
1:9
Widespread,
Pantropical,
C&S Am,
Shrubs, trees and
12:605
Dichapetalaceae
Am, As, N Am
sp., C. Am) may
Henna,Crape
myrtle,
aceae
aceae
W
Af,
SE
As
E
Af
24:80
SW Pacific
tropics
Includes various
(3)
China
lianas: Some root
esp OW
Trees & shrubs
6:18
belong here.
48:270
Stem
and
Pomegranate,Trapa
SE
As,
Austr,
Trees
Scrambling
Trees
and
lianas
1:10
4:13
Picrodendr(9)
Balanophemiparasites
Tropics
4:240
“mistletoes”. Family
Elaeocarpaceae (1)
Misodendrshrubs
root
parasites
(Water
caltrop)
Trees, shrubs
C&S
Am
aceae
aceae
(7)
Poisonleaf
3:c58
Strombosilimits provisional.
Lebombo
Tropics, Am
Crinodendron,
Aerial aceae
OXALIDALES
7:190
Ximeniaceae
Widespread,
Trees
Rafflesiaceae
aceae
8:50
ironwood
(1) position in order
hemiparasitic
Inc
hemiparasites
Jaboty,
Ceylon
olive
tropics
3:10
(1)
includes
Erythroxylaceae
1:1-2
3:10
Shrubs to trees
Rafflesia
17:460
Trees,shrubs
(Sub)tropics
Daphne,
subshrubs
16:149
uncertain. (2) includes
Trop-warm temp
73:988
Quaruba
(Sub)trop & temp,
EuphroTrees: Bush
Herbs and
Tremandraceae.
Kulim & Afina
SE
Asia
Humiriaceae
Coco
plum,
Coca
(cocaine)
(on
S
Beech)
Ramin,Gaharu
Trees
4:21
‘Yellow/hog plum’
niaceae
Comandraceae, Thes(3)
Pantropical
Loranthaceae
Vochysiaceae
subshrubs
not
Afr
woods
mango,
Dika
nut
3:20
2:18
Liberian cherry,
SS Am
Makita
Thymelaeaceae
Bixaceae
Small trees,
(Ximenia)
Guyana mtns
59:1745
iaceae, Viscaceae,
Hemiparasites
Tropic Am, W Af
Rhizophoraceae
Neuradaceae
Irvingiaceae
SphaeroBastard
bullet
Annatto,
Toxic
trees,
shrubs,
3:3
Trees
shrubs
Chrysobalanaceae
SE
Asia
,
Tropics,
3:c50
Nanodeacae, AmphTrees,
shrubs,
3:23(+)
Shrubby epiphytes,
Arid: India,
Trop Am,
sepalaceae
Allspice,
Red mangrove
C&W Africa,
Coulaceae
Rose imperial
lianas and herbs
1:7-14
Root parasites
S temp, few N temp
(3) Trees,shrubs,inc
Non-green
orogynaceae and
Trees and shrubs
Afr, Med
W Af
shrubs,lianas,trees Schoepfiaceae
Myrtle, Cloves, climbers, few
Tropical trees
5:28
Madagascar
Trees to herbs
SE As
Evergreen
Widespread,
herbs
parasites
Phyllanthaceae
Cervantesiaceae.
Gabon nut,
(2) S hemis & Afr
Evergreen
Guava,Eucalyptus,
(Sub)tropics
10-12:300
Trees and
(Sub)trop,
trees & shrubs (Sub)trop, temp, Trees,shrubs,herbs
mangroves
Apodanthaceae
Huambula
Herbs to trees, few
trees and lianas
arid
Bottlebrush,Tea tree
shrubs
Linaceae
3:35
S. hemis
32:551
50:891
Octoknemaceae
C&S America,
(1)
(4)
Am,Austr,E Afr,
(1)
aquatics
Shrubs, trees,
Trigoniaceae
243:4225+
Myrtaceae
E Asia
Flax,
Linseed
Ochnaceae
Tropical African
68:1250
Med-SW As
Hawaiian snowbush,
8:175
Macachi
lianas
C&S Am,SE As
Shrubs and trees
Malvaceae (1)
forests
Trees, shrubs,
Herbs, shrubs,
17:680
Climbers,
11:c35
Indian Gooseberry,
3:3
Rockrose,
Erythropalaceae
2:35
Madgsr
(Sub)tropics,
few
herbs,
lianas
trees,
lianas
,
herbs,
Trees,
shrubs
Coryno44:990
Shorea, Meranti
Leafflower
Opiliaceae
8:c33
shrubs, small trees
MuntingiLabdanum
Waterwort
4:34
Ochna,
Azobe,
(Sub)tropics,
Am,Austr
Sandalwood
few climbers: Cotton,
carpaceae
aceae
Trees, shrubs
(2) Widespread
Tropics, SE Asia
1:5
(Sub)tropics
Cistaceae
Malpighiaceae
Ovoga wood
Many ‘mistletoes’
Elatinaceae
Bird’s eye bush
trop Am
Trees
131:4620
Kapok,Cocoa/Chocolate, Dipterocarpaceae
Shrubs,trees Warm temp
Aptandraceae
Trees, shrubs, Santalaceae
Aromatic
herbs,
Trop
Am
AnisophylleTropics,
1:35
Acerola,
Aq
herbs,shrubs
SW Pacific Coriariaceae
Hibiscus,Baobab,Durian,
Angueuk wood,
climbers: root Widespread, (sub)trop
(sub)shrubs
aceae
Forest trees: often
Trees, shrubs
S Am
1:6
Trees,shrubs
Surette,
Caapi
Worldwide,
Isano oil
Okra,Cola,Lime
trees
parasites
Trees
N temp (Med),
gregariously
(4)
Trees, shrubs
2:6
Coriaria
& stem hemi(2) 188:5005
Nothofagaceae
Pantropical,
(Sub)tropics,
tropics
Cosmopolitan,
2:10
(2) Root
Jongkong
Olivillo
S S Am
parasites: Trees,
Tropics
W Af, SE As
Glory bush,
SE China
flowering
Southern
beech
tropics
S
Am
Cytinaceae
2:2
Aextoxicshrubs,herbs
CrypterCentroplDissotis, Medinilla
East
SW Pacific,
Trees
Non-green root
7:670
1:1 aceae
acaceae (6)
oniaceae
Madagascar
Melastomataceae
TetramelS
Am
1:2
parasites
Fagaceae
MALVALES
Chilean
38:1100
118:845
Trees
Berberidaceae
S&SE Asia
Tall
herbs
Sarcolaenaceae
Shrubs,
herbs,
few
tree
Med,S Af,C Am,
Trees, few shrubs
opsidaceae
Melon, Luffa,
(1) includes Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae
Moraceae
S&E As,
3:10
Datiscaceae
trees, lianas
Madagascar
Trees & shrubs
Vines, shrubs
Austr
Oak, Sweet chestnut,
Cucumber, Pumpkin
Fig, Iroko, Fustic,
and Bombacaceae, (2) Tepuianthus,
6:35
7-10:50
Med-C As,
52:925
Athel
Austr,Chile
(Sub)tropics,
Beech, Chinquapin,
8:60
43:1110
Hickory, Pecan,
Ulmaceae
Mulberry,
Breadfruit,
and
(3)
Cochlospermaceae
and
tree,
Tamarisk
Cosmopolitan,
Cucurbitaceae
W
USA
2:3
9:29
Tanoak, Cork
S America
Walnut, Wingnut
Trees,shrubs
Banyan, Osage orange
Polygonaceae
Tamaricaceae
(sub)tropics
Diegodendraceae. Family relationMainly climbers
Begonia
Heathy
Temp & tropical
BERBERID3:45
Juglandaceae
N
temp,
SE
Asia,
Trees,shrubs,lianas,
Shrubs-small
trees
Rhamnaceae
(4)
ships unclear, especially (4).
Buckwheat,Rhubarb,
1:3
Widespread,
shrubs,
trees
Begoniaceae
Oleaster,
forests
Trees & shrubs
OPSIDALES
C Am: Zelkova,
stranglers,herbs
Eurasia & Africa,
RhabdoTrees, shrubs, lianas
(1)
tropics
Sorrel,Dock,Russian
vine
Sea
buckthorn
Penaeaceae
Trees
N
temp,SE
As,
Herbs, shrubs,
sands esp Med
dendraceae
Elm,Keaki
(Sub)tropics,
3:11
Elaeagnaceae Buckthorn,Jujube,
Herbs, shrubs, few
3:57
C&S Am
Afr, St Helena, Alzateaceae
5:90
1:1
Trop S Am
vines
few temp
Ceanothus,
Miswak
Bog myrtle,
Shrubs, trees
90:2520
tropical
trees
&
lianas
C
&
S
Am
S
Africa
SetchellTrees
1:2
Trees
Shrub
(Sub)tropics,E As,
Cascara
4:95
N Am, Austr,
OW (sub)tropics
Wax myrtle
1:90
Rosaceae
anthaceae
Cosmopolitan,
1:2?
Halophytes
Akaniaceae
(1)
11:170 (2)
KoeberliniCasuarinSea heaths
54:2625
Salvadoraceae
Myricaceae
not Austr or NZ
Mexico
Apple, Pear, Strawberry, Eurasia
N
temp
aceae
SE
Asia,
Worldwide
3:115
1:1
Bataceae
1:1
aceae
Frankeniaceae
Trees, shrubs
Widespread
Urticaceae
Shrub
Shrub
BarbeyE
Austr
Quince, Cherry, Bramble,
Arid:
N
Am,
Carnivores
2:1401
SW
Pacific
,
16:480
CUCURBITALES
Am,
Pacific:
Cannabaceae
Halophytes
SimmondsTrees, shrubs:
of savannah
Limn(1)
Nettles,
Cecropia,
1:2
aceae
2:2
27:836
coasts
Bolivia
Tree
SE
Asia,
Rose,
Almond,
Plum
etc
Trees,
shrubs
,
Droseraceae
Trees to herbs
(1) position unclear,
1:1 iaceae
aromatic
Herbs,shrubs
anthaceae
DirachmRamie,
Mamaki,
Helxine,
Sea
lavender,
Arabia,
Indian
Ocean
herbs
and
lianas
Cosmopolitan,
SW N Am
Sundew,
Hackberry, Hemp,
Warm, dry
Meadowfoam
here provisionally.
Tree aceae
Garden
Thrift, Plumbago
She-oaks
Pellitory-of-the-wall,Pilea
NE Af
Jojoba
N temperate
areas
Venus’ fly-trap
Capparaceae
Cannabis, Hop,
N Am herbs
Socotra,
nasturtium
Worldwide,
tropics
Plumbaginaceae
2:45
Herbs, trees,
6:145
Widespread,
Pigeon wood,
1:1
2:8
NE Af
Caper,
Karir
Tropaeolaceae
herbs,
Hairy
Bladdernut
Cosmopolitan,Med
10:300
shrubs
Viny shrub
Guam1:1
Austr, NZ
Betulaceae
Celtis
Some
families
are
Widespread,
1:8
Succ
climbers
shrubs,
lianas,
Staphyleaceae atelaceae
- C As, dry, saline
Cleome,
Pentadipl1:2
TicodendrTrees, shrubs
tropics
Asteropossibly associated
few trees
C&S Am, mts
andraceae
Herbs,shrubs,
Spectacle fruit
aceae
ROSALES
730:19400
1:90
S&E Asia,C&S Am, Brambly
peiaceae PhysenHazel,
Hornbeam,
338:3710
Tree
1:1
with
‘Normapollesclimbers
1:95
W Afr
shrub 1:1
aceae
1:2
Fabaceae
N
temp
:
Trees,
(1)
includes
Pitcher
plants
Cleomaceae
Trees,shrubs Trees,shrubs
DrosoC Am
Birch, Alder
Brassicaceae
C Am
type’ pollen, originROSIDS
Shrub,herb
shrubs
Pea,Bean,Soya,Acacia,
Nepenthaceae
Madgscr
Cecropiaceae,
phyllaceae
Papaya
Herbs
and
shrubs
21:940
Madgscr
N temp, Andes,
ating c98-94 Mya.
Wallflower,Turnip,Stock,
Tovariaceae
Carnivores
Indian Ocean,
Alfalfa,Clover,Senna,Lupin,
Widespread
Caricaceae
(2) Celtidaceae.
Polygalaceae
SE Asia
Shrubs
C&S Am
Cabbage,Cress,Radish,
W Med
ASTERIDS
SE Asia,
tropics,
Am
1:3
C&S
Am,
Afr
Lentil,Indigo,Carob,Mimosa, Herbs,shrubs,trees,
Trees,
E As
SW N Am
N Austr
174:2050
86:2200
Mustard,Rapeseed
Small trees
5:8 shrubs
StachySmall
trees,
Peanut,Broom,Liquorice
etc
(1) Marsh samphire,
lianas,
parasites
Crossosomat1:12
FAGALES
5:18+
Quillajaceae Surianaceae
Herbs, few shrubs
uraceae
Carnation, Pink,
few vines
Herbs,
aceae
Cosmopolitan
Milkwort,
GrubbBeet,Spinach,Orache,
Ancistro(1) includes Rhoiptelea,
Trees,1:5
Gyrostem(Sub)tropics,
Cosmopolitan,
Temp
S
Am
Campion, Pearlwort
4-6:34
few
shrubs
Senega root
Greasebush
iaceae
Herbs, shrubs,
shrubs
cladaceae
onaceae
1 tree species, SE Asia.
Austr
N temperate
17:190
Caryophyllaceae Quinoa,Celosia,Saltbush
Resedaceae
Heathy 1:3
4:12
Shrubs Widespread
trees, lianas
Trees
& shrubs,
Trop Afr, SE As
Amaranthaceae
Trees,
shrubs,
1:1
shrubs
massive trees
Mignonette,Weld
Herbs, shrubs and vines
FABALES
lvs often succ
Non-carnivores
2:2
Subshrub
lianas, few herbs
S Af
Herbs, shrubs & vines
(1) Trees,
Moringaceae
Scattered,
Med
Widespread,
StrasburgAustr
EmblingiInternal relationVines
Xero
Worldwide, esp
Hydrangeaceae
CurtisBen nut, Moringa
shrubs
3-7:75
aceae
aceae
mainly N temp,
shrub.1:1
warm temperate,
iaceae
ships uncertain.
Hydrangea,
Deutzia,
Med-India,
Gtr
Afr
Aphloiaceae
3:7
W Austr
W Afr
SW Pacific
GeissolomEvergreen
Med
arid,saline
7:107
semi-arid
Philadelphus
DioncoE Gtr Afr
Achatoataceae
2:1000
Trees
trees S Af
1:12
Cornaceae
carpaceae
N temp,SE As,
phyllaceae
1:1
S Af
Impatiens,
1:1/2
FABIDS
Dogwood, Tupelo,
BRASSICALES
Vines, some
Trees,shrubs
S Am
Busy Lizzie
7:130
1:3
carnivores
Davidia
CROSSOSOMATALES
Warm Am
(1) includes Bretschneidera.
3:3
StegnospAm tropics
Balsaminaceae
Scattered,
MALVIDS
ROSIDS
(2)
(1) includes Ixerbaceae.
Stixaceae belongs some9:87
ermataceae
N temp,S&E Asia
Fleshy herbs
3:5 TetraMarcgraviaceae
Green
Wdy climbers
where in the Brassicales.
EUASTERIDS
Trees
&
shrubs,
meristaceae
Widespread,
OW
carpetweed
2:23
1:20
Lianas,epiphytes, Trees, shrubs
C Am
ASTERIDS
creepers
Molluginaceae
esp Gtr Afr, not
HydroLimeaceae
some shrubs &
14:265
C&S Am,
Herbs,shrubs
stachydaceae
Herbs,
S Am,Austr
LAMIIDS
small trees
(5) Malaya
Loasaceae
2:6
DIPSACALES
Tropics,warm
CAMPANULIDS
subshrubs
Aquatic
herbs
Lophioarid, Afr
Rock
nettle
(1) includes Linnaeaceae,
Madagascar,
Africa,S As,
carpaceae
(C) includes
Hairy herbs,
(4)
Diervillaceae, Morinaceae,
1:1
Austr
(C) 34:c190
Corbichonia
C&S Afr (1)
2:17
18:385
Apodytes,
12:80
5-7:43-45 (1)
Eucomvines and shrubs
7:16
1:1
Dipsacaceae and
Afr, As
Garryaceae
GARRYALES
Am, temp Eurasia
Ocotillo,
Lemon
thorn,
AQUIFOLIALES
1:7
Cassinopsis,
1:2
miaceae
(3)
25:310
Citronella-tree
Am, Gtr Afr
HalophyDidiereaceae
Shrubs
&
trees
Garrya,Aucuba Decid
Valerianaceae.
Boojum tree
C&S
Am
African
white
pear
Polemoniaceae
Oncothe(1) includes Leptaulus.
Emmotum
tree
Trees & shrubs
Cardiopteridaceae Stemonuraceae
taceae
Woody, mainly
Evergreen trees
Metteniuscaceae
Fouquieriaceae
Phlox, Cobaea,
1:1
China
Icacinaceae
provisionally.
aceae
Argentina
Lecythidaceae
(Sub)tropics
column plants
and shrubs
N Caledonia
9:140+
BarbeuSpiny shrubs
Tropics: Austr,
Evergreen
Gilia, Polemonium
C AmTrees, shrubs, lianas
Herb
Trees,shrubs,
Brazil nut,Cannonball
N&C Am,
Tree,shrub
Madagascar,
CORNALES
iaceae
660:11150
Succulent herbs
trees
BRUNIALES Chile, mtns
Herbs, some
SW N Am
SE As
4:19
(Sub)tropics,
vines
C&E
As
tree,
Barringtonia
S
&
E
Afr
Madagascar
12:75
Family relationships
Columellishrubs, trees &
Montiaceae
1:11
(1) includes
Climbers
Rubiaceae
(A) and (B)
aceae
E Asia
Tropics, S Am,
Liana
Holly,
S Afr:Cape
lianas
Basellaceae
unclear. (1) uncertain
Blinks, Lewisia,
Trees,shrubs,lianas,
Desfontainia.
Shrubs,trees
W Afr
Yerba mate,
positions
(Sub)tropics,Am
148:2740
Spring beauties
1:4
position (in Lamiales?),
(2) few herbs, 1 sp. aqu.
2:5 (1) Bruniaceae
1:3
Winterberry
(A)
uncertain.
CARYOPHYLLALES
Indian spinach,
Brunia, Berzelia
87:1655
PhyllonomHelwingi(B)
Boraginaceae
Hottentot fig,
Widespread,
(2)
includes
Nyssaceae
1:8
Gardenia,
Coffee,
Chicle,
Star
Madeira vine,
aceae
aceae Aquifoliaceae
Heath-like
(A) includes
Evidence suggests sister
Gentian,
Exacum,
Vahliaceae
Lithops,
Mesembs
W
America
58:2590
Madder,
Ipecacuanha,
Forget-me-not,Borage,
and
Alangium.
C&E
Asia
ESCALLONIALES
apple, Sapodilla,
Oca quina
Trees,shrubs & vines
Trees,shrubs
shrubs
to Asterids. (1) includes
HydrophyllLisianthus, Centaury
Gtr
Afr,
India
Shrubs,small
Primulaceae
Aizoaceae
Quinine,
Bedstraw
Comfrey,Heliotrope,LungIncludes Polyosmaceae,
Worldwide,
C&S Am
Argan, Gutta-percha
Chenopodiaceae.
Family
trees
Hairy
herbs,
aceae
and
Primrose, Pimpernel,
Gentianaceae
Widespread,
Leaf succulent herbs
1:40+
Tribelaceae, Anopterus and
wort,Phacelia,Waterleaf
E Afr,
Am & SE Asia
shrubs
limits uncertain in places:
Sapotaceae
(tentatively)
Cyclamen, Soldanella,
SE Asia
Succulent herbs
(sub)tropics
Herbs, shrubs, trees,
Eremosynaceae. Position
1:405
Herbs, shrubs, trees,
Arid (sub)tropics and
(2), (3) & (4) may be disSladeniaceae
Pantropical, few temp
HoplestigColicwood, Featherfoil,
Portulacaceae
of order not fully resolved.
3:36
few mycotrophs
lianas, parasites
warm temperate,
mantled. (3) includes
Evergreen
84:2380
Cudjoe-wood
Trees and shrubs
mataceae.
Cosmopolitan,
Widespread
GENTIANALES
S Afr, Austr
ParacryphiPurslane (Portulaca)
trees:
2:3
(7)
13:420
Agdestis and Petiveria.
Campanulaceae
Worldwide
9:130
temp, mtns
aceae
(1) includes AsclepPARACRYPHIALES
123:2020
53:1100
Worldwide,
Strychnine
Escallonia,
Trees
to
herbs,
Lobelia,
Throatwort,
(4)
iadaceae,
(2)
DialyTrees,shrubs
Includes
Quintinia
Bindweed,
Sub(trop) America
Loganiaceae
12:337
(1)
Trees
lianas
Tasmanian laurel
4:13
Bellflowers, Rampion
Sweet potato,Jalap,
Sarco30:395
and Sphenostemon. SW Pacific
1:27
415:4555
Trees,shrubs
and (sub)shrubs
Herbs, shrubs, petalanthaceae and
Escalloniaceae
Rousseaceae
Cosmopolitan
bataceae
Theligonaceae,
and
Morning
glory,Dodder
Herbs to
(2) Ebenaceae
(2)
Talinaceae
Apocynaceae
trees & climbers
Trees,
shrubs
,
herbs
Pentaphylacaceae
Thorny shrubs trees, lianas
Herbs, some trees,
Trees & vines
(3) (provisionally)
Convolvulaceae
Herbs, shrubs
Cacti,
C&S Am,C&E Asia,
Periwinkle, Milkweed,
Tropics, temp, Pteleocarpa.
Styrax,
Ebony, Persimmon
W N Am
Teasel,
Sakaki,Cleyera,
5:200
shrubs & cactusSW Pacific,
Nyctaginaceae
Herbs,
shrubs,
climbers,
(some scandent)
including Peyote,
Austr, NZ,
Oleander,
Dogbane,
Benzoin resin,
1:2
Gtr Austr
Scabious,
(Sub)tropics,
3:5
Herbs,
Eurya
(3)
like
lobelias
Mauritius
trees,
some
parasites
(Sub)tropics,Am
Prickly pear,Saguaro America,Africa
Reunion
Hoya,
Frangipani
Silverbell tree
Weigela,Valerian,
Afr, Mdgsr
shrubs and trees
(Sub)tropics,
Indochina
(3) 2:11
Cosmopolitan,
Ombu,
Trees, shrubs,
Bougainvillea,
Montiniaceae
Styracaceae
Cactaceae
Adoxaceae Honeysuckle,Abelia
4:548
few Afr
warm
areas
Pokeweed
Carolina
1:12
Shrubs,trees,
,
few
herbs
lianas
Mirabilis
Shrubs and trees
Xerophytic trees,
Viburnum,Moschatel, Caprifoliaceae
1:30
(Sub)tropics, Am
57:1625 (2)
Marsh/aquatic
jessamine
3:32
lianas
Widespread,
N temp, tropical
Herbs,shrubs,trees
succulents & epiphytes Subshrubs
Elderberry
(3)
SE
Asia
5:10
herbs,
shrubs
Gelsemiaceae
Phytolaccaceae
1:12
trop forests
S Am, SE As
(1)
America: arid, (few
Widespread,
1:5
(1) Cosmopolitan
Shrubs, lianas
AlseuosmiPentaphragAnacampHydroleaceae
Trees, shrubs,
Herbs
,
2:320
11:160
40-43:890
Phellinaceae
N temp
GisekiOW tropics)
SE Asia, Am,
aceae
Sphenomataceae
lianas, herbs
serotaceae
Pitcher
Tropics,
shrubs,trees,lianas
Lodh bark,
aceae
(1)
Gtr Africa
cleaceae
New Caledonia
111:1500
17:60
Scattered: Afr,
plants
warm
temp
Fleshy
6:18
SW Pacific
Bogota tea
Solanaceae
Gtr Afr, S As
Tropical marsh
Austr, Am
Herbs,shrubs
Trees
Sarraceniaceae
herbs
Potato,Tomato,Aubergine,
Shrubs
Herbs
Symplocaceae
C Am
herbs
APIALES
N America,
Diapensiaceae
Chilli, Tobacco, Petunia,
Plocosper1:2
3:10
Trees & shrubs
(1) includes Aralidiaceae
2:17
Guyana mts
Shortia,Galax
mataceae
24:615
Capsicum,
Mandrake
etc
Trees
6:245
(Sub)tropics,
and Melanophyllaceae,
Shrubs,trees
3:15
Arctic,
Shrub - tree
Oleaceae
Cosmopolitan,
Trigger plants
Torricelliaceae
not Africa
2:5
N temp
Argophyllaceae
(2) Mackinlayaceae, (3)
1:1
Trees, shrubs, lianas
tropical Am
1:2
3:355
Madagascar,
CarlemannStylidiaceae
Wire-netting
Olive,
Lilac,
Privet,
Hydrocotylaceae.
102:2460
S Africa
7:195(+)
Kiwi fruit
iaceae
SE Asia
bush
Cushion-plants,
229:c4000
Forsythia,
Jasmine,
Roridulaceae
Herbs,shrubs
Theaceae
Actinidiaceae
SW Pacific
2:3
(1)
Ash, Osmanthus
herbs,shrubs,vines
Small
1:4
ERICALES
Acanthaceae
SE
Asia
(2)
SOLANALES
1:6
TetraTea, Franklin tree,
Trees,shrubs,lianas
shrubs
PennantWorldwide,
Austr
,
S
S
Am,
Plants of varied habitat,
chondraceae
Griselini13:70
Acanthus, Thunbergia,
(1) includes
iaceae
Camellia,Loblolly bay
INTERPRETING THE CHART
SE As, Austr
(Sub)tropics,
aceae
(1) NZ,SE As
434:3780
America,NZ
Pedaliaceae
Trees,shrubs
including an important
Aphelandra, Avicennia
Nolanaceae,
Trees, shrubs, lianas
Trees,shrubs
5:c58
S
&
E
Asia,
Herbs
Apiaceae
SW Pacific
OW
mainly
tropics,
component of tropical
Cosmopolitan,
tropics
The chart corresponds to a phylogenetic tree. Regions on the chart,
Tropics, Am, As,
NZ,S Am
Clethra,
2:260
Goetzeaceae,
Bogbean
not Afr
Parsley, Dill, Hemlock,
arid and coasts
Shrubs, herbs, vines,
rainforest understorey.
Purdiaea
Herbs, shrubs,
few temp
delimited by boundaries or shaded areas, correspond to nodes in a
Menyanthaceae
and DuckeodCarrot, Parsnip, Fennel,
(5)
Herbs
to
trees
12:440
147+:3200
aquatics
&
trees,
Relationships
of
some
and
lianas
Clethraceae
Cosmopolitan
tree, and families, as disks on the chart, are leaves of the tree. In
endraceae,(2)
Sesame
Anise, Cumin, Arracacha,
Herbs, shrubs
2:19
mangroves
Gesneriaceae Calceolariaceae
Shrubs,small trees
families unresolved.
Aqu/marsh
Celery, Coriander etc
phylogenetic trees, proximity of two families is represented by the depth
Trees,shrubs
few trees
126:3995
Cuscutaceae.
Trees,
SE
As,Madeira,
African
violet,
Gloxinia,
Calceolaria and
herbs
(1) includes Halesiaceae,
Herbs, few trees
110:800
shrubs 1:6
Goodeniaceae
Ericaceae
Myodocarpof the root of the smallest subtree containing the two families. Here it is
1:2
11:39
Am.
2:75
Jovellana
Columnea,Streptocarpus
Trees to herbs, ThomandersWidespread,
(2) Lissocarpaceae,
Rhododendron,
Goodenia
Parasites
aceae
represented by a shared region. Proximity does not cross boundaries:
Stilbaceae
iaceae
often vines
C&S Am, NZ
Herbs, shrubs, few
Mitrastem(2) N temp
SW
Pacific
Blueberry, Heathers,
Leschenaultia,
(3) Scytopetalaceae,
(6)
Gtr Africa,Cape
Bignoniaceae W&C Af
onaceae
families close on the chart but separated by a boundary are no closer
lianas and trees
1620:23600
Monotropa, Kalmia, etc.
(not NZ)
2:2
(Sub)tropics,
(4) Ternstroemiaceae,
S&E As,
Afr forest elder Catalpa,Jacaranda,
than their common region indicates. Areas and boundaries are given
(Sub)shrubs
,trees,herbs,
Tropics
(esp
OW),
Cyrillaceae
(2)
Austr
Asteraceae
(3)
C
Am
1:6
43:1450
(5) Pellicieraceae, and
3:320
Shrubs,
Calabash
tree,
(8)
Trees,shrubs lianas,epiphytes, some
few temp
Hairy herbs
varying colours and styles - this is merely to aid the eye and has no
Shrubs,
4:28
herbs
Butterwort,
Daisy,
Sunflower,
Trumpet
vine
(6) Empetraceae, EpacrAraliaceae
mycotrophs
America
Byblidaceae
trees,
climbers
C&S Am
Bladderwort
phylogenetic significance.
S&C Am,
Tropics,S Am
Lettuce, Chicory, Dahlia,
idaceae, Monotropaceae
Ivy, Ginseng, Fatsia,
Worldwide,temp
Titi
Pittosporaceae
Schlegeliaceae New Guinea,
Andes, arid
236:7173
Lentibulariaceae
and mtns
Uncertainties: Many of the placements of families are now wellCamomile, Echinacea,
and Pyrolaceae, (7)
Udo, Water pennywort
Austr
Parchment-bark,Karo,
Trees,shrubs,
Lamiaceae
Calyceraceae
Aquatic/marsh:
34:1175
Marigold, Thistle, etc.
established and much work has been done to resolve remaining issues.
Cosmopolitan,
Myrsinaceae, Maesaceae
Tarata,Petroleum nut
vines,
Daisy-like
Herbs,shrubs,trees,
cosmopolitan
Verbenaceae
Cosmopolitan
c13:195
trop Am, SE As
However, uncertainties remain. Where evidence is poor, we have
epiphytes
and Theophrastaceae.
OW
tropics-temp
herbs
Carnivores
vines: Mints,Sage,Basil,
Herbs, aquatics
Shrubs, herbs, few
Verbena (Vervain),
Trees, shrubs, vines
Austr, S Asia
either (a) left relationships unresolved (as a ‘poly(cho)tomy’), or
(8) position unclear.
6:60
Rosemary,Thyme,Teak,
1:6
trees & vines
Fogfruit, Lantana,
Linderniaceae
and herbs
6-9:200
(b) chosen the best supported on current evidence, or (c) indicated
E Asia
Patchouli,Chaste tree,
5:16
Beebrush
Torenia,
PaulowniASTERIDS
ASTERALES
Oregano,Lavender
etc
alternative placements. On the whole, we have been conservative
(Sub)trop Am
Herbs, shrubs,
Micranthemum
aceae
Cosmopolitan,
(1) includes Donatiatrees, lianas & xeros Martyniaceae
Foxglove
in the depiction of family relationships.
Pantropical, warm
Med,C As
trees
(Sub)tropic,Am,
ceae, (2) Brunoniaceae,
Unicorn plant
temp, Am
CAMPANULIDS
An estimated age of some taxa is indicated. We have included this
few temp
(3) Lobeliaceae.
Sticky
herbs
90:1700
information only when the age is clearly supported by fossil pollen
Figwort,
SOURCES
100:2066
Plantaginaceae
evidence, but even these estimates should be treated with caution.
Ngaio, Buddleia,
95:234
Broomrape,Rattle,
This chart is based on the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and many
Hebe,Water
starwort,
Nemesia,
Diascia,
LAMIALES
Nomenclature: Following standard practice, we name only those
Herbs, few wdy,
Lousewort,Eyebright
other phylogenists. Angiosperm families are an update of those in
Veronica,Culver’s
root,
aquatics
Mullein, Boobialla
Family limits and relatgroups of families where a name has proved useful, e.g. Monocots,
Orobanchaceae
FAMILY KEY
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Mare’s-tail (Hippuris), Scrophulariaceae
Phrymaceae
The size
ionships unclear, even
Asterids etc. and the names of orders (suffix -ALES, mainly coloured
(Hemi)parasites:
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
Foxglove,Snapdragon
Monkey-flower,
Approx.
number
of
genera
:
those
depicted.
(1)
Herbs,shrubs
of
the disk
herbs
,
shrubs
grey on the chart). Common, or vernacular, names are used to
38:1100
Herbs,shrubs,aquatics
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 161:105-121.
Lopseed
includes Buddlejaceae
Worldwide
indicates
Cosmopolitan,
Approx.
number
of
species
Widespread,
Moraceae
Cosmopolitan, (4)
describe some familiar plants and plant products. These names can,
(1)
and Myoporaceae, (2)
65:1700
N temp,Gtr Af (3)
N Am,Austr
temp
Fig, Iroko, Fustic,
the number
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website of Stevens, P.F (2001 onwards) Version 9,
in some cases, be misleading. An Index of Flowering Plants is available
Family name
Avicenniaceae, (3)
Mulberry, Breadfruit, of species,
June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since] at
Nesogenaceae and
to accompany the chart. This provides a more comprehensive list of
Some familiar plants
Banyan, Osage orange
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb
(tentatively) Rehmannames and more details about the use of common names.
in ranges:
and products
Trees,shrubs,lianas,
is
a
valuable
and
detailed
resource
which
is
kept
up-to-date
as
new
results
nia,
(4)
Globulariaceae
Distribution: The predominance of the tropics in flowering plant
stranglers,herbs
1-10
Range of growth forms
and Callitrichaceae,
become available. It should be consulted for details of the families and relationLAMIIDS
EUASTERIDS
(Sub)tropics,
diversity is evident. Indeed, the richness of tropical forests is astonishing.
10-100
(5)
Peltanthera.
ships
on
this
chart.
Distribution
few temp
For example, in parts of the Amazon forest, areas as small as 100km2
34:1370
Succ herbs,
1:150
shrubs,1 aquatic
Trees, shrubs
Crassulaceae
Grossulariaceae
Stonecrop,HouseN temp, Andes
leek, Kalanchoe
33:540
Gooseberry,
8:145
Widespread,
Saxifragaceae
Currants
Aquatic/marsh
S Afr, Mex
Saxifrage, Astilbe,
herbs, few shrubs
Rodgersia, Heuchera
Haloragaceae
1:1
Mainly herbs
Water milfoil
Tasmania
N temp-Arctic,trop
Widespread,
Tetracarpmnts,S temp
aeaceae
S hemis
2-3:21
1:2
Aphanopetalaceae
Viny shrubs
Austr
Celastraceae
Designed by David E. Rydeheard, University of Manchester, U.K.
Copyright 2011. All rights reserved. Version 1.0 (Online).
may contain over 1,000 species of trees. The role of certain areas
amongst whose endemics are species of high significance in phylogeny
is clear from this chart. Such areas are concentrated in the tropics and
subtropics but also include isolated Gondwanaland fragments and
areas of high diversity in the northern temperate zone.
100-1000
AVAILABILITY
The chart was designed by David E. Rydeheard (2011). It is available from the
Botanical Chart website http://www.botanicalchart.org.uk. An extended
index of names and their locations on the chart is available from this website.
The chart was prepared using Framemaker (TM). It will be updated as further
phylogenetic results become available.
UNPLACED
Unplaced families: Cynomoriaceae (Root parasites 1:2 Med-C As) Evidence weak: Saxifragales, Rosales, etc?
Haptanthaceae (Evergreen tree 1:1 C America - may be extinct) Possibly in Buxales. Apodanthaceae (Nongreen parasites 3:23(+) Scattered, America) Possibly associated with Malvales or Cucurbitales.
Unplaced genera: Gumillea (ex Cunoniaceae), Nicobariodendron (Celastraceae?). Other familes
and genera of uncertain position have been included in the chart, indicating a possible placement.
Phrases in italics are to be read as ‘mainly/predominantly’, including
1000-10000
‘centres of distribution’. (Sub)tropics = tropics and subtropics. N/S/E/W
10000+
= North/South/East/West, C = Central, SE Asia includes the islands
between mainland Asia and Austr. C Am includes the Caribbean islands,
OW = Old World, Gtr Africa = Africa, Madagascar, Arabia and nearby islands,
Med = lands adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, Mya = Million years ago.