OPTIMAL PRICING WITH RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS
BY
DIRK BERGEMANN AND DERAN OZMEN
COWLES FOUNDATION PAPER NO. 1177
COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS
YALE UNIVERSITY
Box 208281
New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8281
2006
http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/
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Period 0
Period 1
Two products
Prices
Decisions
Evaluations
New product
Prices
Decisions
arrive
announced
made
collected
arrives
announced
made
Recommendations
made
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