HighFour General Sciences Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Tuesday, February 23, 2016 The use of calculator is required. Answer #1: Explanation: Answer #2: Explanation: Answer #3: Explanation: Answer #4: Explanation: Answer #5: Explanation: Neanderthal Neanderthals (named after the Neandertal area in Germany) were a species or subspecies of human in the genus Homo which became extinct around 40,000 years ago. They were closely related to modern humans, having DNA over 99.5% the same.
Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.
superconductivity Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. alveoli Alveoli are tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the blood stream. elasticity Elasticity refers to the degree of responsiveness in supply or demand in relation to changes in price. If a curve is more elastic, then small changes in price will cause large changes in quantity consumed. If a curve is less elastic, then it will take large changes in price to effect a change in quantity consumed.
HighFour General Sciences Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Tuesday, February 23, 2016 The use of calculator is required. Answer #6: Explanation: Answer #7: Explanation: Answer #8: Explanation: Answer #9: Explanation: Answer #10: Explanation: exothermic The term exothermic was first coined by Marcellin Berthelot, a French chemist and politician noted for The Thomsen-­‐Berthelot principle of thermochemistry. aorta The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart’s muscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve. kidney Joseph Murray, an American plastic surgeon, who performed the first successful human kidney transplant. He shared the Nobel Prize with E. Donnall Thomas for their discoveries concerning “organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.” inertia Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion (this includes changes to its speed, direction or state of rest). It is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at constant velocity. Joseph Lister Joseph Lister, a British surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery, introduced new principles of cleanliness which transformed surgical practice in the late 1800s.
HighFour General Sciences Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Tuesday, February 23, 2016 The use of calculator is required. Answer #11: Explanation: Answer #12: Explanation: Answer #13: Explanation: Answer #14: Explanation: Answer #15: Explanation: asteroid(s) Asteroids are rocky, airless worlds that orbit the sun, but are too small to be called planets.
cathode A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device. This definition is sometimes remembered using the mnemonic CCD for cathode current departs. A conventional current describes the direction in which positive electronic charges move.
refraction Refraction is the change in direction of propagation of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium. The phenomenon is explained by the conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. Due to change of medium, the phase velocity of the wave is changed but its frequency remains constant.
bromine Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br, and atomic number 35. It is a halogen. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826.
quark(s) A quark is one of two currently recognized groups of fundamental particles, which are subatomic, indivisible (at least as far as we know today) particles that represent the smallest known units of matter. Twelve fundamental particles -­‐ six quarks and six leptons (the other type) -­‐ are the basic building blocks for everything in the universe. HighFour General Sciences Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Tuesday, February 23, 2016 The use of calculator is required. Answer #16: Explanation: Answer #17: Explanation: Answer #18: Explanation: Answer #19: Explanation: Answer #20: Explanation: candela The candela (symbol: cd) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity; that is, luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a point light source in a particular direction.
pancreas Pancreatic islets, also called islets of Langerhans, are tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ about the size of a hand located behind the lower part of the stomach. Pancreatic islets contain several types of cells, including beta cells, that produce the hormone insulin.
malleability Malleability is the ability of a metal to be hammered into thin sheets. Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-­‐metals.
Ishihara Plate test There are many tests available to measure color vision defects but the most common is the Ishihara Plate test. This can test for red/green color blindness but not blue color blindness. This is the test most likely to be used for routine color vision screening in schools or medicals.
Leo Szilard Leo Szilard was a Hungarian-­‐American physicist and inventor. He conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi, and in late 1939 wrote the letter for Albert Einstein’s signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb.