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Section 22–2 Bryophytes
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 556–559)
TEKS FOCUS: 13B Methods of reproduction, growth, and development;
TEKS SUPPORT: 8A Classify organisms
This section identifies the adaptations that enable bryophytes—mosses and
their relatives—to live on land. It also identifies three groups of bryophytes
and describes how bryophytes reproduce.
Introduction
(page 556)
1. Mosses and their relatives are generally called
bryophytes
.
2. Circle the letter of the substance that bryophyte life cycles are highly dependent on.
a. carbon dioxide
b. soil
c. oxygen
d. water
3. How does the lack of vascular tissue keep bryophytes small? Lacking vascular tissue,
they can draw up water by osmosis only a few centimeters above the ground.
4. Why must bryophytes live in places where there is standing water for at least part of
the year? During at least one stage of their life cycle, they produce gametes that must swim
through water to reach other individuals.
Groups of Bryophytes
(pages 556–557)
5. What are the three groups of plants that bryophytes include?
a. Mosses
b. Liverworts
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c. Hornworts
6. Where would you expect to find mosses growing? In areas with water, such as in swamps
and bogs, near streams, and in rain forests
7. Why are mosses the most abundant plants in polar regions? They can tolerate low
temperatures.
8. Why is the thin, upright shoot of a moss plant not considered to be a true stem?
It has no vascular tissue.
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9. Complete the illustration by identifying which part of a typical moss plant is the
gametophyte and which part is the sporophyte.
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
10. What do the mature gametophytes of liverworts look like? When they mature, they
produce structures that look like tiny green umbrellas.
11. What are gemmae? They are small multicellular reproductive structures of liverworts.
12. How do liverworts reproduce asexually? When haploid cells are washed out of a gemma
cup, the gemmae can divide by mitosis and produce a new individual.
14. In what sort of soil would liverworts and hornworts be expected to be found?
They are generally found only in soil that is damp nearly year-round.
Life Cycle of Bryophytes
(pages 558–559)
15. In bryophytes, which stage of the life cycle carries out most of the plant’s
photosynthesis?
388
Gametophyte
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 22
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13. What does the hornwort sporophyte look like? It looks like a tiny green horn.
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16. What fact of reproduction limits the distribution of bryophytes to habitats near water?
Fertilization can occur only when the gametophytes are soaked with rainwater or dew, so that
sperm cells can swim to egg cells.
17. When a moss spore germinates, what does it grow into? It grows into a mass of tangled
green filaments called a protonema.
18. Complete the table about bryophyte reproductive structures.
BRYOPHYTE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
Structure
Description
Structure Produces
Antheridia
Male reproductive structure
Sperm
Archegonia
Female reproductive structure
Egg cells
19. What does the zygote depend on for water and nutrients? It depends on the body of the
gametophyte.
Human Use of Mosses
(page 559)
20. In certain environments, the dead remains of sphagnum accumulate to form thick
deposits of
peat
.
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21. Why do gardeners add peat moss to soil? It improves the soil’s ability to retain water.
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