High speed railway principles
Ignacio Barrón de Angoiti,
Director High Speed, International Railway Association (UIC)
Professional Conference on High Speed
In the World and in the Czech Republic
Praha, 14 November 2007
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Agenda
High Speed Rail principles
Some facts & figures about High Speed
Impact in traffics
High Speed and the environment
High Speed Rail is safety
The costs of the high speed
Concluding remarks
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
1
High Speed Rail principles
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
High Speed Rail: Definitions and requirements
• “High Speed” signifies at least 250 km/h
• Operating at more than 200 km/h requires:
- special trains (train sets)
- special dedicated lines
- in cab signalling
• Upgraded existing lines and “classic” trains
(locomotive + cars) enable to operate up to
about 200 km/h
• We can also say “High Performances”
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
2
Understanding High Speed Rail
A High Speed Railway is a (very complex) system,
comprised by state of the art:
- Infrastructure
- Rolling Stock
- Signalling systems
- Maintenance systems
- Management
- Station emplacement
- Operation rules
- Marketing
- Financing
-…
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
HS performances for customers
- Commercial speed
- Frequency
- Accessibility
- Comfort
- “Freedom”
- Total time of travel
- Reliability
- Price
- Safety
-…
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Some examples of evolution of time travel
Rome - Naples
Rome - Milano
Madrid - Barcelone
Madrid - Seville
Köln - Frankfurt
Paris - Stuttgart
Paris - Marseille
Paris - Brussels
Paris - Amsterdam
Time travel (hrs)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
█ Before HS █ After HS
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
HS advantages for Society
• Offers high capacity of transport
- Up to 300,000 passengers per day
- Reduce traffic congestion
• Helps economic development
• High Speed Rail promotes logical territory
structure and helps contain urban sprawl
• Respects the environment:
- Efficient use of land (1/3 motorway)
- Energy efficiency (x 9 planes / x 4 cars)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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HS increases capacity
• Introduces more capacity in the transport system:
- New HS line capacity +
- Released capacity in classic lines
• But the capacity of new HS lines is very variable
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Different concept of HS
• Many different commercial concepts of HS
(including services to customers, marketing, etc.)
• Many different types of operation
(maximum speed, stops, etc.)
• Different ways to operate classic trains
(in particular impact on freight traffic)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Density of population
Concepts:
«Corridor»
&
«Tunnel»
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Some facts & figures about High Speed
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Some figures about High Speed
World network (V > 250 km/h) = 9.430 km
Almost 1.300 high speed trains set in operation
World speed record (in 2007): 574,8 km/h
Japan:
In 42 years = 4 Billion passengers
Up to 360.000 pass./day in Tokyo-Osaka
No fatalities during all this time at V > 200 km/h
France:
In Nov. 2006, passenger 1,3 Billion in TGV
Europe:
Average annual growing traffic 10 % (pass.-km)
Korea:
More than 100.000 passengers per day
(50 % rail traffic)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Evolution of maximum speed on rails
Km/h
700
600
500
Maximum speed in tests
400
300
200
Maximum speed in operation
100
03
00
97
94
91
88
85
82
79
76
73
70
06
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
64
61
58
67
19
19
19
19
19
19
55
0
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Km of High Speed Lines - Expectations in Europe
18000
16000
14000
Average: 554 km / year
12000
10000
8000
6000
Average: 187 km / year
4000
2000
19
81
19
84
19
87
19
90
19
93
19
96
19
99
20
02
20
05
20
08
20
11
20
14
20
17
20
20
20
23
0
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Evolution of total World high speed network
km
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
19
64
19
68
19
72
19
76
19
80
19
84
19
88
19
92
19
96
20
00
20
04
20
08
20
12
20
16
20
20
20
24
0
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Evolution of World high speed network
km
35000
30000
T otal
25000
20000
Asia
15000
10000
Europe
5000
20
16
12
08
04
00
24
20
20
20
20
20
20
92
88
84
80
96
20
19
19
19
19
72
68
76
19
19
19
19
19
64
0
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
High Speed Rolling Stock - Situation in the World
In June 2007, at the World level,
1.290 HS train sets in operation (V > 250 km/h):
• Europe:
800
(1.355 HS train sets if V>200 km/h)
• Japan:
330
• Korea:
50
• China:
60
• China Taiwan:
30
• USA:
20
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Forecasting evolution World high speed train sets
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
2 007
2 025
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
High Speed impact on traffics
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Effects in modal split
Paris - Brussels (320 km / 1h25min.)
All modes
5
2
8
7
43
Coach
61
Plane
Car
Train
50
24
Before Thalys
After Thalys
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Effects in modal split
Train / plane
Madrid - Seville (471 km / 2h15 min.)
16
67
Plane
84
Train
33
Before AVE
After AVE
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Efect of “Low Cost” air companies
París – London (2h 40min.)
LCC
7%
FSC
22%
Eurostar
71%
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Curve of the rail / air modal split
(distances between 300 and 600 km)
100
Rome - Bologna 358 km
50
% Plane
Madrid - Seville 471 km
Paris - Lyons 430 km
Paris - Brussels 310 km
75
Rail market share (%)
Tokyo - Osaka 515 km
Paris - London 494 km
Stockholm - Gotenburg 455 km
Paris - Amsterdam 540 km
Rome - Milan 560 km
25
% HS
0
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
Rail travel time (hours)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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High Speed Traffic - Evolution in Europe
90,0
70,0
60,0
Billions PKm
80,0
2,4
2,2
2,5
2,4
2,5
2,4
2,7
2,4
19,6
15,3
2,3
2,3
3,7
2,5
CD 0,1
20,9
21,6
13,9
11,6
10,2
40,0
9,3
30,0
8,9
3,6
NS 0,7
24,8
30,6
7,4
7,9
8,6
8,9
VR 0,3
SNCB 1,0
RENFE
5,1
SJ
4,4
DB
20,0
27,2
6,8
7,1
SBB 0,3
NSB 0,1
17,5
15,5
50,0
CP 0,5
32,2
34,7
37,4
39,9
39,6
41,5
42,7
44,0
FS
SNCF
10,0
0,0
37,4
14%
1996
42,3
13%
48,6
15%
52,7
8%
59,4
13%
65,9
11%
68,7
4%
71,1
3%
75,9
7%
79,7
4%
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
84
6%
Total Europe
Evolution %
2006
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
High Speed and the environment
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Land occupancy
Some ratios on land occupancy in Germany:
• High speed line Hanover - Würzburg 3,0 ha/km
• High speed line Mannheim - Stuttgart 4,0 ha/km
• Average
3,2 ha/km
• Average motorways
9,3 ha/km
Parallel layout with a motorway:
• Paris - Lyon
• Paris - Lille
• Cologne – Frankfurt
60 km
135 km
140 km
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Parallel layouts
HS Line Paris – Lille (TGV Nord)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Parallel layouts
HS Line Cologne - Frankfurt
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Comparisons in land occupancy
HS Railway
Double track
25 m
12 trains per hour & direction
666 passengers / train
Capacity = 8.000 passengers / hour
Motorway
2 x 3 lanes
75 m
4.500 cars per hour & direction
1,7 passengers / car
Capacity = 7.650 passengers / hour
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Energy Efficiency - Passenger
170
180
Source: SNCF, ADEME, 1997
Pkm/Kep
1 kwh = 0,086 Kep
160
140
120
106
90
100
80
54,1
52,5
60
39
40
20
20
0
HST
Fast
train
Commuter
train
Regional
rain
Bus
P. car
Plane
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Primary Energy and CO2 Emission
17
14
6
2,5
7
Amount of carbon dioxid
emissions per 100
passengers-km
4
HS Trains
Primary energy in litres of
petrol per 100 passengerskm
Private cars
Plane
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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CO2 emissions
In a medium distance corridor (400 - 500 km)
10 flight per day represents the emission of
6.700 t. of CO2 per year to the atmosphere
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Average External Costs
Without congestion Passenger Traffic 1995
Euro / 1000 Pkm
100
Upstream process
87
75
Urban effects
Landscape
Climate change
20
Air pollution
Noise
48
38
50
25
Accidents
0
Source: INFRAS/IWW 3/2000
Private car
Bus
Rail
Air
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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High Speed Rail is safety
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Evolution of Railway Safety in EU
2,5
2,33
Passengers killed per 1 billion Passenger-kilometres
2
1,99
1,87
1,54
1,5
1,63
1,50
1,39
1,43
Classic railways
1,29
1,24
1,18
1,10
1
1,09
0,98
1,11
0,92
1,00
0,79
0,83
0,70
0,69
0,65
0,65
0,56
0,51
0,5
0,47
High Speed Rail
0,42
0,38
0,40
0,36
0,38
0,30
0,22
19
70
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
0
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
The costs of High Speed
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Funding/Calculating Costs
• High Speed requires significant investment,
including public funding
• Consequently, need detailed studies on traffic
forecasting, costs and benefits
• Examine all impacts, positive and negative
(including calculating costs of not doing it)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Magnitude Costs of HS systems
Minimum costs in Europe
Construction of 1 km of new HSL:
12 M €
Maintenance of 1 km of new HSL: 70.000 € / year
Cost of an HS train (350 places):
Maintenance of a HS train:
20 M €
1 M € / year
(2 € / km - 500 000 km / train & year)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Funding Costs
• High Speed costs are generally paid with public
funds (Japan, Europe, Korea)
• The trend is to share funds and responsibilities
between different public entities (French TGV)
• In some cases, private funding can be attracted
for part of total investment
• PPP (Spain – France link) or BOT (Taiwan) are
two possibilities to combine public and private
resources:
- Private obtains ROI
- Public ensures social benefits
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Key elements to reduce costs
Knowledge
of High Speed Systems
& Elements
Low Cost
High Speed
Rail System
Definition of max. speed
and performances
Standardisation
Financing
Market
procedures
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Concluding remarks
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
Concluding remarks
• High Speed is an highly beneficial transport
system for Society
• High Speed is a “complex system” and its
conception is not unique; it must be adapted
to each case and each country
• High Speed always needs public funds (at least,
public guarantee)
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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UIC High Speed activities
• World Congress in HS (“Eurailspeed”):
Next one The Netherlands, 17 – 18 Mars 2008
• “Training in HS Systems”:
Next one 16 to 21 June 2008
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
For more information, commentaries and proposals:
Iñaki Barrón de Angoiti
Director High Speed
Union Internationale des Chemins de fer (UIC)
[email protected]
www.uic.asso.fr
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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Thank you very much
for your attention
High Speed – I. Barrón – Professional Conference - Praha, 14 November 2007
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