Automated Conversion from Requirements Documentation to an Object-Oriented Formal Specification Language Beum-Seuk Lee Barrett R. Bryant Dept. Computer and Information Sciences The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A. 35294-1170 Dept. Computer and Information Sciences The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A. 35294-1170 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT !#"$%!&'()* +-,. /0 1+/ 2 2 345 16+7 890+9 ;:9<0+-9 = >? 03149450112@BA2CEDF >G1 H(1+/4IJ,$<K =L< M45101N2OPQ1H R+/ SJP >(P ><314=K 4T<+UV+W T1+"0= X&R GA2C 890=+9 E:.9<K 0+9 3 "$< 0TAPCY:,$:.Z I4-<9 [I N]\^_0 ` 19 [I 014aA2? 034_C]110/bZ9<c@ ` APCEbGD2 d !K <+T ;+e"510= X&#-APCaf1:g_TKXCh!4ij31++/?;@kgTCUiRD l<J 0< dl".V:.'"$ TmlAPCn 890=+9 -,$)<=LK < o:ml1+/14j,$<=L< ppqPrRs'tRtf;1m1".S< K 9 :[I e _qP>rP!4,+9 asY I:hNZgT 04= ''uJ&J +v1'+/,,w 0.314R4510% 890=K +I :9<0+9 #59 1u"ISJ< Kx19 :c(1+/4T,$< L< K 1645110N /1]1¢1 6$# 6=)61P/$=³ ?51MV¢11¢1 T )«(/ e ´9=-I2993M= p¬2µ 1du$'9) m9ª«XT¢1569 6«(/1T$³ 1w51¢1¢1¶p ^ /J.J·-! 1 F$; 3 '5P-J=Y #1; '3 91P #«(/1H$=³F] 5RI!%R$1 M1¦kIV 1c1¦x1G=«P155151cT -3 5¢Y «1¸/196«(13 1Q5M$Tl¦ /16)¹$)j¢15._ºP T; R/ »J1j$13 1«; 5#1.u«1~ /5I$c) 31)J5d1«j1-¦ ¢1=Xc«>¬2o1l =¼F95!1«; «1/1½$)¦ X_' RTd/;1«G¬2c1Y Q«(/1U$³ 1] T _; 9- P ?>$-«()|.G11/ a1.Q«| ´!=9]993R>«(1/ $=³ '5¢1¢1 E2 1T a1¢1#6!1 !?¢e T´I=9H9-9H aR$T=25? Keywords ` 19 [I 014HAP 034aCE101/bZ9<faOP"ISJ<) KJOj9 : y 1V X? y ,$<=L< ? ]f.g__1KC]!4hij31++/? f!qj5Rr2)!4=K 1,+9 jsY I:hfzRs6C Q j1e¢=x P.99j¾ ¿1§ÀkTj G ! 1$ 9 ^?3HV¢11¢1Y¾=¤§À_; ) 5=Q J.93¹c^/95#«P¬PªM?5^ 1¢l..¦ 6ÂÁac ¢ u /«(1)/1!) w?I5-$ 9931oc_1m;= ]P6 1hà M1 |9 1./? 1I!#«V*>.31.51¢1¢ ´9=9 1. INTRODUCTION 99HQP«(/1J$³ 15¢1¢1aT >5G {><I 4=&%+/19&'1+/14a,$<=L< c45011 !-" V?a¢!GHU; 1Ä _1./#1I! :.!41,$ : 61:.4e =#<1+,4[%J&.J +2;= ^ 9&MK J/ >J.I?¹/1/19T«] P51¢¢P)¦ )31< '"$ X_o= Y<1+,$9 d"9&o:.<+,$1= 51|: =Â51¢ dŹ.5=u1«2¬Paa>5% dJ; "J 3< %1H R 890=+I >1H #J&.J +~}=kNjP T Qe$)G jJ)_ÆY1?! j3?¢5¢1¢1 J 44I _ 0.314I451102@BAPCUD]1U+/5 :Q1Z G,3< < 14 1«E 915 dV¢11¢1R>1>Q«(1/]$=³ ?51651.¦ <31<j1T P:.+/1/[.,$ a #,$<=& >J&.J +*"$< 0 ¢1¢1#>ÇH>2URÈn 53 6>¢9Id«1j1X.¢-.;1 1+/4h,$<=L< ? 51d45011>P1 1J& #+/1J NHZ! «(P593h 0QA2CU9 4=&2"ISJ< Kx19 :#1:Q:.<, !a É Ph ?) Q.»X) Ê_9¹I!¬2?3!E¢11¢1_ÇZ1¦ ¢lËxÊ_¬2]Ç_ÌQ¾=¤?¯?ÀaP M/ 1. 1¢=X6..¦ ,9 3? 51M,$?_ f$= P+/19 <P:6J&.9 3[YQ >1K T ;/51F; d$d_1/$1 99I1>d? 99? _1F1;R> ?) eE1$3eQ _#F1;# > ?) %j -R;1931)¡?¢1319jIe$)£Pjj£e¤¥?¦§§?¦ ¤)¦§¨!©§m1pIª %jF;j l«e¬P Rj3 n) T36I$T¬P§§§I¤®¦X§I¤¦¤¦§¯®!°I Í%¬2u1__6])!aÈj31/?-ËkEÈRÌe¾¤¥ÀaR 6 1F; P=¼F9T«(/1Î!F$Td¬21«(¦ /1a$=³ c5¢1¢1') !- -11/ .¦ !1Y«1ϬP% ´99;993d59#«(1/ $=³ ÂËB%1P e Ðj/£P!9PÆY I ¦;ÐP£RÆv¾ ¨ÀÌ)ÑU=J2 Q ´9=92.9Ij21. 9ÁH¹I#Æ6IYE1¢1¢/ËBÒ2Æ6UÌP¾ ®1À]«(1/? TT Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. SAC 2002, Madrid, Spain ± 2002 ACM 1-58113-445-2/02/03 ... ² 5.00. 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CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE BASE FROM REQUIREMENTS /_><"@I9+.(KD,"('F;"l3CNM%"l),M83B<),D,$L[#&.7CW#&"(e-B<),#&"78"+-$&Ma'<.p?B<o 78"+9$RBM%),+<;wMh5F+-$UCN?q$&):?Nc{M%"7]CN+-$&),?tC +'?.N+9$&"qAF$&BCNDTyz'<),M%?.BF#%M%"| ),+F[\.N#&7]C$&),.+O}/_><"IF+<.(KD:"'<;"k3C M%">CNM~$&.g3"?.+<Mh$%#&B?$&"'a),+aC K_C5@$&.8Mh$&.N#&"J$&>"g),+F[\.N#&7]C$&),.+HK)Q$&>.BF$jC +-5l'<C $UCL#&"('FB+'<C +<?5 K><),D:"1[\CN?),D,)Q$UC $&),+;"(CNM%"1),+a7]C +),GB<D:C $&),+;E$&><"'C$UCL® ¯ °zO}xTD,M%.E$%><" I9+<.KD,"('F;"J#&"G<#&"M%"+-$UC $&),.+W>C MT$&.]?(C G<$&B<#&"g$&><"?.N#%#&"M%G.N+'F),+<; Mh$%#&B<?$&B<#&"g. 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(T 2 2 ¡] 2 2(|m·{z!x(w(x2|!v&5&| bz!xw(x|v&ºN§z5x(wx|v&k 2 (|(¢¡Ä Ã&z!x2|}^~A((5x&mTAz!xw(x|!v&T 1 ¡(¡] mm&|kz!x(w(x|!v&¡] (¥!wm (v{(&!my( 2º$m(xw·¿e 2|m·¿e 2|m(mÀ6m(x(w m!my( 2 |m` 2 2 ¡h N!vw{z5x(w(x|vo$m(xwq z!x(w(x|!v&oNÃ&z5x|}s~b(! (T 2 2 ¡] z!x(w(x|!v&oN4z!x(w(x2|!v&k¤ 2 (|m¢¡] Ã&z!x|}s~A(m5xmTbz!xw(x2|v&q 2 ¡/ mm&|kz!x(w(x|!v&¡] (¥!wm (vv155v1}mz5x(w(x|vº 2|m·¿e 2|mk((À6mmx(w v2m5v1}mz!xw(x|v&o 1 !2 ¡h( N!vw{z5x(w(x|vo$m(xwq z!x(w(x|!v&oNÃ&z5x|}s~b(! (T 2 2 ¡] mm&|kz!x(w(x|!v&¡ &|( ( Å LKl 1c(L% 1- MJRQqSÆ)/W_+12¢m ±F²t:³³Ä)/W_+12&\91:5c(m4Z Yc &Y+Y %KÇ(1c&È/ÉÊR³³,85 Y95Y% +2qs±²9t°Jqm'5W È/É )!2c!!\´W¸Ë¶EH`@Fq& W"nn5 !"#%$$&(')* +,"&,-,,&./&102!3"4"5673!4581$$9&')5:0;&%"3<"%+= +,"&%&1>,+44*&10?!-&1"9*%@%$A"4"B5C5D&!@1E!45D /"F@4#0;,"D!4"G0;,""H(9&%456JIE4&1!4"-%K%%LH%*% &10!4581+4+,"&L%H!/5?!41A!4NMEOPQ7 &&.$RB31$95D&+,"&1KB95:0=&%"8 D"H145D$91&%S&/&B$ T!4UE4F@JPT&B$4*WV 14*1@%*% X UYPJVZY[\](^45D*_$4R')!J`<(&.@1$a`C&.5Dbcd[\(e^f6 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 73!5"5D1"H!/+,"&1g>A5:KL$9&%+%5A%_%++4$1&._&%00h&%"Di 1$ 5D+F41&%#1@J$4*%45jH!49B5N&%,&.1Y! &.BKL"5D&.J0="&.k-""5)&3'N"DlJmYVS& C0;&%"1$45D+F41&%$=14*%@%*%.6:73!4NRB&(')$,*.N4%5D)5:,4$ +n0h"&%dlm<Vo"4"5&4n&%"H,"_&l1+D," !p&.B@1$30;&1"1&.q0="&.d!W&-')!9$p!@1,i ,$9*G!41_9*%4>r+,"&.$9s%@r&n&.+,9tT!4l+,"&5D5 &10:5)D"H%5D$91&.&7NVuv5D+F@(&.a6NwG$$ 5jD"," 1@l0;&1"%$tG1H"+"5DBH(&.45x5D+9%$$#0h&%"x!_&%i ,81"E45D_&1RLN5D&&%!D"H%5D$91&.580h"&%ym<VT"4 "i B5z&E!3RB4&')$*%)@%5D)1@!40h"&.{!3RB4&')$*% 4%5D3&YC7NVu|5D+F@(9&%a6AOY?&C5zmYV2if$RL85j,H1x1@ } ,4$~J')!4&%Y$&%5D9*p5C0;&%"1$95DJ27NV u5<H!4&%5DS15< 0h&%"1$5D+F41&%_&EF4$9$B!48*L%+->'8!4N,"z$KL$ &10z0;&1"%$5D5C&10zmYVG%@0;&1"%$25D+F@(&.l$9%*.@1*..6 UE5D4*n!4J0h&%"1$9t&.BW9m<V+"&5D5D4*r&q!4%,i ,$_!41_9*%4>SmYVo%@S7NVu')!G5xm<V2if$9R./5j,B( 1@ } 9$>-')!4&.,3$&.5D*-5?0h&%"1$95D&x44$9x"*% >'3_>'8&x"Bz0h&%"1$95D5A&%0@mYVJ1@_C0;&%"1$5D+F4i 1&.J$914*.4%*%.'8Y1J%H!4K.<0;$9$p%,&.(W&.BKL"5j&. 0="&. 1-m<V""5&4 &<C0h&%"%$B5D+F41D&% $914*.4%*%?0;&1"!4A+,"&%&%~,+44*)1@x+4$H1&%Y&%0&.+,$ 5j,5j56zIE$5D&Y5D4N'8N45D3!43"B"5A&zD5D$0 15!/4+x0;&1"-!/5j,5j*.4"H(9&%a!+@4l&10 &%if$43&%5 &1"zBD"H<,&452&Y5D"8!4?5j5jD &.5)5D1$9$6 45D4*YPJVl&x0h&%"1?!4)"4"5?&%! +4:,&4BA&.5A5jH1@4("Ht-+&.5D5D4$-%RB4*<,5D5 &10NH%$95/%4n91*%"H%5n!4,&4B15'8$$6lIE$5D&T! RB&(')$,*.-@%5D-%-4"l45D*W41,"H%$z$9%*.@1*._1@ ,5D+4$9TTYPJV#0;&1"1)')!T!4<&.B@1$9,0;&1"1&%26 73!5j,5j%G"D"$S!@1@$/!/+"5DBG%/+$9 &.+4$$%15z5D"926 wG8("8+"D0h&%"4*E.&.4%$K1%$i 41&.5l&%0-!4S5j5j0;&1"&%!"J"4"B5T&L5 $@*5D&%l"4"5&45W5D"94*%D4%$ U6C63IC"|5j,5j56 fT5T+|!@(p!l!4&%$9&1*% '81",KL$&.+4*p')$$8/%+4+$9%4$/&T!5D_""5 ,&4B5/%5'3$$6~0<5D45D5j0;$N!5/')9$$E+"&(KB=,JGK%"D 5D0;$z&&.$A&J%5D5D5j5D&%0=>'31"*.4"5S&(K,*W0="&.D! "B"5N&43&!4<0h&%"%$5D+F41&%a63<"80hi ,"_'3&1"R95Y&p&.B4_KL$9&%+44*W!4-5j5j&T+"&KL 5j,5j4514$>1@/"&.45j45D5?')!"5D+?&5?&(KL"%*% &103"4"B5<&56w!4F@4%$t 5x,+ !41aY45D*3!4z0;&1"%$tx&.Bax@1,"H%$L$914*.4%*%?+B"&%i 5D5D4*-%@7NV u%53,"9*.C~'3!)"B"58B&i Y1@S0h&%"1$:5D+F@(9&%G$9%*.4%*.%a'8/%#%H!4K. 1,,H%$9TmYV5D+F@(9&%|0;&1"p#"H%+=+"&1&%>,+9*#&10 "B"5,%58'8$$2%5N,KL$&.+8&10zxF@4%$+4$LH(i &%a6 ICRB&(')$,*.B5 A3<141?8.49 ¡LCx4%¢4¡£j¤B¥C¦ § %z¨,(©, 9, 9¢ªC%¢%«%¬ «: 9«¢4D:)A£j¤B¥E¦r<¦x®y %9¯° ¢J1H)/«.¢@,4«N )D1«Ha± 7. REFERENCES ²³´ -±4µ±4¥E9%ª.1<%¢4p¶_±4· ¸B%1¬-¸±¹.º»D¼½ ¾?¼H¿1À½Á%ÂGÁjà ¹ÁjÃÀÄ?¿%ÅD»¹4Æ1ÇÀ~»È_DZµB¨ ¢4ª%DÉf?=1ªÊ ³Ë%Ë.Ì ± ² Í´Î ±@¥C9¢a±Ï¿%ÀÐBÅj¿.ÑÒa¿%ÂÓ%пӻSÔ2ÂÕ»ÅHÇÀf¿%ÂÕ%½hÂBÓ%± Ö ¢%×j%¬ ¢Ø%Ù84¬¬ ¢ª%Ê Í ¢@W .¢2Ê ³Ë.ËLÚ ± ² Û(´ ¦_± Ö ×jÜ%¢E%¢4lÙE± Ö ± Î %¢4±8ÝaÞ4»ß2½f»Â¿_à-»á%»ÑÁº@È»Â4À â »ÀhÞÁÕã_ÝaÞ4» â »Àf¿%ähÒ ¿%ÂÓ%Ð4¿Ó»±aµ,¨ ¢ª.DÉf:9%ªÊ ³Ë%ÌLÚ ± ² å1´ <± Ö H¸Ê Î ±4·z%. Ê(¢@JÙE±®#±µB¨¯ª1Éj®T«æ<4¢2± ç °B¢D 9¯®J1¡B4¨pè %¢ª.4%ª.éêY®Jèë ³ ± ìB± «H4¢ «% ¨%DÊ,í Û ÙîC«.¬/¬¢@4( .¢î ç Ù?ɰ,¬É ³Ë.Ë.Ì ì ͳ ì,Ê ³Ë.Ë%Ì ± ² Ú´ µ± Ö ¢4¢4%¢2Ê4èA±@¤, 9¬%¢2Ê%¢@JÙE±@·%99(H2±¥Ù8¢ ¢4ª ¥E¨4¨,L1«W·A%¢414¢4±@ï3ÅDÁ¼(ðñBò%ÀhÞTóôaÒróCÂÂ4п.Ñ â »»À½;ÂBÓ%Ê4¨@%ª% ³(Ú%Úõ@³öLÍ Ê ³Ë.Ì.÷ ± ² ö(´ Ö ±4î± Ö D¸B%¢±4ø<¯B×j«DÉ>øE ¢WùY1,H%aè 1¢4ª.4%ª% îEú ¬¢)µ,¨« û4«1 %¢a±@ïNÅjÁ¼(ð óôz¹aô|ñ,üLü.ü1ýAñþ.ÅDÕ óCÐ,ÇÀÅj¿.Ñ¿%ǽ¿%Âô:Á%È<ºð¹@¼½fð8ô:Á%ÂÃð9Ê,¨@%ª% Í1å1õÛ ìBÊ Í ì%ì.ì,± ² ÷´ Ö ±4î± Ö D¸B%¢C1¢@ Ö ± É>µ±@è2.±483%É~è2©LÿEH%¬¬1C1 %¢ø<¯B×j«DÉjøE ¢îEúB ¬¢NµB¨« û@«( .¢ è %¢ª.4%ª.%±ï3ÅDÁ¼(ðzþò1ÀhÞ ¿%Ä?¿%½h½ HÂÀ~ð8ô:Á%ÂÃð ¹Æ%ÇÀ~»È ¹¼½f»Â@¼»Ç ÀfÁW¿ºLº»D¿%Å Ê Î %¢2± Í ì.ì Í ± ² Ì(´ ç ± -±¦ ,D<1¢@ Î ±©%%¢p¶1~) ×>¡±@<¦x® É3¥¤4%¬1 µ,¨« û4«1 .¢Jè %¢ª.%ª. § %<ø<¯,×>«DÉ>øE ¢p¦<D ª.¢4± ïNÅjÁ¼(ð)Ý AÒA¹Ô2¹,ó %ñ.ý %ñ#Ý»D¼HÞBÂÁ.ÑÁÓ%ÆpÁjà (»D¼Àä 8Žf»ÂÀ~»DÕÒ ¿1ÂÓ%Ð4¿Ó»Ç¿%ÂÕ¹4Æ1ÇÀ~»È_ÇlÔ2¹,ókô:Á%ÂÃð9Ê ¨@%ª% ö.Ûõ,Í.÷1Ì Ê ³Ë.ËLÍ ± ² Ë(´ ¦_±@¤¢4DÊî±4ÿE¢B¯%¬JÊ@1¢@lÿ-±î±,îC¢@(H±@®TB41 Ù8@%¢ª.è2.ª. «éf®lÙ8èëµ,¨« § ¸, 9¢ª_4<îE1D.¢ 9¢ª/ § ¶x¢4)ª%Éf¯@%Dlµ¸,j¬±@à¿1Àf¿p¿%Â@Õ xÂÁ%Ä)Ñ9»DÕÓ» ÂÓ%½;»»ÅH½;ÂBÓ%Ê Í%ö Í(åLÛõBÍ%ö%Ë Ê ³Ë%Ë.Ì ± ²³ ì ´ ù-± ç ±@¤44«H4)1¢@Wî±4µ,«H) D±@¥3D¬¨,/Ù8%¢D. ç ¢ª. 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