Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among
Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Valeria Caruso, Anna Riccio
University of Naples «L’Orientale», IT
Languages for Special Purposes in a Multilingual, Transcultural World
8 -10 July 2013
Centre for Translation Studies, University of Vienna
Vienna, Austria
Outline
Field Investigation
Presentation of the Wine domain
The Wine categories
Corpus presentation
Data collection
FrameNet Approach
Analysis of data
Concluding remarks
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Wine categories
Wine production
Wine tasting/evaluation
Wine classification
Wine selling (collecting)
Wine uses
Wine consumption
Health effects of wines
Tab. 1 Classification of wine categories
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Corpus creation: size and text types
Size: 1,564,668 tokens
Text types:
EN_reviews*
EN_journals
IT_reviews*
FR_reviews*
382,249
619,470
467,451
95,497
*in newspapers, magazines, blogs, specialized sites
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
find
make
accord
follow
show
do
report
contain
observe
increase
pouvoir
faire
devoir
produire
donner
permettre
venir
dire
mettre
servir
fare
potere
produrre
dovere
andare
dire
stare
volere
spiegare
trovare
Frequency
Type frequency list
1400
1200
1166
1029
1000
800
600
400
267
200
0
EN
FR
IT
Fig. 1 Verb types in the corpus
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
‘Make’ in wine categories
90%
80%
70%
Frequency
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
wine
classification wine tasting wine uses
production
of wine
1
2
3
wine selling
4
5
wine
health
consumption effects of
wines
6
7
Wine classification
Fig. 2 The verb ‘make’ and the wine categories
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
‘Make’ meanings
EN: it makes a good “take-round-to-someone’shouse-for-dinner” wine because everyone loves it
copulative
make
semicopulative
IT: Il naso si fa intrigante, [...]
(lit. ‘the nose becomes intriguing/interesting’)
lexical
EN: Campania, Sicilia, or Puglia make
the best ones (wines).
Fig. 3 ‘Make’ values
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
FrameNet Approach
In Frame Semantics, frames are conceptual structures
involving a potentially large number of lexical items not just
individual meanings or individual words.
(Hanks 2012: 65)
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Frames in winespeak
?
Evaluative_comparison
Arriving
Evidence
Awareness
Examination
Becoming_visible
Experiencer_focus
Causation
Getting
Cause_change
Going_back_on_a_commitment
Cause_to_start
Hostile_encounter
Choosing
Inclusion
Coming_to_be
Ingestion
Commerce_sell
Intentionally_act
Compatibility
Intentionally_create
Cooking_creation
Judgment
Deserving
Leadership
Differentiation
Manufacturing
Distinctiveness
Membership
Earnings_and_losses Opinion
Education_teaching
Part_whole
Performers_and_roles
Possession
Process_start
Progress
Relative_time
Representative
Self_motion
Stage_of_progress
Stimulus_focus
Subjective_influence
Success_or_failure
Successful_action
Supporting
Temporary_stay
Travel
Trendiness
Tab. 2 Alphabetically ordered list of frames
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Frames Frequency for ‘to make’ in the corpus
25
23
Frames
20
15
10
8
4
5
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
7 10
Lexicalization
12
17
23
90 625
0
1
2
3
4
5
Fig. 4 Frequency of frames
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Frequency of Frames for ‘to make’ in the corpus
25
23
20
15
8
10
4
5
2
3
3
4
5
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
10 12 17 23 90 625
0
1
2
3
Stimulus_focus, Commerce_sell, Supporting,
Judgment, Choosing, Education_teaching,
Earnings_and_losses, Awareness, Evidence,
Differentiation, Representative, Opinion,
Deserving, Evaluative_comparison,
Subjective_influence, Getting,
Coming_to_be, Possession, Temporary_stay,
Going_back_on_a_commitment, Trendiness,
Hostile_encounter, Relative_time
Intentionally_create
Fig. 4 Frequency of frames
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Frames Frequency for ‘to make’ in the corpus
Frame
Frequency
%
Intentionally_create
625
71%
Cause_change
90
10%
Manufacturing
23
3%
Causation
17
2%
Performers_and_roles
12
1%
Tab. 3 Decreasing frequency of frames
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Intentionally_create frame
(1)
[This wine is a naturally sweet wine CrEnt] MADE [with
Garnacha
Tintorera
grapes
harvested
and
dehydrated in 2010 such as follows Cmpnt]: [I] CNI*
*Constructional Null Instantiation
Definition frame:
The Creator creates a new entity, the Created_entity, possibly out of Components.
The Libyans were GENERATING arms for export.
Lexical Units:
create.v, creation.n, develop.v, development.n, establish.v, establishment.n, found.v,
generate.v, generation.n, make.v, produce.v, production.n, set up.v, synthesis.n, synthesise.v
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Cause_change frame (1)
“semi-copulative”, it. fare-rendere’; ingl. make-become: Henry VIII was made king in 1509.
(2) a. [CauseThe Eyrie Estate gives a wonderful combination of
lean structure, and rich flavors] MAKING [Entthe wine]
[Final_category feel both refreshing, and compelling]. INI*
b. [Cause the volcanic soils] CAN MAKE [Entthe wine] [Final_category
among Sicily’s most distinctive].
*indefinite null instantiation
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Cause_change frame (2)
Definition frame:
An Agent or Cause causes an Entity to change, either in its:
category membership or in terms of
the value of an Attribute.
In the former case, an Initial_category and a Final_category may be expressed, in
the latter case an Initial_value and a Final_value can be specified.
Our storylines follows the saga outlined by the Ultima Series, but we have
MODIFIED it in order to make our writing more cohesive.
Lexical Units:
alter.v, alteration.n, change.v, conversion.n, convert.v, make.v, modification.n, modify.v,
reshape.v, transform.v, transformation.n, turn.v, variation.n, vary.v
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Cause_change frame (1)
“semi-copulative”, it. fare-rendere’; ingl. make-become: Henry VIII was made king in 1509.
(2) a. [Cause The Eyrie Estate gives a wonderful combination of
lean structure, and rich flavors] MAKING [Entthe wine]
[Final_category feel both refreshing, and compelling]. INI*
category membership
b. [Cause the volcanic soils] CAN MAKE [Entthe wine] [Final_category
among Sicily’s most distinctive].
value of an Attribute
*indefinite null instantiation
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Causation frame
(3)
[i solfiti presenti nei vini tradizionali Actor] FANNO MALE
[all’organismo Affected]
[the sulphites contained in the traditional vines Actor] ARE
HARMFUL [for humans Affected]
Definition frame:
A Cause causes an Effect. Alternatively, an Actor, a participant of a (implicit) Cause, may stand
in for the Cause. Those frames that inherit the Causation frame have as their background the
idea that some event is responsible for the occurrence of another event (or state).
He MADE me angry.
Lexical Units:
because of.prep, because.c, bring on.v, bring_about.v, bring.v, causative.a, cause.n, cause.v,
consequence.n, consequent.a, consequential.a, dictate.v, due to.prep, for.c, force.v, give rise.v,
induce.v, lead_(to).v, leave.v, make.v, mean.v, precipitate.v, put.v, raise.v, reason.n, render.v,
responsible.a, result_(in).v, result.n, resultant.a, resulting.a, see.v, send.v, since.c, so.c, wreak.v
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Frames and Wine Categories: intersections
100%
Intentionally_create
& Production; 91%
Causation &
Tasting; 35%
Manufacturing &
Production; 91%
90%
Wine categories
80%
Cause_change
& Tasting; 52%
70%
Causation &
Health effects;
29%
Performers_and_role
& Uses; 50%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Intentionally_create
Manufacturing
Cause_change
Causation
Performers_and_roles
Production
91%
91%
18%
6%
0%
Tasting
5%
0%
52%
35%
17%
Uses
1%
0%
11%
18%
50%
Classification
2%
0%
9%
0%
0%
Selling
1%
9%
7%
6%
8%
Health effects
0%
0%
0%
29%
0%
Consumption
0%
0%
2%
6%
25%
Frames
Fig. 5 Intersections of frames and wine categories
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Intentionally_create & Production; 91%
(4) a.
It seems incredible that Brezza can make dolcetto, barbera and nebbiolo
that is so light, but they do.
b. [I] grapes to Verduzzo, which is used to make Ramandolo [I]
c. His Arboreus named wine is made with full skin contact entirely of one
grape [I]
(5) a.
[I] il suo Barolo [...] è fatto come lo facevano suo padre e suo nonno [...]
(lit.: ‘his Barolo is made as his father and his grand-father made’)
(6)
b.
[...] un vino fatto da un unico vitigno [...]
b.
(lit.: ‘a wine made from a single grape variety’)
[I] Cipresso fa vino. (lit. ‘Cipresso makes wine’)
a. Le vin est fait pour être dégusté [I] (lit.: ‘the wine is made to be tasted’)
b. [I] le résultat d'un assemblage de 4 cépages avec lesquels on fait le porto
[I] (lit.: ‘it is the result of a blend of 4 grapes with which we make the Port wine’)
c. A Bordeaux, une famille fait son "vin de cuisine" dans son jardin.
(lit.: ‘In Bordeaux, a family makes its "cooking wine" in its garden’)
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Manufacturing & Production; 91%
(7) While many producers make Recioto di Soave, they do so in small
quantities. About 1400 hectoliters are made annually [I]
(8) Di aglianico se ne fanno 2 milioni all'anno. (lit. ‘we made 2 millions of
Aglianico grape per year’)
Definition frame:
A Producer produces a Product from a Resource for commercial purposes.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Cause_change & Tasting; 52%
(9)
In short, Antinori makes oak and butter-notes desirable.
(10)
[...] elemento che unito a un'ottima qualità fa un vino di classe.
(lit.: ‘it is a constitutive element which, in addition to an excellent [grape?]
variety, makes a fine wine’)
(11)
Le terroir de Pomerol fait de Nénin, un vin élégant [I]
(lit.: ‘The soil of Pomerol makes Nénin an elegant wine’)
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Causation & Tasting; 35%
(12)
[...] trovare i vini che facciano colpo sull' esperto.
(lit.: to find the wines which makes an impression on the expert’)
(13)
Si presenta con un colore stupendo, oro intenso e brillante, fa luce
in mezzo al tavolo.
(lit.: ‘It has an extraordinary bright gold colour which shines and brightens
the table ’)
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Causation & Health effects; 29%
(14)
Il buon vino non fa male.
(lit.: ‘good wine is harmless’)
(15)
Il vino al metanolo fece alcune vittime anche all'estero.
(lit. ‘methanol wine killed some victims also abroad’)
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Performers_and_role & Uses; 50%
(16)
Founders Reserve is a good bargain makes for a good gift [I]
(17)
The wine is still holding up quite well and makes for a great
evening sipper as aperitif.
(18)
We can say that Nero d'Avola is deservedly king of the hill. It
makes for the richest, densest wines with the most structure and
complexity. There, Hanes said it.
(19)
[I] le note di pompelmo giallo fanno la parte dell’interprete
principale [...]
(lit.: ‘notes of yellow grapefruit play the main role’)
Definition frame:
A Performer has a certain Role in a Performance and plays their part by following
the directions in the Script for that particular Role.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Frames in the different language sub-corpora
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Intentionally_cre
ate
EN
87%
FR
59%
IT
60%
Cause_change
Manufacturing
Causation
9%
32%
19%
3%
0%
4%
0%
8%
12%
Performers_and_
roles
1%
0%
5%
Fig. 6 Cross-linguistic analysis of frames
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Concluding remarks
FrameNet does not have a target inventory of frames to create, does not have any
criteria for distinction between frames, and does not have criteria for completion of the
whole task. In other words, it is not based on systematic analysis of a target lexicon.
Despite these somewhat negative comments, it must be emphasized that FrameNet has
been an inspiration for recent approaches to lexical semantics and contains insights that
repay careful study by anyone interested in meaning in language.
(Hanks 2012: 57)
and…
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Arriving frame
Così i vini naturali hanno fatto capolino anche nei ristoranti di alto livello.
‘Thus, natural wines arrived in elegant restaurants, too.’
Definition frame:
An object Theme moves in the direction of a Goal. The Goal may be
expressed or it may be understood from context, but its is always implied by
the verb itself.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Becoming_visible frame
[…] - but for some odd reason this wine never made it there and first
appeared 6 years after vintage date in another forum.
Definition frame:
An Entity that is previously not visible to a Perceiver becomes visible.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Compatibility frame
If there was ever a wine made to go along with raw fish, this is it.
Definition frame:
Item-1 and Item-2 are compatible with each other if they can exist or function
together in some context without problems, conflict, or other undesirable
situation. The set of Item-1 and Item-2 may be expressed jointly as Items.
The Degree to which the Items are compatible may also be indicated, as may
be a Parameter along whose lines the Items are compatible.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Cooking_creation frame
Many of the traditional stock based sauces are made with wine.
Definition frame:
This frame describes food and meal preparation. A Cook creates
a Produced_food from (raw) Ingredients. The Heating_Instrument and/or
the Container may also be specified.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Distinctiveness frame
What made it remarkable was where it came from.
Definition frame:
A Feature of an Entity serves to distinguish the Entity from other members of
its type which have a different value for the Feature. Note that the Entity is
often implicit.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Inclusion frame
L’appellation d’origine contrôlée Barsac fait partie du Sauternais.
‘The Barsac Controlled Designation of Origin is part of Sauternais’
Definition frame:
A Total has a Part, either as a member of an aggregate or as a constituent
part of a simple entity.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Manufacturing frame
this is the first time the influence of seed removal on the
proanthocyanidin composition of Merlot wines
made on a
commercial scale has been reported
Definition frame:
A Producer produces a Product from a Resource for commercial purposes.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Leadership frame
Lambrusco la fa da padrone.
‘Lambrusco plays boss’
Definition frame:
These are words referring to control by a Leader over a particular entity
(the Governed) or an Activity. The frame contains both nouns referring to a
title or position (e.g. director, king, president), and verbs describing the
action of leadership (e.g. rule, reign). With verbs, it is possible to mention
the Role played by the Leader (often a name of a leading position, e.g.,
king) .
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Stage_of_progress frame
Red lees led to the worse results, which they ascribed to the presence
of phenolic compounds released during red 1, which makes difficult
fermentation; so extraction with organic solvents should be required to
improve the results.
Definition frame:
Item-1 and Item-2 are compatible with each other if they can exist or function
together in some context without problems, conflict, or other undesirable
situation. The set of Item-1 and Item-2 may be expressed jointly as Items.
The Degree to which the Items are compatible may also be indicated, as may
be a Parameter along whose lines the Items are compatible.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Travel frame
Il Lambrusco fa il giro del mondo.
‘The Lambrusco goes around the world’
Definition frame:
In this frame a Traveler goes on a journey, an activity, generally planned in
advance, in which the Traveler moves from a Source location to a Goal along
a Path or within an Area. The journey can be accompanied
by Co_participants and Baggage. The Duration or Distance of the journey,
both generally long, may also be described as may be the
Mode_of_transportation. Words in this frame emphasize the whole process
of getting from one place to another, rather than profiling merely the
beginning or the end of the journey.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Caballero, R. & Suarez-Toste, E. 2010, "A genre approach to immagery in
winespeak: Issues and prospects", in Low, G, Todd, Z., Deignan, A. & Cameron, L.
(eds.) Researching and applying metaphor in the real world, AmsterdamPhiladelphia: John Benjamins.
Caballero, R., 2009, "Crutting across the senses: Imagery in winespeak and
audiovisual promotion", in Forceville, C., & Urios-Aparisi, E. (Eds.) Multimodal
metaphor, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 73-94
Kicktionary
Fillmore, C., 1985, "Frames and the semantics of understanding", in Quaderni di
semantica, 6. 222-254.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Inclusion:
Definition:
A Total has a Part, either as a member of an aggregate or as a constituent part of a simple
entity.
His collection INCLUDED two El Grecos.
Lexical Units:
contain.v, exclude.v, excluding.prep, have.v, include.v, including.prep, inclusive.a,
incorporate.v, integrated.a
Part_whole
Definition:
This frame is concerned with nouns denoting a part or parts of a Whole entity . The Part is
not defined relative to the Whole's orientation, center, or edge and is not ordered. We also
annotate properties of the Part, e.g. relating to its size.
Kim forgot a large PART of the story.
Abby ate only the top HALF of the cake.
Lexical Units:
development.n, eighth.n, fifth.n, fragment.n, half.n, hundredth.n, part.n, portion.n, quarter.n,
section.n, segment.n, tenth.n, third.n
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Part_piece
Definition:
This frame is concerned with transparent nouns denoting a Piece of a Substance. Also
present is Piece_prop which is a property of the Piece, e.g. relating to its size.
Kim ate a tiny MORSEL of cake.
Lexical Units:
board_(computer).n, chip.n, chunk.n, clod.n, clump.n, flake.n, fragment.n, hunk.n,
lump.n, morsel.n, piece.n, scrap.n, shard.n, shred.n, slice.n, sliver.n, smidgen.n,
snippet.n
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Experiencer_obj
Definition:
Some phenomenon (the Stimulus) provokes a particular emotion in an Experiencer.
Nightmare on Elm Street SCARED me silly.
Experiencer_focus
Definition:
The words in this frame describe an Experiencer's emotions with respect to some
Content. A Reason for the emotion may also be expressed. Although the Content may
refer to an actual, current state of affairs, quite often it refers to a general situation which
causes the emotion.
My ENJOYMENT of the movie was considerably impaired by the seven-foot guy sitting in
front of me.
Smithers takes great PLEASURE in collecting matchboxes.
Sergio derives great PLEASURE from smoking.
Smoking gives me extreme PLEASURE.
With certain verbs, the Circumstances can be expressed in a finite clausal or whcomplement which may optionally be preceded by a Null NP Object:
I HATE it when you do that.
Note: This is not how it is currently tagged.
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Required_event
Definition:
Unless a particular Required_situation obtains, Negative_consequences will
follow. Alternatively, the Required_situation is required to achieve a Purpose
(which avoids Negative_consequences). A set of Circumstances may be specified
under which the requirement holds.
You MUST turn in your test by 5 p.m.
You BETTER have that fixed by tomorrow or else we'll fire you.
The book NEEDS to be shorter to sell to such a young audience.
Lexical Units:
be_supposed_(to).v, best.v, better.v, got_to.v, gotta.v, had better.v, hafta.v, have
to.v, must.v, need.v, ought to.v, oughta.v, should.v
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Undergo_change
Definition:
An Entity changes, either in its category membership or in terms of the value of an
Attribute. In the former case, an Initial_category and a Final_category may be expressed, in
the latter case an Initial_value and a Final_value can be specified.
As soon as Tiffany kissed the frog, Tiffany TURNED into a frog.
He chanted and the rock CHANGED shape, becoming a great double bitted axe.
The College has CHANGED markedly over the century since it first opened its doors.
If I'm understanding you correctly, you want the switchbar color to CHANGE whenever the
bot says something?
My life instantly CHANGED from an empty life, to a life full of joy and purpose.
As you can see, the word WALK CHANGED from red to green rather than have a separate
lens for each colour.
My feet TURNED to stone.
The promise will TURN to ashes if progress is not made.
The price CHANGED from $1.26 to $1.27 per pint. DNI
At least one relative instruction has CHANGED in size from short to long
Lexical Units:
change.n, change.v, changeable.a, metamorphosis.n, plummet.v, shift.n, shift.v, swing.v,
transformation.n, transition.n, turn.v, veer.v
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
Membership
Definition:
A Member is semi-permanently part of a socially constructed Group.
Victor is PART of the Red Crescent
Lexical Units:
associated.a, belong.v, member.n, membership_(status).n, membership.n, part.n
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
POS codes used in the frequency lists (1)
En TreeTagger Part-of-Speech Tags
VB
verbbe, base form
VHP
verbhave, sing. present, non-3d
VBD
verbbe, past tense
VHZ
verbhave, 3rd person sing. present
VBG
verbbe, gerund/present participle
VV
verb, base form
VBN
verbbe, past participle
VVD
verb, past tense
VBP
verbbe, sing. present, non-3d
VVG
verb, gerund/present participle
VBZ
verbbe, 3rd person sing. present
VVN
verb, past participle
VH
verbhave, base form
VVP
verb, sing. present, non-3d
VHD
verbhave, past tense
VVZ
verb, 3rd person sing. present
VHG
verbhave, gerund/present participle
WDT
wh-determiner
VHN
verbhave, past participle
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
POS codes used in the frequency lists (2)
It TreeTagger Part-of-Speech Tags
VER2:fin
finite form of modal/causal verb
VER2:fin:cli
finite form of modal/causal verb with clitic
VER2:geru
gerundive form of modal/causal verb
VER2:geru:cli
gerundive form of modal/causal verb with clitic
VER2:infi:cli
infinitival form of modal/causal verb with clitic
VER2:ppre
present participle of modal/causal verb
VER:fin
finite form of verb
VER:fin:cli
finite form of verb with clitic
VER:geru
gerundive form of verb
VER:geru:cli
gerundive form of verb with clitic
VER:infi
infinitival form of verb
VER:infi:cli
verb with clitic
VER:ppast
past participle of verb
VER:ppast:cli
past participle of verb with clitic
VER:ppre
present participle of verb
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts
POS codes used in the frequency lists (3)
Fr TreeTagger Part-of-Speech Tags
VER:cond
verb conditional
VER:futu
verb futur
VER:impe
verb imperative
VER:impf
verb imperfect
VER:infi
verb infinitive
VER:pper
verb past participle
VER:ppre
verb present participle
VER:pres
verb present
VER:simp
verb simple past
VER:subi
verb subjunctive imperfect
VER:subp
verb subjunctive present
Frames of Winespeak: Varieties among Languages and Linguistic Contexts