LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY:
EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS
Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)
OCTOBER 2013
Ethnic mixing in Manchester
Summary
•Ethnic minority groups in Manchester (those
other than White British) have grown, and
live in more even mixed areas in 2011 than
before.
Figure 1. Change in ethnic group segregation
in Greater Manchester, 1991-2011
Separation in
1991
•Every ethnic group measured in the census, except
Chinese, is more evenly spread in 2011 than 1991
across Greater Manchester wards.
Separation in
2001
Separation in
2011
100
90
•The decreased separation of the White,
Caribbean, African, Indian, Pakistani and
Bangladeshi groups is a result of dispersal away
from the areas where they have been traditionally
clustered.
80
70
60
•Eight out of 10 of the most diverse wards in
Greater Manchester are in Manchester.
50
40
-Moss Side is the most diverse ward in
Manchester.
30
20
•The population in Manchester and the rest of
Greater Manchester is not only becoming more
ethnically mixed residentially, but also within
households.
10
0
-The proportion of people living in multiple
ethnic group households has increased in
all districts in Greater Manchester. Excluding
one person households, 25% of households in
Manchester include people from more than one
ethnic group as compared with 12% nationally.
Caribbean
African
Indian
Pakistani
White
Bangladeshi
Chinese
Notes: Separation (Index of Dissimilarity) across 215 wards in Bolton,
Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside,
Trafford, Wigan. 100% indicates complete separation. 0% indicates
completely even spread of a group.
-The Mixed ethnic group has increased by
71% and accounts for 4% of the population
(or 23,200) in Manchester.
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Ethnic mixing in Manchester
Measuring segregation
Figure 2. Change in ethnic group segregation in
Greater Manchester, 2001-2011 (White and Mixed
ethnic groups)
The most commonly used measure of segregation is
the Index of Dissimilarity, which calculates a summary
measure of the spread of a group across space
compared with the spread of the rest of the population.
It is often referred to as the Segregation Index. The
Segregation Index is calculated by comparing the
percentage of a group’s total population in Bolton,
Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford,
Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan that lives in a
ward with the percentage of the rest of the population
that lives in the same ward. The absolute difference
is added up across the 215 wards, and then halved
so that the index is between 0 and 100, with 0%
indicating a completely even spread of the population
and 100% meaning complete separation. Values of
the Segregation Index tend to be higher when they
are based on smaller areas because they magnify the
differences between places.
Separation in
2011
Separation in
2001
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Residential mixing
0
Measuring residential ethnic segregation is a challenge
because its meaning and measurement have become
politically loaded. Figure 1 shows the Segregation Index
(see box) for Greater Manchester1 for ethnic groups that
can be measured in each of the last three censuses. The
Segregation Index shows that the Bangladeshi group (76%)
was most separated and the Chinese group (35%) was the
least separated in 1991.
White British
White Irish
Mixed White-Caribbean
Mixed White-African
Mixed White-Asian
includes Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport,
Tameside, Trafford, Wigan.
1
Other White
During the 1990s the separation of each ethnic group
decreased, except for the Chinese group. There has been
continued spreading out during the 2000s for the African,
Indian, Caribbean and Pakistani groups. The increased
separation of the Chinese group from a very low base
reflects a national trend and is likely to be a result of the
settlement of new migrants attending higher education
institutions which grew rapidly during this period. The
decreased separation of other minority groups represents
residential dispersal across Greater Manchester and beyond.
Notes: Separation (Index of Dissimilarity) across 215 wards in
Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport,
Tameside, Trafford, Wigan. 100% indicates complete separation.
0% indicates completely even spread of a group.
The groups that have only been identified by the census
since 2001 are shown in Figure 2. The White Irish, White
Other and Mixed groups are more evenly spread through
Greater Manchester than other ethnic groups. They have all
become more evenly spread throughout the region, except
for the White Other group. This group almost doubled
in size during the decade and its increased segregation
is likely to reflect immigration of new migrant groups to
‘gateway’ parts of Manchester, including City Centre ward.
Nonetheless, the group is less segregated than most other
ethnic groups with an index value of 30%.
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Ethnic mixing in Manchester
Ethnically diverse wards in
Greater Manchester
Figure 3. Super-diversity in Manchester, 2011
Other Asian (6%)
Pakistani (28%)
Other White (7%)
White British
(29%)
Cheetham
African (8%)
Total population, 22,562
Diversity can be measured by calculating how close a ward
is to having an equal number of residents in each ethnic
group (see box). The most diverse ward in Manchester
is Moss Side with a standardised value (0 to 100) of 40.
The average for England and Wales is 3.6, with the most
diverse wards in parts of inner London where the value is
as high as 50. Figure 3 shows that no one ethnic group
accounts for more than a third of the population in Moss
Side and Cheetham wards. In Moss Side, the White British
group is the largest (26%), followed by African (17%),
Caribbean (10%), Pakistani (7%), Other Black (7%) and
Other White (5%). Eight of the 10 most diverse wards in
Greater Manchester are in Manchester: Moss Side, Ardwick,
Cheetham, Rusholme, Longsight, Whalley Range, Hulme
and Crumpsall. Clifford ward, Trafford and Central Rochdale
ward, Rochdale are the only wards outside Manchester
that are among the ten most diverse wards in Greater
Manchester.
Pakistani (7%)
Other Black (7%)
Other White (5%)
White Britsh
(26%)
Caribbean (10%)
Moss Side
African (17%)
Total population, 18,902
Notes: labels show ethnic groups which
account more than 5% of the population.
Figure 4. Growth in households with more than one ethnic group in Greater Manchester districts, 2001-2011
Households with more than 1 ethnic group (%)
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Manchester Trafford
Salford
Bury
Stockport Rochdale
2001
Bolton
Oldham
Tameside
Wigan
2011
Notes: horizontal line indicates national average. Measured as a proportion of households with two or more people.
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Ethnic mixing in Manchester
Measuring diversity
but also in terms of the ethnic diversity within households
and families. Figure 4 shows that the proportion of
households with two or more people that contain people
from more than one ethnic group (i.e. multiple ethnic
group households) grew during the 2000s in each Greater
Manchester district. Multiple ethnic group households
account for a quarter of households in Manchester, above
the national average of 12%. The proportion is considerably
higher than any other district in Greater Manchester. The
proportion is lowest in Wigan (4%).
Ecologists have a very useful notion of diversity which
is applied to calculate how closely each ward in Bolton,
Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport,
Tameside, Trafford, and Wigan is to having an equal
number of each ethnic group measured in the census.
Called the ‘Reciprocal Diversity Index’, the ecologists
sum each of the eighteen ethnic group proportions, first
squaring them, and divide into 1. The Index is greatest
when there are equal numbers in each group, when it is
equal to 18, and lowest when there is only one group in
an area, when it is equal to 1. The index is standardised
by stretching it to be always within the range 0 to 100.
The average across Manchester is 11 and England &
Wales is 3.6.
The number of people with a Mixed ethnic identity provides
an indication of the most intimate form of integration of
peoples. Nationally, the proportion of people with a Mixed
ethnic identity is 1.2 million or 2.2% of the population. It
has increased by more than three quarters from 672,000
in 2001. There has been a similar level of increase in
Manchester (see Figure 5). The Mixed population accounts
for 4% of the population in Manchester. The largest Mixed
ethnic group in Manchester is the White-Caribbean group
(8,877). Each of the Mixed ethnic groups has grown by
more than three-quarters since 2001.
Mixing within households and families
The population in Manchester and the rest of England
and Wales is not only becoming more mixed residentially,
Figure 5. Growth of Mixed ethnic group population in Manchester, 2001-2011
2011
2001
23,131
13,472
9,997
5,050
Mixed White-Caribbean
8,780
15,657
11,925
6,583
Mixed White-African
Mixed White-Asian
Mixed Other
This briefing is one in a series, Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.
Author: Stephen Jivraj
Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)
The University of Manchester
Oxford Road, Manchester
M13 9PL, UK
email: [email protected]
www.ethnicity.ac.uk
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