AP European History
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Frye
Test 2 – Study Guide:
The Reformation Era
BACKGROUND & BEGINNING
[APE 1.3 IB] Religious pluralism – especially after the Reformation – challenged and
changed theology, religious institutions, and European culture. Reformers like Luther,
Calvin, and the Anabaptists were angered by indulgences and simony.
Problems in the Catholic church, c.1500
Frederick the Wise of Saxony
Erasmus
Luther – what were his UNIQUE, BIG ideas?
Why did Luther revolt?
How did he challenge political authority?
95 Theses [OCT 31, 1517]
Wittenberg
Translation of Bible into German
Tetzel
Pope Leo X
Charles V
Diet of Worms 1521
German Peasant Revolt
12 articles
…and Luther’s response
5 SOLAS
Protestant beliefs (in contrast to Catholic)
Schkamaldic League [war] 1544-55
Peace of Augsburg 1555
Ulrich Zwingli
Anabaptists – what were their UNIQUE, BIG ideas?
(aka Brethren, Mennonites, etc)
Menno Simons
Munster cult
[APE 1.3 IIA/B/C] The Reformation saw increased state control of religion (for example the Spanish
Inquisition, and the top down control by Henry VIII and Elizabeth via the Book of Common Prayer.
But The Reformation also led to challenges against the state. Calvin and the Anabaptists refused to
subordinate church to the state. This led to conflicts between people and the state – for example the
Huguenots (France) and Puritans (England).
Calvin Institutes
What were his UNIQUE, BIG ideas?
TULIP, Predestination
Huguenots
John Knox, Presbyterianism
Covenant democracy in Geneva
Anglicans
Via media
William Tyndale
Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy 1534
Catherine of Aragon
Seizing monasteries
Anne Boleyn
Sir Thomas More
“Bloody” Mary (Tudor)
Elizabeth I
Attitude toward religion
Book of Common Prayer
Salvation
Bible and truth
Catholic
Marriage and
women
Lay & Clergy,
Equality
Church &
state
Customs and
church culture
Faith accessed via
the church and
works
Marriage is a
sacrament; celibate
clergy; nuns
Clergy are
superior to lay.
Church
over kings.
Lutheran
Faith alone
Bible plus church
decisions; papal
authority; Latin
Bible; only read by
clergy
Bible alone;
vernacular Bibles
all can read
Marriage is a
covenant; women
silent in church
Clergy=lay;
church run by
bishops.
Anabaptist
Faith alone
Marriage is a
covenant; women
can speak in church
Clergy=lay;
democratic
congregations.
Calvinist
Faith alone /
elected by God
Bible alone, literal
application (very
individual);
vernacular Bibles
all can read
Bible alone
(Congregational
consensus);
vernacular Bibles
all can read
Marriage is a
covenant; women
silent in church
Clergy=lay;
democratic
congregations.
Anglican
Faith alone
Bible …
vernacular Bibles
all can read
Marriage is a
covenant; women
silent in church (but
Elizabeth I is head of
church)
Clergy=lay;
church run by
bishops and
crown.
King over
national
church, but
separate.
Radical
separation
of church
and state;
pacifism.
Church and
state
mutually
cooperate,
though
separate.
Crown runs
national
church.
Communion center
of worship (Mass);
saints, relics, 7
sacraments;
veneration of Mary
Sermon-centered;
2 sacraments.
Rejects saints,
relics
Sermon-centered;
2 sacraments.
Rejects saints,
relics
Sermon-centered;
2 sacraments.
Rejects saints,
relics; simple
churches.
Sermon-centered;
2 sacraments. No
monks, but saints
and other Catholic
forms are kept (via
media)
[APE 1.3 IC] The Catholic Reformation after the Council of Trent and led by Loyala and
the Jesuits revived the church but refused theological compromise with the Protestants.
Council of Trent
Loyola and the Jesuits (ultramontanism) - – what were his UNIQUE, BIG ideas?
Inquisition
Index
[APE 1.3 IIIA] Religious conflicts overlapped with politics and economic competition within states
and between nations. For example it intensified competition between noble families in the French
“Wars of Religion” [aka War of the Three Henrys]…
Religious wars of France
Catherine de Medici
St. Bartholomew’s Massacre (1572)
Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Henry IV)
“Paris is worth a Mass”
Politiques
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Parlements [French]
[APE 1.3 IIIB]…frustrated the Hapsburg attempts to restore Catholic unity to Europe…
Phillip II
Siglo de oro
The Escorial
Lepanto (1571)
Dutch revolt (“United Provinces”) and “80 Years War”
William the Silent (of Orange)
[APE 2.1 IIB] The Dutch Republic developed an oligarchy of elites [urban merchants
and aristocrats] that promoted trade and traditional rights
[APE 1.3 IIID] A few states like the French [Edict of Nantes] or Dutch allowed limited
religious pluralism [toleration].
Sea dogs
Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart)…execution
Francis Drake & Spanish Armada (1588)
Marie de Medici and Cardinal Richelieu
30 Years War [causes, Peace of Westphalia 1648]
[APE 1.2 I B] The Peace of Westphalia [1648] marked the end of “universal
Christendom”, and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting local
princes, etc. control over religion.
[APE 1.2 I A/D] The Rise of a Secular State – New concepts of secular state and law led
to changes in the state or new political institutions; [A] for example by gaining a
monopoly on tax collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and
determining the religious practice for their subjects (Peace of Augsburg [1555 HRE],
Act of Supremacy [1534 England], Edict of Nantes [1598 France]); backed by secular
theorists like Hugo Grotius [natural law as basis of international law]
1600s and British Parliamentary struggles
Why are people angry at the Stuart kings?
What groups in England lead the anti-royal movements?
JAMES I
Puritans
Structure and function of Parliament (pre-Cromwell and post-Glorious Rev.)
{Lords and Commons}
Divine right
King James Bible
CHARLES I
Tonnage and poundage, ship money (aka illegal taxes)
Star Chamber
Long Parliament
English Civil War (1642-48)
CAUSE
OUTCOME
Roundheads
Cromwell (1648-1660)
Cavaliers
The Rump
The Commonwealth
Levelers
[APE 1.2 III A] The competition for power between kings, merchant elites, an nobles
changed political structures; for example the English Civil War’s competition between
crown and Parliament.
[APE 2.1 IIA] The outcome of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution asserted
the rights of Parliament, protecting some rights of the nobles and elite commoners
[gentry].
The Restoration era…
CHARLES II
Plague, Fire, and Academy
JAMES II
Glorious Revolution (1688)
CAUSE
OUTCOME
William (III, Orange) and Mary
Bill of Rights, 1689
Act of Toleration, 1690
Battle of the Boyne, 1690
[APE 1.5] The Reformation affected social customs…
Use of interest [no ban on usury]
Strong merchant classes sometimes ruled city-states and
regulated morals (Calvin’s Geneva)
..and raised debate about family roles [APE 1.5IVB]
…women preachers and education
Next page for religious MAP of EUROPE c. 1648
Charles V Luther 95 Theses
1517
Peasant Revolt
1524-25
Political Timeline
1534 – Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy
Charles V fights
German princes
1545-1555
1553-58 Bloody
Mary
1558-1603
Elizabeth I
Phillip II
1555 – Peace of Augsburg
1560s – Calvinist
Presbyterians (Knox)
take over Scotland
Wars of
Dutch Revolt
the Three
80 Years War
Henrys
1568-1648
1560s- Henry IV
1590s
1588 – Spanish Armada
James I
Charles I
English Civil War
1642-1648
1689 – Bill of Rights
1598 – Edict of Nantes
30 Years War
1618-1648
1649 – Treaty of Westphalia
Cromwell’s
Commonwealth
1648-1660
Glorious
Revolution
1688-89
1541-1567 Calvin
in Geneva
Charles II
James II
William & Mary
Louis XIII
Richelieu
runs France
(1620s1640s)