Castanets and Bugles: A Close Look at Instrumentation and

\
¬-53)#!,¬()'(,)'(4
#ASTANETS¬AND¬"UGLES¬
!¬#LOSE¬,OOK¬AT¬)NSTRUMENTATION¬AND¬#HARACTER
-53)#!,¬()'(,)'(43¬!2%¬
"2)%&¬/00/245.)4)%3¬4/
4HROUGHOUT¬THE¬OPERA¬"IZET¬USES¬ORCHESTRAL¬ACCOMPANIMENT¬TO¬CONVEY¬INFORMATION¬
ABOUT¬HIS¬CHARACTERS¬THEIR¬THINKING¬AND¬THEIR¬RELATIONSHIPS¬TO¬ONE¬ANOTHER¬4HE¬USE¬
¬s¬(ELP¬STUDENTS¬UNDERSTAND¬OPERA
OF¬CASTANETS¬AND¬BRASS¬IN¬4RACKS¬¬AND¬¬ARE¬A¬lNE¬EXAMPLE
¬s¬7HET¬THEIR¬INTEREST¬IN¬UPCOMING¬
TRANSMISSIONS¬OF¬4HE¬-ET¬,IVE¬IN¬($
¬ !S¬4RACK¬¬BEGINS¬$ON¬*OSϬHAS¬JUST¬ARRIVED¬AT¬THE¬TAVERN¬AFTER¬BEING¬RELEASED¬
%ACH¬FOCUSES¬ON¬AUDIO¬SELECTIONS¬FROM¬
#ARMEN¬AVAILABLE¬ONLINE¬AT¬WWW
METOPERAORGEDUCATION¬OR¬ON¬THE¬
ACCOMPANYING¬#$¬!LL¬FOUR¬ACTIVITIES¬
USE¬REPRODUCIBLES¬FOUND¬AT¬THE¬BACK¬
OF¬THIS¬GUIDE¬
4HESE¬hMINILESSONSv¬WILL¬IN¬PRACTICE¬
TAKE¬UP¬NO¬MORE¬THAN¬A¬FEW¬MINUTES¬
OF¬CLASS¬TIME¬4HEYRE¬DESIGNED¬TO¬HELP¬
YOU¬BRING¬OPERA¬INTO¬YOUR¬CLASSROOM¬
WHILE¬MINIMIZING¬INTERRUPTION¬OF¬YOUR¬
ONGOING¬CURRICULAR¬SEQUENCE¬&EEL¬FREE¬
TO¬USE¬AS¬MANY¬AS¬YOU¬LIKE
FROM¬THE¬GUARDHOUSE¬(ES¬JEALOUS¬BECAUSE¬#ARMEN¬HAS¬BEEN¬DANCING¬FOR¬OTHER¬
MEN¬3O¬TAKING¬CENTER¬STAGE¬SHE¬DECIDES¬TO¬DO¬A¬BIT¬OF¬hPRIVATE¬DANCINGv¬FOR¬HIM¬
ACCOMPANYING¬HERSELF¬WITH¬WORDLESS¬SONG¬AND¬CASTANETS¬
¬ )N¬THE¬MIDDLE¬OF¬HER¬DANCE¬A¬VERY¬DIFFERENT¬INSTRUMENT¬IS¬HEARD¬IN¬THE¬DISTANCE¬
PROVIDING¬A¬COUNTERPOINT¬TO¬THE¬SOUND¬OF¬THE¬CASTANETS¬MILITARY¬TRUMPETS¬OR¬
BUGLES¬#ARMEN¬CONTINUES¬TO¬DANCE¬BUT¬THE¬BUGLES¬DISTURB¬*OSϬ4HEY¬REMIND¬HIM¬
OF¬HIS¬COMMITMENTS¬AND¬OF¬A¬LIFE¬INCOMPATIBLE¬WITH¬HIS¬LOVE¬FOR¬#ARMEN¬(E¬INTER
RUPTS¬HER¬!S¬THE¬SPOTLIGHT¬TURNS¬TO¬*OSÏS¬CONCERNS¬TRUMPETS¬BLARING¬"IZET¬SILENCES¬
#ARMENS¬CASTANETS¬4HE¬LOVERS¬QUARREL¬THAT¬FOLLOWS¬SEEMS¬TO¬TAKE¬PLACE¬ON¬*OSÏS¬
TERMS¬ACCOMPANIED¬ONLY¬BY¬BUGLES
¬ 4HEN¬IN¬4RACK¬¬WHICH¬FOLLOWS¬DIRECTLY¬#ARMEN¬DANCES¬TO¬THE¬BUGLE¬CALLS¬
CLICKING¬HER¬CASTANETS¬ONCE¬MORE¬RECLAIMING¬OUR¬ATTENTION¬!GAIN¬"IZET¬WEAVES¬
THE¬TWO¬SOUNDS¬TOGETHER¬"UT¬AGAIN¬*OSϬINTERRUPTS¬AND¬THE¬FOCUS¬SWIFTLY¬SHIFTS¬
(E¬IS¬WORRIED¬AND¬NEEDS¬TO¬GET¬BACK¬TO¬THE¬BASE¬#ASTANETS¬SO¬CHARACTERISTIC¬FOR¬
#ARMEN¬ARE¬ABSENT¬FROM¬THE¬SCORE¬AS¬THE¬SCENE¬COMES¬TO¬AN¬END
¬ "Y¬USING¬TWO¬SUCH¬DIFFERENT¬INSTRUMENTS¬ASSOCIATING¬EACH¬ONE¬NOT¬ONLY¬WITH¬A¬
CHARACTER¬BUT¬WITH¬THE¬CHARACTERS¬STATE¬OF¬MIND¬AT¬A¬PARTICULAR¬MOMENT¬"IZET¬USES¬
A¬COMPOSITIONAL¬TECHNIQUE¬TO¬ENHANCE¬LISTENERS¬UNDERSTANDING¬OF¬THE¬CHARACTERS¬
THEIR¬RELATIONSHIPS¬AND¬THE¬DRAMATIC¬SITUATION
Castanets are a percussion instrument commonly used in Spanish
folk dance. 6ey consist of a pair of cup-shaped wooden
clappers resting on the palm of each hand, loosely held in
place by a string looped over the thumb. 6ey’re clicked
rhythmically by either the dancer or an accompanying singer.
Several videos showing castanets in use are available at youtube.com.
\
¬-53)#!,¬()'(,)'(4
4ELLING¬&ORTUNES¬
!¬#LOSE¬,OOK¬AT¬THE¬%MOTIONAL¬)MPACT¬OF¬-ULTIPLE¬6OICES
)N¬A¬PLAY¬OR¬A¬MOVIE¬THREE¬CHARACTERS¬SPEAKING¬AT¬ONCE¬WOULD¬CREATE¬CONFUSION¬
)N¬OPERA¬THREE¬CHARACTERS¬SINGING¬IN¬HARMONY¬CAN¬SIMULTANEOUSLY¬COMMUNICATE¬
MULTIPLE¬POINTS¬OF¬VIEW¬AND¬EMOTIONS¬AS¬IN¬THE¬CASE¬OF¬4RACKS¬¬THROUGH¬
¬ 4RACK¬¬lNDS¬#ARMENS¬FRIENDS¬-ERCÏDÒS¬AND¬&RASQUITA¬PASSING¬THE¬TIME¬AT¬
THE¬SMUGGLERS¬MOUNTAIN¬HIDEAWAY¬BY¬TELLING¬THEIR¬FORTUNES¬WITH¬A¬DECK¬OF¬CARDS¬
"IZET¬PROVIDES¬A¬PEPPY¬MELODY¬WOODWINDS¬AND¬STRINGS¬RESPONDING¬TO¬THE¬GYPSY¬
WOMENS¬SONG¬AS¬THEY¬lND¬AUGURIES¬OF¬FORTUNE¬AND¬LOVE
¬ 4RACK¬¬OVERLAPS¬SLIGHTLY¬WITH¬4RACK¬¬IN¬ORDER¬TO¬ILLUSTRATE¬HOW¬"IZET¬MAKES¬THE¬
TRANSITION¬FROM¬-ERCÏDÒS¬AND¬&RASQUITAS¬FORTUNETELLING¬TO¬#ARMENS¬!S¬#ARMEN¬
TAKES¬THE¬CARDS¬THE¬MUSIC¬TAKES¬ON¬A¬DARKER¬TONE¬9OU¬MAY¬WANT¬TO¬PAUSE¬AT¬THIS¬
POINT¬AND¬HAVE¬YOUR¬STUDENTS¬GUESS¬WHAT¬#ARMENS¬CARDS¬WILL¬FORETELL
¬ #ARMENS¬FATE¬AS¬TOLD¬BY¬THE¬CARDS¬IS¬REVEALED¬IN¬4RACK¬ˆITS¬DEATH¬FOR¬BOTH¬
HER¬AND¬*OSÏ
¬ )N¬4RACK¬¬A¬FEW¬MINUTES¬LATER¬IN¬THE¬STORY¬#ARMEN¬REmECTS¬ON¬THE¬IRREFUTABILITY¬
OF¬THE¬CARDS¬$EATH¬COMES¬UP¬AGAIN¬AND¬AGAIN¬SHE¬DISCOVERS¬SHIFTING¬THE¬MOOD¬AS¬
FAR¬AS¬CAN¬BE¬FROM¬-ERCÏDÒS¬AND¬&RASQUITAS¬EARLIER¬CHIRPY¬CONVERSATION
¬ 5NTIL¬THIS¬POINT¬"IZET¬HAS¬KEPT¬HIS¬HAPPY¬FORTUNETELLERS¬MUSICALLY¬APART¬FROM¬
THE¬UNFORTUNATE¬#ARMEN¬(IS¬STRATEGY¬CHANGES¬INSTANTANEOUSLY¬WITH¬WHAT¬WE¬HEAR¬
IN¬4RACK¬¬.O¬SOONER¬HAS¬#ARMEN¬WAILED¬h!LWAYS¬DEATHv¬THAN¬-ERCÏDÒS¬AND¬
&RASQUITA¬PICK¬UP¬THEIR¬MERRY¬TUNE¬"IZET¬RAISES¬THE¬STAKES¬PULLING¬THE¬CONTRASTING¬
THEMES¬TOGETHER
¬ 4HE¬FORTUNETELLING¬SCENE¬DEMONSTRATES¬HOW¬A¬COMPOSER¬CAN¬DEPLOY¬VOCAL¬
PARTS¬AS¬BOTH¬MELODIES¬AND¬HARMONIES¬TO¬DEPICT¬COMPLEX¬CONSTELLATIONS¬OF¬
FEELING¬7HEN¬THE¬PARTS¬ARE¬HEARD¬SEPARATELY¬SEQUENTIALLY¬THEY¬ENABLE¬LISTENERS¬TO¬
SHARE¬AND¬TO¬DISTINGUISH¬AMONG¬THE¬SINGERS¬THOUGHTS¬AND¬EMOTIONS¬7HEN¬HEARD¬
TOGETHER¬IN¬A¬MANNER¬UNAVAILABLE¬TO¬OTHER¬ART¬FORMS¬THE¬MULTIPLE¬VOICES¬EXPRESS¬A¬
TROUBLING¬MIX¬OF¬EMOTIONS¬#ARMEN¬IS¬TERRIlED¬OF¬HER¬FATE¬HER¬FRIENDS¬LOOK¬FORWARD¬
TO¬BRIGHT¬FUTURESˆAND¬"IZETS¬MUSIC¬CONVEYS¬THE¬COMPLEXITY¬OF¬THE¬SITUATION
\
¬-53)#!,¬()'(,)'(4
0OWER¬TO¬THE¬0EOPLE¬
!¬#LOSE¬,OOK¬AT¬6ERISMO
!T¬ITS¬WORLD¬PREMIERE¬IN¬0ARIS¬IN¬¬#ARMEN¬WAS¬NOT¬WELL¬RECEIVED¬IN¬PART¬DUE¬
TO¬"IZETS¬GROUNDBREAKING¬DEPICTION¬OF¬COMMON¬WORKINGCLASS¬PEOPLE¬7ITHIN¬
THE¬FOLLOWING¬TWO¬DECADES¬OPERAS¬DEALING¬WITH¬TALES¬OF¬EVERYDAY¬LIFE¬SUCH¬AS¬
,EONCAVALLOS¬0AGLIACCI¬OR¬0UCCINIS¬,A¬"OHÒME¬WOULD¬NOT¬ONLY¬BECOME¬POPULAR¬
THEY¬WOULD¬BE¬REGARDED¬AS¬A¬DISTINCT¬NEW¬OPERATIC¬GENRE¬KNOWN¬AS¬VERISMO¬OR¬
hREALISMv¬FEATURING¬THE¬TRAGIC¬PASSIONATE¬AND¬OFTEN¬VIOLENT¬LIVES¬OF¬THE¬NOT¬SO¬RICH¬
AND¬FAMOUS
&5.¬&!#4¬Among the
¬ )N¬#ARMEN¬"IZETS¬PROTAGONISTS¬ARE¬A¬SPORADICALLY¬EMPLOYED¬GYPSY¬GIRL¬AND¬A¬
aspects of Carmen that upset
early audiences were its
unhappy ending, the smoking
of cigarettes onstage, and what
critics called its lack of melody—
which would surprise anyone
today who recognizes the
Habanera or the toreador song!
LOWLY¬CORPORAL¬AND¬THE¬COMPOSER¬SPRINKLED¬HIS¬SCORE¬WITH¬CHORUSES¬OF¬SOLDIERS¬
STREET¬URCHINS¬AND¬LAYABOUTS¬4HE¬WORK¬BEGINS¬4RACK¬¬WITH¬A¬GROUP¬OF¬SOLDIERS¬
NOT¬ENGAGED¬IN¬GLORIOUS¬CONQUEST¬BUT¬HANGING¬OUT¬KILLING¬TIME¬AND¬WATCHING¬
PEOPLE¬3OON¬AFTER¬A¬CHORUS¬OF¬RAGTAG¬STREET¬KIDS¬IS¬HEARD¬AT¬ONCE¬PLAYING¬AT¬AND¬
PARODYING¬MILITARY¬PRECISION¬4RACK¬
¬ 4HE¬OPERAS¬GRITTY¬SPIRIT¬SHINES¬THROUGH¬IN¬THE¬MIDDLE¬OF¬!CT¬)¬WHERE¬LIFE¬ON¬THE¬
CITY¬SQUARE¬STOPS¬AS¬THE¬CROWD¬WATCHES¬ATTRACTIVE¬YOUNG¬CIGARETTE¬FACTORY¬WORKERS¬
lLE¬OUT¬AFTER¬THEIR¬SHIFT¬4HEIR¬JOB¬BESTOWS¬A¬MYTHICAL¬SENSUALITY¬ON¬THESE¬WOMEN¬
THAT¬TOBACCO¬COMPANIES¬SEEK¬TO¬PROMOTE¬TO¬THIS¬DAY
¬ &IRST¬A¬CHORUS¬OF¬IDLERS¬ANNOUNCE¬THEIR¬PLANS¬TO¬mIRT¬WITH¬THE¬GIRLS¬WHEN¬THEY¬
APPEAR¬4RACK¬¬.EXT¬A¬GROUP¬OF¬SOLDIERS¬GOSSIP¬AS¬THE¬WORKERS¬PASS¬BY¬
4RACK¬¬)N¬4RACK¬¬AN¬ORCHESTRAL¬INTERLUDE¬REINFORCES¬THE¬MOOD¬AS¬lRST¬A¬
CLARINET¬THEN¬OTHER¬WOODWINDS¬AND¬STRINGS¬DEPICT¬THE¬SINUOUS¬RISE¬AND¬DISPERSION¬
OF¬CIGARETTE¬SMOKE¬4HE¬STREETSMART¬WORKERS¬THEMSELVES¬HAVE¬THEIR¬SAY¬IN¬4RACK¬
#ARMENS¬ENTRANCE¬IN¬!CT¬)¬
'RACE¬"UMBRY¬AS¬#ARMEN¬
0(/4/¬,/5)3¬-%,!.£/.
¬ .O¬DISCUSSION¬OF¬#ARMEN¬WOULD¬BE¬COMPLETE¬WITHOUT¬EXAMINING¬THE¬ROLE¬OF¬
THE¬TOREADOR¬%SCAMILLO¬4HE¬THCENTURY¬3PANISH¬VERSION¬OF¬A¬ROCK¬STAR¬AND¬HIS¬
RELATIONSHIP¬WITH¬A¬PUBLIC¬AS¬ADORING¬AS¬AN¬ARENA¬FULL¬OF¬#OLDPLAY¬FANS¬lGURES¬PROMI
NENTLY¬IN¬THE¬STORY¬RIGHT¬THROUGH¬THE¬CLIMAX¬OF¬!CT¬)6
¬ %SCAMILLO¬IS¬lRST¬SEEN¬IN¬!CT¬))¬PRECEDED¬BY¬HUZZAHS¬FROM¬AN¬EXCITED¬CROWD¬
IN¬,ILLAS¬0ASTIAS¬TAVERN¬4RACK¬¬"EING¬A¬MAN¬OF¬NO¬SMALL¬EGO¬HE¬RESPONDS¬BY¬
SPINNING¬A¬TALE¬OF¬DANGER¬AND¬EXCITEMENT¬IN¬THE¬BULLRING¬"Y¬THE¬END¬OF¬4RACK¬¬
THE¬FANS¬ARE¬CHEERING¬HIS¬MERE¬MENTION¬OF¬BRAVERY
¬ 4RACK¬¬INTRODUCES¬WHAT¬MAY¬BE¬"IZETS¬BESTKNOWN¬MELODY¬INDEED¬ONE¬OF¬THE¬
MOST¬POPULAR¬MELODIES¬EVER¬WRITTENˆTHE¬TOREADOR¬SONG¬)TS¬A¬PUBLICRELATIONS¬
PIECE¬SMOOTHLY¬BLENDING¬DANGER¬AND¬SEX¬AND¬SO¬INFECTIOUS¬THAT¬THE¬ADORING¬PUBLIC¬
JOINS¬IN¬ON¬4RACK¬¬!S¬THE¬LAST¬BARS¬OF¬THAT¬TRACK¬SUGGEST¬%SCAMILLO¬HAS¬ONLY¬JUST¬
BEGUN¬TO¬DESCRIBE¬HIS¬OWN¬EXPLOITS¬7ITH¬THE¬CHARACTER¬OF¬%SCAMILLO¬OPERAGOERS¬
WERE¬AMONG¬THE¬lRST¬TO¬SEE¬A¬POPULAR¬ENTERTAINER¬TREATED¬DRAMATICALLY¬AS¬hROYALTYv
¬ "EFORE¬"IZETS¬TIME¬OPERA¬WAS¬LARGELY¬A¬WORLD¬OF¬MYTHS¬AND¬BIBLICAL¬STORIES¬
INTRIGUE¬AMONG¬ROYALTY¬AND¬NOBLES¬3HAKESPEARIAN¬GIANTS¬AND¬THE¬ARISTOCRATIC¬
PHILANDERERS¬OF¬-OZART¬#ARMEN¬BROUGHT¬THE¬STREET¬ONTO¬THE¬STAGEˆPICKUP¬
ARTISTS¬HUSTLERS¬AND¬DREAMERS¬3HOCKING¬THOUGH¬THIS¬WAS¬TO¬THE¬0ARIS¬OF¬¬THIS¬
EARLY¬EXPRESSION¬OF¬VERISMO¬OPENED¬OPERA¬HOUSES¬TO¬A¬CAST¬OF¬TRAGIC¬CHARACTERS¬
FROM¬0AGLIACCIS¬HEARTBREAKING¬COMEDY¬TROUPE¬TO¬THE¬STARVING¬YOUNG¬ARTISTS¬OF¬,A¬
"OHÒME
\
¬-53)#!,¬()'(,)'(4
4HE¬h'OODv¬'IRL¬
!¬#LOSE¬,OOK¬AT¬THE¬2OLE¬OF¬-ICAÑLA
'IVEN¬THE¬COMPLEXITY¬OF¬HER¬CHARACTER¬ITS¬EASY¬TO¬SEE¬WHY¬AN¬AUDIENCE¬WATCHING¬
#ARMEN¬WOULD¬DEVOTE¬MOST¬OF¬ITS¬ATTENTION¬TO¬THE¬TITLE¬HEROINE¬"UT¬ONE¬OF¬THE¬
MAJOR¬CHANGES¬"IZET¬AND¬HIS¬LIBRETTISTS¬MADE¬TO¬THE¬ORIGINAL¬#ARMEN¬A¬NOVELLA¬BY¬
0ROSPER¬-ÏRIMÏE¬WAS¬THE¬INTRODUCTION¬OF¬THE¬GOODHEARTED¬PEASANT¬GIRL¬FROM¬$ON¬
*OSÏS¬VILLAGE¬-ICAÑLA¬&ROM¬THE¬OPERAS¬EARLIEST¬MOMENTS¬SHE¬AND¬#ARMEN¬WOULD¬
SEEM¬TO¬BE¬POLAR¬OPPOSITES¬3WEET¬AFFECTIONATE¬-ICAÑLA¬IS¬*OSÏS¬hROAD¬NOT¬TAKENv¬
9ET¬A¬CLOSE¬LOOK¬REVEALS¬THAT¬THE¬NICE¬GIRL¬CAN¬BE¬PRETTY¬TOUGH¬HERSELF
¬ -ICAÑLA¬STARTS¬THE¬STORY¬SHOWING¬UP¬IN¬3EVILLE¬TO¬LOOK¬FOR¬$ON¬*OSϬ)N¬4RACK¬¬
A¬CORPORAL¬NAMED¬-ORALÒS¬TRIES¬TO¬SWEETTALK¬HER¬.OT¬ONLY¬DOES¬THE¬INEXPERIENCED¬
COUNTRY¬GIRL¬NOT¬FALL¬FOR¬THE¬BAIT¬BUT¬IN¬4RACK¬¬SHE¬STANDS¬HER¬GROUND¬WITH¬CONl
DENCE¬AND¬EVEN¬MERRIMENT
¬ -ICAÑLA¬CATCHES¬UP¬WITH¬*OSϬIN¬THE¬MIDDLE¬OF¬!CT¬)¬A¬SCENE¬HEARD¬IN¬4RACKS¬¬
¬AND¬¬3HE¬LOVES¬*OSϬAND¬HER¬VISIT¬TO¬THE¬CITY¬MIGHT¬REVEAL¬THAT¬LOVE¬"UT¬IN¬
4RACK¬¬WHEN¬SHE¬DESCRIBES¬HERSELF¬AS¬MERELY¬A¬FAITHFUL¬MESSENGER¬*OSϬBARELY¬
PAYS¬ANY¬ATTENTION¬TO¬HER¬(E¬JUST¬WANTS¬TO¬HEAR¬NEWS¬OF¬HIS¬MOTHER¬4HE¬SCENE¬
3UZANNE¬!DAMS¬AS¬-ICAÑLA¬CIRCA¬
0(/4/¬!)-³¬$50/.4
CONTINUES¬IN¬4RACK¬¬AS¬-ICAÑLA¬TELLS¬*OSϬTHAT¬SHE¬HAS¬BROUGHT¬SOMETHING¬BESIDES¬
HIS¬MOTHERS¬LETTER¬(E¬SEEMS¬OBLIVIOUS¬TO¬THE¬FEELINGS¬THAT¬CAUSE¬HER¬TO¬HESITATE¬
TO¬REVEAL¬WHAT¬IT¬IS¬%VEN¬HER¬EMOTIONALLY¬FREIGHTED¬h)¬DONT¬DAREv¬FAILS¬TO¬CATCH¬
*OSÏS¬ATTENTION¬HE¬ONLY¬WONDERS¬WHAT¬hTHIS¬OTHER¬THINGv¬IS¬(ERE¬AGAIN¬-ICAÑLA¬
PROTECTS¬HER¬DIGNITY¬RESPONDING¬WITH¬AN¬ELEGANT¬ANECDOTE¬"UT¬"IZET¬PLANTS¬A¬SEED¬
STUDENTS¬SHOULD¬LISTEN¬WELL¬TO¬THE¬MELODY¬OF¬4RACK¬¬)T¬SUGGESTS¬THAT¬THE¬LOVE¬IT¬
EXPRESSES¬MAY¬NOT¬BE¬SOLELY¬THAT¬OF¬*OSÏS¬AGED¬MOTHER
¬ 4HE¬SEED¬PLANTED¬IN¬THAT¬EARLY¬SCENE¬BLOSSOMS¬AT¬THE¬END¬OF¬!CT¬)))¬WHEN¬
-ICAÑLA¬lNALLY¬APPEARS¬AGAIN¬#ONQUERING¬HER¬FEAR¬SHE¬HAS¬MADE¬HER¬WAY¬TO¬THE¬
SMUGGLERS¬MOUNTAIN¬HIDEOUT¬IN¬SEARCH¬OF¬*OSϬ!GAIN¬SHE¬CARRIES¬A¬MESSAGE¬
FROM¬HIS¬MOTHER¬AGAIN¬HER¬OWN¬FEELINGS¬ARE¬THE¬SUBTEXT¬*OSÏS¬MOTHER¬IS¬DYING¬
AS¬-ICAÑLA¬EXPLAINS¬IN¬4RACK¬¬WHICH¬IS¬NOTEWORTHY¬FOR¬SEVERAL¬REASONS¬&IRST¬
STUDENTS¬WILL¬HEAR¬ALMOST¬PRECISELY¬THE¬SAME¬MELODY¬THAT¬-ICAÑLA¬USED¬IN¬DELIV
ERING¬HER¬!CT¬)¬MESSAGE
¬ 4WO¬MORE¬CLUES¬ARE¬IN¬THE¬LYRICS¬-ICAÑLA¬BEGINS¬WITH¬hLÌBASvˆOVER¬THERE¬3HE¬
ENDS¬WITH¬hTU¬ME¬SUIVRASvˆYOU¬WILL¬FOLLOW¬ME¬)F¬YOUR¬CLASS¬HAS¬DONE¬THE¬MAIN¬
#LASSROOM¬!CTIVITY¬#ARMENS¬)DEAS¬ON¬,IBERTY¬AND¬2ESPONSIBILITY¬THESE¬WORDS¬MAY¬
BE¬FAMILIAR¬)F¬NOT¬PLAY¬4RACK¬¬IN¬!CT¬))¬#ARMENS¬KEY¬LYRIC¬IN¬INSISTING¬THAT¬$ON¬
*OSϬACCOMPANY¬HER¬TO¬THIS¬VERY¬MOUNTAIN¬WAS¬h,ÌBAS¬LÌBAS¬TU¬ME¬SUIVRASv¬.OW¬
THOSE¬EXACT¬WORDS¬FRAME¬-ICAÑLAS¬MESSAGE¬TO¬*OSϬ(ERE¬AS¬HE¬DID¬WITH¬#ARMEN¬
HE¬WILL¬OBEY
¬ "IZET¬AND¬HIS¬LIBRETTISTS¬DIDNT¬CHOOSE¬THOSE¬WORDS¬AT¬RANDOM¬$ID¬THEY¬WANT¬
AUDIENCES¬TO¬DISCOVER¬MORE¬ABOUT¬-ICAÑLA¬THAN¬MEETS¬THE¬EYE¬7ERE¬THEY¬
SUGGESTING¬THAT¬THIS¬GIRL¬MIGHT¬BE¬AS¬RESILIENT¬AS¬ATTRACTIVE¬AS¬COMPELLING¬A¬PERSON
ALITY¬AS¬#ARMEN¬AFTER¬ALL¬"Y¬FOLLOWING¬A¬CHARACTERS¬WORDS¬MUSIC¬AND¬ACTIONS¬OVER¬
THE¬COURSE¬OF¬AN¬OPERA¬STUDENTS¬CAN¬UNCOVER¬LEVELS¬OF¬MEANING¬THAT¬MIGHT¬OTHER
WISE¬mOAT¬RIGHT¬BY¬4HEY¬CAN¬APPRECIATE¬OPERA¬NOT¬ONLY¬AS¬AN¬IMMEDIATELY¬INVOLVING¬
EXPERIENCE¬OF¬WATCHING¬AND¬LISTENING¬BUT¬AS¬THE¬PRODUCT¬OF¬THOUGHT¬PLANNING¬
INTENTION¬AND¬INSPIRATION¬4HEY¬MAY¬EVEN¬CONCLUDE¬THAT¬THE¬DECISION¬TO¬ADD¬THE¬
CHARACTER¬OF¬-ICAÑLA¬TO¬#ARMENS¬STORY¬MIGHT¬HAVE¬BEEN¬STRATEGIC¬ENRICHING¬THE¬
EMOTIONAL¬WORLD¬OF¬THE¬OPERA