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May 2015
Rejuvenating the
Ganga Basin
The Need to Implement GRBEMP
IN CONVERSATION
Abdullahi Majeed
Minister of State for Environment & Energy, Maldives
SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The Water Bucket Sensibility:
Democratizing Climatological Readings
Rahul Goswami
Science for a Sustainable City:
Engaging the Community
Biba Jasmine
EARTH
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EDITORIAL
The Ganga is a holy river and a
lifeline. Restoration of its old glory is
a challenge for all of us.
G
anga, the holy river, is ingrained in the traditions of India. The water is used for
traditional worshipping of all deities and people come to this river for cleaning their
sins and impurities. Legend has it that Bhagirath prayed for Ganga coming to the earth
to clean the souls of 60,000 of his ancestors suffering from a curse. The legend further goes to
say that Ganga had to be trapped in Lord Shiva’s head and thus released, as the earth would
not have been able to withstand its fury otherwise.
Ganga has been glorious in its fury and those who have gone to places like Gangotri
have come back with a feeling of awe and wonder at the sight of the Ganga. It has flown in a
glorious manner right up to the eastern most point where it meets the sea. Cities, industries,
and habitations have grown around both the banks. These developments, however, were
accompanied by anthropogenic unconcern and wastefulness, leading to unsustainable
increase in the pollution levels of its water.
The cover story brings out some details of the Action Plan for cleaning the Ganga, first in
the eighties and now after the new government has taken over. These plans are detailed and
would require persistent efforts and monitoring.
The task is difficult but not impossible by any means. It may be worthwhile to refer to some
international experiences. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the inorganic pollution in the
Rhine river of Germany reached levels high enough to decimate or wipe out dozens of fish
species and other creatures. After the 1970s, however, international attempts to clean up the
river gained momentum. The Rhine flows 1,320 kilometre through rugged mountains, forests,
valleys, and important cities and includes the beautiful Lake Constance. The efforts have borne
remarkable results including reappearance of various species of fish and visits of migratory
birds. A lot more needs to be done, although efforts and monitoring are continuing, yet it has
become a beautiful river, totally different from what it was in the 1970s.
River Thames was once declared biologically dead. The amount of oxygen in the water fell
so low that no life could survive so the mud reeked of rotten eggs. Thanks to the sustained
efforts thereafter, Thames has become a different place now. Species of fish swim beneath its
space and birds come and feed off the water. The improvement in the water quality has been
possible due to prevention of dumping of polluted effluents and also treatment of the sewage.
The river now has a marine life that people could not think of earlier.
Mentioning these two important experiences clearly bring out that the task of cleaning the
river, howsoever difficult, is possible with a scientific approach, strict legislative and executive
action, and of course, persistent efforts.
As the cover story brings out, a comprehensive and holistic approach is being evolved by
the Government for the first time. The Ganga is a holy river and a lifeline. Restoration of its old
glory is a challenge, and all of us be in the industrial, transport, or domestic sector will have to
accept this challenge for ourselves and for our future generations. We must have the joy and
pride in performing this difficult task.
Prabir Sengupta,
Director, Knowledge Management, TERI
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
1
Editor-in-chief
R K Pachauri
Editorial Board
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is considered sacred in Hindu religion
and has several health benefits as well.
Mohini Padmanabhan
Kollam, Kerala
IN CONVERSATION
SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Urban Lake Restoration:
Increasing Climate Resilience
G K Bhat and Karan Shah
Climate Smart Agriculture:
Tulsi and Other Innovative
Practices
Nitin Jugran Bahuguna
On the Road to Cleanliness
The feature article “Urban Lake
Restoration” caught my attention
as I have read about the same at
Sasthamcotta lake in my native
state Kerala. At one time there
was deterioration in the lake
environment due to increasing
encroachment on parts of the lake for
cultivation of tapioca. Also, domestic
and agrochemical wastes from
surrounding area were disposed of
into the lake. To mitigate and address
the threats faced by the lake, the state
government took remedial steps
for the lake’s sustainable utilization
and conservation, such as agroforestry in the catchment, sanitation
and drainage, pollution abatement,
limited desilting, weed control, and
conservation of flora and fauna. I also
enjoyed reading the Special Report
on “Climate Smart Agriculture”. It was
good to read about the efforts of
farmers in Uttarakhand to combat
climate change effects by doing smart
farming. The cultivation of Tulsi plant
is also encouraging all the more as it
This issue’s Cover Story, “Sanitation in
India: On the Road to Cleanliness” very
aptly summarizes the root causes and
remedial actions needed for sorting
out the problem of uncleanliness in
India. I appreciated the way in which
the author (Dr Ansari) has summarized
and presented his views. In fact, I have
made it a point to get this article read
by all the people in my neighbourhood
to spread more awareness about the
issue of cleanliness (or the lack of it)
in India. Actually, we had also carried
out an awareness initiative in our
locality in October last year after the
Prime Minister’s call for “Swachh Bharat
Abhiyaan”.
Xavier Dias
Mapusa, Goa
The article “Sustainable Trends in
Fashion” makes for an interesting
read. Being a part of the fashion
industry myself, I have seen from
close quarters the changing trends
in clothing towards ‘sustainable and
ethical fashion’. The fashion industry
is fast gearing up to the challenge of
protecting the environment. I also liked
Maneka Gandhi’s views on sustainable
diets by re-engineering food. It seems
a good idea to produce milk and meat
using biotechnological advances. Milk
produced from genetically engineered
yeast could actually be beneficial not
only for the humans but could also
reduce the cruelty on milch animals.
Vineet Kothari
New Delhi
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Contents
VOLUME 8
4
NEWS
37
TERRA YOUTH
8
TERI ANALYSIS
46
WILDLIFE
Bollcure: The New-age
Biopesticide
Oh, them Bloodsuckers!
48 MANEKA SPEAKS
50
PIONEER
53
BREAKTHROUGH
56 GREEN EVENTS
10
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
Sun Experiences
Seasonal Changes
12 FEATURE
The Water Bucket
Sensibility
18
IN CONVERSATION
12
Abdullahi Majeed,
Minister of State for
Environment & Energy,
Maldives
22
FEATURE
COVER STORY
Rejuvenating the Ganga
Basin
30
30
SPECIAL REPORT
Science for a Sustainable
City
34
SPECIAL REPORT
GREEN CHALLENGES
Going Green: Delineating
the Difficulties
34
GREEN CHALLENGES
37
TERRA YOUTH
22
Cover Story
ISSUE 2
MAY 2015
Cover Story
Rejuvenating
the Ganga
Basin
The Need to Implement GRBEMP
The river that has been at the centre of Indian consciousness has been devastated
due to various factors. Sujit Chakraborty tells us that till now, apart from rhetoric,
there is little in terms of plans to cleanse the system.
22
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
A
later Vedic age mantra names
several holy rivers of India and
Ganga is one of these. Among
the rivers named, Narmada is 150 million
years older than Ganga. The entire
Vedic civilization developed along the
banks of the now dead, River Saraswati,
which is why Saraswati is revered as a
Goddess. The Saraswati was so gigantic
that in places like Hissar, its breadth at
one time was six kilometres. And yet, it
is the Ganga that has reigned supreme
in its status as a holy river. It is a fact that
Hindus from any state desire to bathe
in the Ganga at least once in his or her
lifetime, which is best witnessed at the
Kumbh Mela.
Why is this so? It is said that bathing in
the Ganga purifies the body and the soul.
Do we take this as a scientific statement?
In any case, science has not been able
to grapple with issues like soul and has
discarded it, but what about the body?
Believable, that this could once have
been true, when the river was pristine
and not the dumping yard for human
and industrial waste. Partly, this is true
even now. I have a bottle of Ganga water
brought from Kolkata three years ago.
It has been opened may be twice or
thrice a year for use in pujas. But till date,
the water is free of any biotic form. Try
this with any other and the difference is
obvious. Stale water grows worms. But
Ganga water…is it never stale?
Researchers have established that the
content of radioactive elements in the
river water, especially uranium and radon,
is astonishingly high. For those who are
not aware of the origin of the Ganga,
the world’s youngest mountain range
rose abruptly when the GondwanaIand
rammed into the Eurasian Plate. It took
up a humongous volume of water and
along with it all the contents of the deep
oceans, which included all the mineral
wealth. This explains the presence of
radioactive elements in Ganga water. This
is where science and faith meet.
Unfortunately, that mighty river is
dying, and the humans who revere it are
the ones responsible for this slow death.
Some say it is pollution that is ruining the
Ganga while others strongly believe that
it is really the drastic reduction in its flow
strength that is killing the river.
Pollution started hitting the river after
the 1940s, and now the river is choking
due to pollution. The strength of the flow
can be ascribed to several factors, which
could include climate change induced
irregular discharge from the Himalayan
glaciers, though exact studies are few
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
23
Cover Story
and far between. But, for sure, what affected flow is
the wanton withdrawal of water for irrigation and the
several barrages created for power generation.
Basic facts
The Ganga originates in the Garhwal Himalayas from
the Gaumukh glacier at an altitude of 4,100 m above
sea level. Along with its tributaries (Ghagra, Ramganga,
Son, Gandak, and Damodar), it is the most important
riverine system in India. It has a combined length
of 12,500 km. The length of Ganga’s journey from
Gaumukh to the Bay of Bengal is 2,525 km and after
its descent to the plains at Haridwar, the river passes
through the densely populated north Indian states of
24
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West
Bengal. The river basin receives an annual run-off
of 48.96 million ha from a catchment area of
96.6 million ha.
In a short introduction to their research paper,
“Impact of environmental aberrations on fisheries
of the Ganga River”, M Sinha and M A Khan note that
the Ganga River basin, which was comparatively free
of anthropocentric activities until 1940s, became a
disposal site for agricultural, industrial, and sewerage
wastes after the independence of India. They say that,
“Discharge of wastes generated due to developmental
activities including irrigation projects, river course
modifications and demographic explosion in the basin,
have ecologically impaired the river system, so that
water quality is degraded, and fish yield as well as
biodiversity has decreased. Amongst these, irrigation
projects and flood control measures have almost
destroyed flood plains, sloughs, inundation zones, and
oxbow lakes, all of which are the breeding and nursing
grounds of the prized Indian major carp.”
Complex Issues
In the mid-1980s, the Late Mr Anil Agarwal made a
presentation which led to the working out of the first
phase of the Ganga Action Plan. The cornerstones of
the Plan included treating human generated sewage
and industrial effluent before they are piped into the
river. The deficiency in that plan was that it centred
around the Ganga in the mid-plains, that is Allahabad
to Patna. Secondly, it focussed on pollution, and not on
flow strength. It did not take into account the radon
factor that makes Ganga water so pure that even now,
it remains free of biotic growth under stale conditions.
The primary action that had been planned then
was the installation of Effluent Treatment Plants and
Sewage Treatment Plants along the river, especially
from Kanpur downwards. This saw some improvement
in water quality. But the Action Plan did not take into
consideration the estuarine area, where heavier silt
deposition and the tidal interplay of saline ingression
created a complex problem. The Ganga Action Plan
Phase I was not as successful as one had hoped.
Ganga River Basin Environment
Management Plan (GRBEMP)
A consortium of several renowned institutions—
mostly scientific and engineering —was roped in to
create the GRBEMP. In its Interim Report, 2013, the
GRBEMP noted the following:
Mission Aviral Dhara: For a given geological-climatic
setting, alluvial rivers achieve stability through longterm balance between various parameters such as
water and sediment flow rates, temporal variations of
flow, terrain gradient, and seepage flow rates. Aviral
Dhara emanates from this long-term balance of rivers.
A direct violation of Aviral Dhara is due to dams and
barrages, which snap the longitudinal connectivity
in rivers and alter river water and sediment flows.
However, since National River Ganga Basin (NRGB) is
hydraulically connected by groundwater flow, water
withdrawals/recharges from different regions of the
basin also affect the river. Thus, while longitudinal
connectivity in rivers is a prerequisite for Aviral Dhara,
maintaining environmental flows (or E-flows) needed
for the sustenance of rivers also depends on judicious
management of the basin’s waters. Available data
indicates that human water use has been increasing
rapidly of late, and probably increasing beyond the
renewal capacity of the basin. Hence, either (i) water
availability in the basin must be increased through
increased storage, preferably by ‘distributed storage’
in locally manageable and eco-friendly water bodies
and aquifers, and/or (ii) water demands must be
reduced through more efficient water use. These issues
call for both technical interventions and changes in
government policies on NRGB’s water resources. For
dams and other structures that disrupt or change river
flows, the maintenance of E-flows in the river network
is essential, besides fulfilling other safety criteria.
Mission Nirmal Dhara: The Ganga River’s presentday water quality is abysmal due to anthropogenic
wastes polluting the river network in various ways. The
main approach in GRBEMP has been to identify the
types of pollutants, their sources of generation, and
the feasibility of collecting and treating them to the
degree needed for reuse and/or safe environmental
disposal. Urban and industrial wastewaters are major
point sources of pollution that need immediate
remediation. For municipal wastewaters, it was found
that it is economically feasible to treat them to the
point where they can be reused for non-contact
purposes, the cost of such additional treatment being
only about 1 paisa per litre at 2010 price levels. It is
therefore recommended that all Class 1 towns of
NRGB immediately embark on such treatment through
competent service providers under the Design-BuildFinance-Operate model, whereby the service provider
receives remuneration for providing reusable-quality
water over a reasonably long contract period. It is also
recommended that all freshwater withdrawals from
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
25
Cover Story
the basin be priced at least 50 per cent higher than
the recycled water, considering the minimum costs of
full treatment in nature. For major polluting industries
(such as tanneries, pulp and paper units, distilleries, and
dyeing units) in NRGB, the cost of treatment for reuse
purposes are higher, but these costs are much less than
the damage caused to NRGB otherwise, justifying the
expenditure on such treatment.
Mission Ecological Restoration: The ecological balance
in the Ganga River network has been critically affected
in recent times with major indicator species such
as dolphins, trouts, carps, and Hilsa fishes having
dwindled or disappeared. The analyses indicate that the
ecological status can be largely restored by adhering
to the principles of Aviral Dhara and Nirmal Dhara by
ensuring unpolluted E-flows and variable flow regimes,
protection of spawning and breeding grounds of
native species, elimination of competing exotic species
from the Ganga River network, and protection from
human encroachments.
Mission Geological Safeguarding: Modern human
activities, such as underground explosions, excavations,
tunnelling, rock fracturing, mining, and operation of
large reservoirs can damage the geological formations
supporting the basin’s aquatic systems. Overwithdrawal
of groundwater from confined/semi-confined aquifers
may also create unbearable overburden pressures,
causing land subsidence. Geomorphologically, rivers
and wetlands are vulnerable to various landuse
stresses. There is an immediate need to control
26
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
deforestation, construction activities on riverbanks and
fragile slopes, agricultural practices that increase soil
erosion, sand mining from river beds, urban, industrial,
and infrastructure projects that adversely affect
drainage patterns, and local flood control works and
river bank modifications.
Mission Disaster Management: The main potential
disasters arising from the Ganga River network are
floods and water-borne diseases. While the causes
of floods in mountainous reaches and in plains
are different, floods are not really preventable, and
protection of life and valuables are the main option.
Besides, flood waters carry valuable nutrient-rich silt to
floodplains, enhancing soil fertility. For control of floods
in floodplains, natural flood attenuation methods such
as forests and wetlands are preferable to ill-conceived
structural measures. On the other hand, water-borne
diseases from rivers can be largely controlled by the
twin focus on Aviral Dhara and Nirmal Dhara in the
Ganga River System.
Mission Sustainable Agriculture: Agriculture has grown
tremendously in NRGB since the 1960s, and irrigation
water use has also increased concomitantly. Hence,
water depletion in NRGB is significantly attributable
to growing agricultural consumption, calling for more
efficient irrigation practices and alternate cropping
patterns. Besides, agriculture is
also a major source of water pollution, especially
due to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, many
of which may be highly toxic, chemically stable,
and/or biomagnifying through the food chain. This
necessitates the promotion of bio-fertilizers and
bio-pesticides in place of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides.
Mission Environmental Knowledge-Building and
Sensitization: Environmental planning and
management combines diverse fields such as water
resources, land resources, biological resources, river
dynamics, geological phenomena, and atmospheric
processes as well as traditional wisdom and
grass roots knowledge. Hence, it is necessary to build
an environmental data bank to enable meaningful
analyses and obtain quantitative indicators of
environmental status. This data bank should also be
accessible to citizens to inform and sensitize them
about NRGB’s environment and to enable people’s
participation in the environmental upkeep of NRGB.
The data bank, therefore, needs to be complemented
with community-specific educational material and
programmes on NRGB’s environment.
identified in GRBEMP. Their implementation and future
development would require the coordinated efforts
and cooperation of government and non-government
institutions, key stakeholders, and civil society. It is
envisaged that only a dedicated, knowledge-based,
empowered and stakeholder-involving agency would
be able to pool in the collective knowledge and
resources for environmental rejuvenation of NRGB.
The implementation, monitoring, review, and
evaluation of environmental problems and pertinent
interventions on a long-term basis are therefore
recommended through an independent commission.
The said commission would need adequate resources
and authority to coordinate and oversee the activities
of multi-sectoral organizations and informal sectors of
society for the environmental conservation of NRGB in
a transparent manner. GRBEMP, therefore, includes the
functional requirements of the commission proposed
to be established by an Act of Parliament to bring it
into effect.
Conclusions
Government Plans
Specific anthropogenic activities that should be
prohibited, restricted, or promoted in NRGB have been
The new government in New Delhi announced that
Ganga reviving is a central part of its overall plans of
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
27
Cover Story
governance. It announced that Ganga would be made
into a spiritual tourism destination and that large
ferries would ply down the Ganga, which is presently
not possible because of the shallow depth of the
river bed.
Obstructions
In the ancient texts, it has been written that the Ganga
flowed down from the Heavens, and that its power was
so high that Lord Shiva had been requested to bear the
load, lest it destroyed the earth.
One may or may not believe in all this, but it is a
fact that the Ganga is a mighty river that still gives
sustenance to around 500 million people in India,
which is close to half its current population of 1.25
billion. And yet, the river has been ‘arrested’ due to
anthropogenic factors. The Union Minister for Water
Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
recently told the Parliament that an interim report
along with 36 thematic reports have been submitted
so far by the consortium of IITs. The Minister has said
that a number of countries have shown interest in
participating in Ganga rejuvenation. Collaboration with
28
TERRAGREEN MAY 2015
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is under
consideration in addition to the existing project with
the JICA assistance of `496.9 crore.
The action plan for Ganga rejuvenation has been
developed by the convergence of different ministries
through a group of secretaries and stakeholder
consultations through ‘Ganga Manthan’. The Minister
said that specific action points have been identified for
key thrust areas for rejuvenation of the river, including
protection and beautification of the river front,
conservation of aquatic life, and afforestation.
However, there is no separate budgetary allocation
for this plan. Instead, the government has said that it
will give a 100 per cent tax exemption to donors who
pour in money for this project. Such voluntarism may or
may not work. Even if it does, the key issue remains the
water flow strength of the Ganga. The several barrages,
created for the purposes of irrigation and hydel power,
has robbed the river of its ‘robes’.#
Sujit Chakraborty is a senior journalist who has specialized in
environmental journalism under the Late Anil Agarwal. He has
worked as the Acting Editor of Down to Earth magazine and now
frequently contributes write-ups on climate change to
www.alertnet.org of the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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G Green Challenges G Terra Youth G Review
3. What do you think about the look and feel of TerraGreen?
G Brilliant G Design is not a priority, content is
G Average G Needs improvement
4. In your opinion, what aspect(s) of TerraGreen need(s)
improvement?
G Choice of stories G Handling of issues G Language
G Design G Presentation
http://krishisanskriti.org/afesa.html
International Conference
on Food and Agricultural
Engineering (ICFAE-2015)
May 12–13, 2015
Warsaw, Poland
5. Please rate TerraGreen on a scale of 1–5 (5 being the best).
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5
6. What issues would you like TerraGreen to cover?
.......................................................................................................................... ...................
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http://www.icfae.org/
International Conference on
Waste Management, Ecology,
and Biological Sciences
(WMEBS-2015)
May 13–14, 2015
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
http://wmebs.eacbee.org/
The Conference on the Physical
Sciences and Sustainability in
Asia (APHYS-2015)
May 31–June 2, 2015
Hiroshima, Japan
7. Which other environmental magazine(s) do you read?
.......................................................................................................................G None
8. Any further suggestions?
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