4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives Development of Companies in “the Far East” in the first half of the 20th century: A Case Study of Directory and Chronicle Published in Hong Kong in 1941 Toshiyuki Miyata Tokyo University of Foreign Studies The Second Conference: GIS‐based Global History from Asian Perspectives, The University of Tokyo, October 4, 2014 • Certainly it is not easy to investigate the whole activities of the companies in this large business arena of “Intra‐Asian” trade including in especially South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia. But, by using the classified business lists and industrial lists of the companies in “The Far East” reported in the Directory and Chronicle for China, Japan, Straits Settlements, Malaya, Borneo, Siam, the Philippines etc. published by Hongkong Daily Press in Hongkong (hereinafter referred to as Hongkong Directory), it is possible to analyze some aspects of the location and the business activities of the companies in “Intra‐Asian” Trade. Of course, “The Far East” did not mean what “Intra‐Asian” Trade was, but should be some part of it. Introduction •In the first half of the twentieth century, before the World War II, “Intra‐Asian” trade continued to develop in spite of the World War I in the 1910s and the Great Depression in the late 1920s. But little attention has been given to the business development from the view point of the companies in “Intra‐Asian” trade. • Furthermore, “The Far East” seemed to be a kind of the regional trade area, not only which the contemporary business persons there in those days might recognize and could “imagine”, but also in which they conducted their business and strengthened their networks. • This study is intended as an investigation of “the Classified List of Trades covering China, Japan, Malaya, Borneo, Siam, the Philippines, Korea, Indo‐China, Netherlands Indies,etc.” and “List of Industries in The Far East compiled in Hongkong Directory published in 1941, which was the final version before World War II. 4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives • It is important to note that Hongkong directory publishted in 1941 included the companies’ data in 1940. So the classified list of trade publishied in 1941 recorded the information in 1940. • On the other hand, list of industries in the Far East reported about 1,700 companies in 130 districts or cities such as Kowloon, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Perak, Binondo( Manila), Selangor, Singapore and the others, and then sorted these companies into 115 industrial classifications. • The classified list of trade reported about 6,700 companies in 97 port cities such as Shanghai, Manila, Hongkong, Kobe and the others, and then sorted these companies into 82 business classifications. • In this study, there are three main research points as follows, (1) to examine what the classified list of trades in 1940 reported, (2) to examine what the list of industries in the Far East in 1940 reported and (3) to examine how to analyze these kinds of companies data in the Far East compiled in Directory by using the GIS analytical method. <1> Hongkong Directory 1‐1 What is Hongkong Directoy •Hongkong Daily Press published The Directory and Chronicle for China, Japan, Straits Settlements, Malaya, Borneo, Siam, the Philippines etc. since 1860s. 4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives 1‐2 The Far East •Hongkong Directory covered the directories of companies and foreign residents on the main cities in the Far East which was recognized as a kind of the regional trade area before World War II. Map of The Far East (Hongkong Directory1925) <2> The Classified List of Trades 2‐1 Data base format • The Classified List of Trades covering China, Japan, Malaya, Borneo, Siam, the Philippines, Korea, Indo‐China, Netherlands Indies, etc. (published in 1941) Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Malaya, Borneo, Siam, etc., 1941 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Business Classification Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Accountants & Aditors Company Mackie & Co.F.W. Pearson & Co. Pearson & Co. Thomson & Co. Linsted & Davis Lowe, Bingham & Mathews Percy Smith, Seth & Fleming Thomson & Co. Thomson & Co. Beck & Swann Darre Marcel Haskins & Sells Lowe, Bingham & Mathews Mortimer Reid & Slee Thomson & Co. City Kobe Tokyo Yokohama Hankow Hongkong Hongkong Hongkong Hongkong Peiping Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Country Japan Japan Japan China China China China China China China China China China China China Document Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Classified List of Trades Covering China, Jpan, Page E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 E75 4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives 2‐2 Overview of the classified list a) Business Classifications 82 Busiess Classification in The Far East in 1940 Rank Business Classification Total 1 General Merchants 2 Insurance 3 Shipping 4 Banks 5 Machinery & Hardware Merchants 6 Electrical Supplies 7 Chemicals & Drugs 8 Cotton & Textiles 9 Motor Car Dealers, etc. 10 Newspapers & Publications 11 Oil Merchants 12 Silk Merchants 13 Printers & Publishers 14 Hotels, Restaurants, Cafes, Etc. 15 Provision Merchants 16 Lawyers 17 Timber & Lumber Merchants 18 Coal Merchants 19 Chemists & Druggists 20 Iron & Steel Merchants 21 Building Contractors & Materials 22 Manufacturers' Agents 23 Wines & Spirits Merchants 24 Produce Merchants 25 Paper Merchants b) 97 Cities Number of Companies in the Cities of the Far East in 1940 Rank City Number of Companies Total 10,676 1 Shanghai 1,589 2 Manila 1,090 3 Hongkong 977 4 Kobe 801 5 Singapore 685 6 Tientsin 583 7 Osaka 518 8 Tokyo 456 9 Yokohama 413 10 Hankow 270 11 Batavia 173 12 Dairen 172 13 Nagoya 161 14 Penang 154 15 Peiping 152 16 Canton 151 17 Selangor 133 18 Harbin 131 19 Korea 129 20 Bangkok 124 Number of Companies 10,676 1,463 633 458 410 350 278 268 267 267 251 247 238 226 199 197 188 181 172 166 165 161 158 158 157 155 c) The number of the real companies were counted about 6,700. But some companies carried on several business. So these companies were listed on several business categories. The number of companies,10,676, on this table was counted repeatedly. This number is more than the number of the real companies. 4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives 2‐3 Companies in the main cities of the Far East b) Manila (74 Occupational Categories) a) Shanghai (74 Occupational Categories) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Business Classification in Shanghai Business Classification Total General Merchants Insurance Machinery & Hardware Merchants Chemicals & Drugs Cotton & Textiles Banks Electrical Supplies Silk Merchants Shipping Architects & Surveyor Tobacco Merchants Printers & Publishers Provision Merchants Newspapers & Publications Wines & Spirits Merchants Chemists & Druggists Land & Estate Agents Motor Car Dealers, etc. Booksellers & Stationers Paper Merchants Rank Number of Companies 1,589 199 78 67 59 55 52 51 48 44 42 41 40 35 34 33 32 32 31 30 30 c) Kobe (62 Occupational Categories) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Business Classification in Kobe Business Classification Total General Merchants Silk Merchants Cotton & Textiles Shipping Electrical Supplies Chemicals & Drugs Banks Coal Merchants Machinery & Hardware Merchants Newspapers & Publications Brokers (General) Insurance Curio Merchants Paper Merchants Printers & Publishers Iron & Steel Merchants Oil Merchants Wool & Woollen Goods Brokers (Customs) Building Contractors & Materials 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Number of Companies 801 116 51 47 34 27 26 25 22 22 22 20 20 19 19 18 17 16 16 15 15 Business Classification in Manila Business Classification Total General Merchants Mining Insurance Timber & Lumber Merchants Newspapers & Publications Lawyers Machinery & Hardware Merchants Shipping Manufacturers' Agents Chemists & Druggists Copra, Hemp & Rope Provision Merchants Hotels, Restaurants, Cafes, Etc. Sugar Merchants Printers & Publishers Building Contractors & Materials Chemicals & Drugs Electrical Supplies Tobacco Merchants Booksellers & Stationers Number of Companies 1,090 87 76 51 41 37 34 34 34 32 27 26 24 23 21 20 19 19 19 18 17 2‐4 Branch Networks of the Main Companies in the Far East a) Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation (27 Branches) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Industry Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks Banks City Amoy Canton Chefoo Dairen Harbin Harbin Mukden Peiping Shanghai Swatow Tientsin Tsingtao Weihaiwei Haiphong Hanoi Saigon Kobe Yokohama Johore Malacca Penang Perak Selamgor Sourabaya Bangkok Iloilo Manila Country China China China China China China China China China China China China China Indo-china Indo-china Indo-china Japan Japan Malaya Malaya Malaya Malaya Malaya Netherlands Indies Siam The Philippines The Philippines 4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives b) Jardine Matheson & Co., Ltd. (53 Branches) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Industry General Merchants Shipping Insurance Insurance General Merchants Shipping Insurance Electrical Supplies General Merchants Shipping General Merchants Shipping Insurance Bristles Exporters Cement Manufacturers & Dealers Cotton & Textiles Tea Merchants General Merchants Shipping Insurance Port City Formosa Formosa Formosa Formosa Kobe Kobe Kobe Canton Canton Canton Foochow Foochow Foochow Hankow Hankow Hankow Hankow Hankow Hankow Hankow c) Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, Ltd. (79 Branches) Country Formosa Formosa Formosa Formosa Japan Japan Japan China China China China China China China China China China China China China 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 <3> The List of Industries in the Far East 3‐1 Data Base Format List of Industries in the Far East, 1941 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Industry Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining Company Abra Mining Co. Acoje Mining Co. Acupan Gold Mining Co., Inc Agno Placer Mining Co. Agusan Trust Ambassador Gold Mining Antamok Goldfield Mining Co., Inc. Atok Gold Mining Co. (Plaza Cervantes) Atok Gold Mining Co.(Escolta) Atok Masabi Mining Co. Baguio Gold Mining Co.(Escolta) Baguio Gold Mining Co.(Plaza Cervantes) Balatoc Mining Co. Batong-Buhay Gold Mines, Inc. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co. Benguet Exporation, Inc. Benguet Goldfields MiningCo. Big Wedge Mining Co. Bontoc Exploration Co. Bulacan Mining Co. City Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Sta. Cruz Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Port Area, Manila Binondo, Manila Binondo, Manila Country the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines the Philippines Document Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Mining Companies in the Philippines Page B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Industry General Merchants General Merchants Coal Merchants General Merchants General Merchants Coal Merchants General Merchants Timber & Lumber Merchants Cement Manufacturers & Dealers Chemicals & Drugs Coal Merchants Paper Merchants Timber & Lumber Merchants General Merchants Insurance General Merchants General Merchants General Merchants Beans & Bean Products Coal Merchants Port City Amoy Canton Canton Chefoo Dairen Hankow Hankow Hankow Hongkong Hongkong Hongkong Hongkong Hongkong Hongkong Hongkong Mukden Newchwang Peiping Shanghai Shanghai Country China China China China China China China China China China China China China China China China China China China China 4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives 3‐2 Over View of the list of industries a) Industries on this list classified into 115 categories. Industries in "the Far East" in 1940 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Industry Total Power Plants Tin Mines Knitting General Engineers Electrical Engineers Weaving Printing Civil Engineers Mining Consulting Engineers Sugar Central Mechanical Engineers Motor Engineers Metal Wares Sanitary Engineers Shirts & Garments Confectionery Engineering Torches Preserves Number of Companies 1,879 161 147 144 104 103 93 88 81 74 49 49 36 36 33 31 30 27 24 23 21 •c) Number of Companies on this list was 1,879. But some companies carried on several industries. So these companies were counted at several times. Real number of companies was counted about 1,700. b) This list recorded industries in the 130 districts or cities. The main districts or cities are Kowloon, Hongkong, Shanghai, Perak, Binondo(Manila), Selangor, Singapore, Manila, Tokyo, Kobe and the others. Rank District or City Total Kowloon Hong Kong Shanghai Perak Binondo, Manila Selangor Singapore Manila Tokyo the Philippines Kobe Tientsin Bangkok Yokohama Negri Sembilan Negros Osaka Leyte Peiping Bulacan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Number of Companies 1,879 602 404 134 74 68 48 47 44 30 27 26 17 16 15 14 11 10 9 9 8 3‐3 Companies in the main district, city or country a) Kowloon (76 Industries) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Industry Kowloon Total Knitting Weaving Metal Wares Preserves Shirts & Garments Batteries Stockings (Silk) Dyeing Engineering Printing Confectionery Flour Mills Miscellaneous Electroplating Glass & Mirrors Torches Joss Sticks Rubber Shoes Hats Leather & Tanneries Number of Companies 602 140 91 21 19 18 16 16 15 15 15 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 4-5 October 2014 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives b) Perak (7 Industries) Rank Industry Perak Total Tin Mines Mining Engineers Mechanical Engineers Consulting Engineers Civil Engineers Electrical Engineers Sanitary Engineers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 c) Malaya (12 Industries) Number of Companies 74 56 6 4 3 2 2 1 d) The Philippines (11 Industries) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Industry The Philippines Total Power Plants Mining Sugar Central Contracting Engineers Civil Engineers Consulting Engineers Electrical Engineers Mechanical Engineers Marine Engineers Mining Engineers Shipbuilding Engineers Number of Companies 328 161 74 49 9 8 8 6 5 3 3 2 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Industry Malaya Total Tin Mines Mining Engineers Civil Engineers Mechanical Engineers Electrical Engineers Consulting Engineers Motor Engineers Sanitary Engineers General Engineers Constructional Engineers Marine Engineers Radio Engineers Districts,Cities and Countries & Companies & Industries & Branche Networks in the Far East Number of Companies 198 147 11 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 4-5 October 2014 Conclusion • The classified list of trade and the industry list were arranged and published only from 1929 to 1941. So this study should be investigated more as follows, (1) the dynamic change of location of the companies in the main districts,cities and countriesports in the 1930s, (2) the dynamic change of the business classification in the 1930s, (3)the change of the companies’ branch networks in the 1930s by using the GIS analytical framework. 2nd Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives
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