Your Organization
October 2015
Issue No. 6
APEC Oil and Gas
Security Newsletter
In this issue
Indonesia’s Surprising Return to OPEC and
Its Reasons ............................................. 1
Sign of Change in Oil Market ................. 2
Middle East Update ............................... 3
Indonesia’s Surprising Return to OPEC and Its Reasons
Economic Slowdown in China and Window
of Opportunity for Potential LNG Importers
............................................................... 3
On 8 September 2015, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) officially announced that Indonesia, which used to be
one the organization’s pioneer members but suspended its membership of the organization on 1 January 2009, reactivated its membership.
Indonesia will be invited to OPEC regular meeting on 4 December 2015.
Indonesia has been a net oil importer since 2003 hence it may seem
odd that the country recovers its membership with the organization of
oil exporters. But there exist several reasons that justify the country’s
return to the organization.
Interview with Prof. Dr. I Gusti Nyoman
Wiratmaja Puja ..................................... 4
The Energy Reform in Mexico: Implications
for Asia-Pacific Region .......................... 6
LNG Producers-Consumers Conference 2015
............................................................... 7
Highlights
 Upcoming Event :2nd OGSN Forum
First, by restoring its membership of OPEC, Indonesia will have
more opportunities to deepen relationships with core oil producers in
Middle East such as Saudi Arabia or UAE. Import dependence of the
country has been steadily increasing and closer ties with OPEC member
countries will help ensure a stable oil supply for Indonesia. Indonesia in
fact plans to expand its refining capacity and will need to procure additional crude oil to feed into the new capacity. Furthermore, by being an
“insider” of OPEC discussions, it will also improve the country’s market
intelligence in the international crude oil market.
 Crude Oil Spot Price (WTI and Brent)
 Natural Gas Spot Price (Henry Hub)
 Photo Story
CRUDE OIL SPOT PRICE
120
100
US Dollars per barrel
OPEC also has good reasons to invite Indonesia. As oil demand in
developed countries will continue to shrink, how to ensure another
market “outlet” for their crude oil is of critical concern for all oil exporters. OPEC countries will have an advantage in marketing its crude oil to
Indonesia against non-OPEC oil exporters such as Russia. Another potential reason for OPEC is to expand its role in international oil market.
OPEC ceased to set country-wise oil production quotas since December
2011. Internal competition among member countries over market
share has become intensified and its solidarity and influence to the
market is perceived as weakened. Including a rising oil importer like
Indonesia may reinvent its function as another oil producer-consumer
dialogue platform. (next page)
 Upcoming Event :OGSE in the Philippines
Change from
previous
day
80
Brent
3.0%
60
WTI
2.9%
40
20
0
Aug 20, 2015
Sep 19, 2015
WTI-Cushing, OK
Oct 19, 2015
Brent -Europe
WTI—USD 45.91 (Oct. 19)
Source : US Energy Information Administration
Indonesia’s ….
“...If the result of this incident becomes fullscale , diesel oil demand
will probably be pushed
down substantially in a
longer perspective.”
While the impact of Indonesia’s return to OPEC is still unknown,
having a closer relationship between oil importers and exporters, regardless what kind of means to be adopted, is always important for oil
supply security. It is expected that Indonesia’s return to OPEC will contribute to the stable oil supply to the country.
Editor’s Note:
Indonesia is called “ economy” in APEC. But since, this article covers OPEC matters ,
Indonesia is referred to as “ country” as OPEC called its members “country”.
Sign of Change in Oil Market
Recently, we heard two interesting news reports in the oil market.
The first one is relevant to oil demand in United Kingdom (UK) and the
other is the scandal on Volkswagen cars.
NATURAL GAS SPOT PRICE
3.5
3
Change from
previous
day
2.5
2
0.4%
1.5
1
0.5
0
Aug 20, 2015
Sep 19, 2015
Oct 19, 2015
Henry Hub—USD 2.43 (Oct. 19)
Source : US Energy Information Administration
“...this slowdown by itself is
having a significant impact
on the supply side.”
UK has experienced peaking of oil demand in 2005 but afterwards
demand has been decreasing just as many other OECD countries have.
However, during the first half of 2015, oil demand rose to 1.6% compared to the same period last year which was the fastest pace ever
since 2005. It can be explained that the strong economic growth and
cheap oil price have contributed to the recovery of oil demand. After
the oil crisis in 1970s, OECD countries have succeeded in reducing oil
dependency through changing their energy supply structure and improving energy efficiency. In addition, global society has been urging the
move against climate change. Low oil price is a good remedy for oil importing countries in removing the pain caused by high fuel prices from
their economy. However, if the recent low oil prices also slow down
necessary action to enhance energy security, we may suffer badly from
its side effects in the future.
Another story is about the incident with Volkswagen cars which is
also relevant to oil industry, particularly the refining sector. The
cheating incident on the emission test of diesel car may possibly move
some people away from buying diesel cars. If the result of this incident
becomes full-scale , diesel oil demand will probably be pushed down
substantially in a longer perspective. This development in the business
environment will adversely affect the refining sector, particularly in Europe where there is a long history of policy support and preference for
diesel car rather than gasoline car.
These two interesting news are not evidences nor proof that would
alter long term trend. However, it could possibly turn out to be a sign of
change of future oil market.
2
Middle East Update—Current Situation of Piracy
in the Indian Ocean
Map of Gulf of Aden
According to the statistics of the International Chamber of
Commerce, there were no reports on piracy and armed robbery in the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian Sea, and the Gulf of
Aden since the end of September 2014. Naval forces of the
international coalition for anti-piracy, CTF 151, have played a
key role in patrolling and escorting commercial ships to safeguard them from Somali pirates.
On the 8th of October 2015, European Union Chair of the
Contact Group of Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CFPCS) has
announced that piracy High Risk Area (HRA) in the Indian
Ocean will be reduced from December 1st to reflect the current situation. However, coastal areas of the Arabian Peninsula
except for the Gulf of Oman will still be included within the
HRA. Thus, we should keep monitoring the developments of
the region, not only about the Horn of Africa, but also on Yemen where currently the emerging conflict between the Yemeni
transitional government, Arab coalition forces, the armed
group known as Houthis, and the terrorist group AQAP are
taking place.
It is important to note that instability of this region may
bring new challenges to maritime security.
Economic Slowdown in China and Window of
Opportunity for Potential LNG Importers
While world financial market was shaken by the devaluation of renminbi and stock market collapse in China, it is
increasingly clear that natural gas demand in China is also
slowing down. The demand growth for the past decade was
as high as 16% per annum, but the demand in May-June
2015 was actually lower on a year-on-year basis, which has
not happened for a long time in China.
Background of this demand slump is of course primarily economic uncertainty in China. But it is also about competitiveness of natural gas being eroded against coal and
oil products. In recent months, there seem to have cases
where natural gas is switched back to coal or oil products,
which is extremely rare in other major natural gas consuming countries. Indeed, at LNG Producer-Consumer Confer-
Photo Source—European Union
The Gulf of Aden is an extension of the Indian Ocean. Located between
Africa and Asia, it forms the natural separation between the countries of
Somalia and Yemen. Gulf of Aden waters flow into the Red Sea through
the Bab el Mandeb (strait), and because it provides an outlet to the west
for Persian Gulf Oil, it's now one of the world's busiest shipping lanes. In
that regard, piracy is a major problem in these waters, especially for
small sailboats and yachts.
Photo Story Source : worldatlas.com
ence on September 16, a speaker from China National Petroleum Corporation- Economic and Technology Research
Institute admitted that natural gas demand in China might
not reach 300 bcm in 2020, let alone the government target of 360 bcm, without strong government support.
Since China will be the demand engine of natural gas
in the coming decades, this slowdown by itself is having a
significant impact on the supply side. It is no surprise that
China National Offshore Oil Corporation and Sinopec might
not be able to lift contracted LNG from Australia. Natural
gas demand in Japan and Korea, the largest LNG importers,
is weak too. We are in the middle of LNG project rush,
mainly in Australia and the US. For potential LNG importers
in APEC region, this is a rare window of opportunity to introduce LNG and benefit from cleaner fossil fuel.
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Interview with Prof. Dr. I Gusti Nyoman Wiratmaja Puja
IGN Wiratmadja was appointed Director General of Oil and Gas in Indonesia’s
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in May 2015. He is also a professor at
Bandung Technology Institute. APERC is honoured to have him for the Interview
with the Expert.
APERC—What are the main challenges that you encountered in the development of oil and gas in Indonesia? How do you overcome the challenges?
Pak IGN Wiaratmaja—The main challenges in Indonesia’s oil and gas development these days are divided by upstream, downstream, and supporting
sector. The upstream sector’s problems include the decreasing of oil and
gas reserves where there’s no new discovery of proven reserve for 11 years
and also high capital cost due to development in deep water areas.
Prof. Dr. I Gusti Nyoman Wiratmaja Puja
Director General of Oil and Gas
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Indonesia
IGN Wiratmadja graduated from Mechanical Engineering, Bandung Technology Institute in 1987. He
received Master of Science in Engineering Mechanics
from University of Kentucky, U.S.A (1994), Doctor of
Philosophy in Engineering Mechanics, University of
Kentucky, U.S.A (1996), Post Doctoral in Mechanics of
Solid & Materials, Dept. of Mechanical and Intelligent
Systems Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Japan (2000) and Post Doctoral in Smart Materials &
Structures, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and
Mechatronics Eng., University of Sydney, Australia
(2002).
The proven oil reserve in Indonesia is about 3.7 billion barrel with reserve
to production ratio is about 11.9. Meanwhile, gas reserve in Indonesia is
about 101 TCF with reserve to production ratio 39.2. To solve the above
issues, Indonesian government has established National Exploration Committee to identify the efforts in increasing the national oil and gas reserve
and production. The National Exploration Committee has given suggestions
and inputs to Indonesian Government related to the efforts to stimulate oil
and gas exploration activity in Indonesia. Among these efforts are improving seismic data quality, giving exploration incentive, eliminating exploration tax, and simplifying exploration permit. In addition, the efforts to
increase the national oil and gas production are by utilizing Enhanced Oil
Recovery technology and publishing policy on mature well management.
In the downstream, the increasing of oil and gas demand along with the
increasing of economic growth makes the development of infrastructure
necessary, however the oil and gas infrastructure development is not distributed evenly and also lack of infrastructure in eastern area of Indonesia.
Thirteen years the enforcement of Oil and Gas Law No. 22 year 2001, Indonesian Government experienced the slow development of national oil and
gas infrastructure. The investment for infrastructure development is relatively low, while the commercial business entities without facility tend to
increase significantly. Nowadays, Indonesian Government is improving its
national oil and gas management to promote massive infrastructure development particularly in eastern part of Indonesia. On the other hand, the
government is also promoting the utilization of LNG as second primary
energy i.e. power plants, transportation, marine, and other industries.
In addition, we have also a problem in manufacturing industry where it’s
not yet developed as expected by the government of Indonesia. Indonesia’s essential component manufacturing industry should grow (next page)
4
Interview ….
and meet the Indonesia’s oil and gas industry demand. Thus,
the dependency on equipment’s import decreased.
The issue of permit in oil and gas investment has become
one of the factors the slowing national oil and gas investment. To overcome this issue, Indonesian Government has
managed and maintained the oil and gas permit scheme. The
permit simplification in oil and gas sector is conducted by
decreasing the number of permits from 104 permits to 42
permits. Furthermore, Investment Coordinating Board
(BKPM) now manages the permit process in oil and gas sector in one stop service. Indonesian Government hopes that
this one stop service will ease the investor in processing investment permit in oil and gas sector.
APERC—What can you say about the Government’s decision
of removing subsidies on diesel and gasoline?
Pak IGN Wiaratmaja—In Indonesia, gasoline and diesel are
Public Service Obligation (PSO) fuel. In 2014, the gasoline
consumption is about 29.6 million KL and solar consumption
is about 19.6 million KL. The PSO fuel consumption consisting of about 50% gasoline and 35% diesel is fulfilled by
importing the fuel. The fuel import tends to affect the stability of Rupiah exchange rate since dollar is used in fuel import
transaction. The fuel subsidy allocated in 2014 reached of
about 246 trillion rupiah. This has burdened the state budget. The policy to eliminate subsidy for gasoline and to reduce
subsidy for diesel are ways to manage the government fiscal.
Besides that, Indonesian Government also identifies that
these subsidies do not meet the target. The subsidies are
enjoyed by the middle and upper class society. Saving from
removing or reducing the subsidies will be shifted to infrastructure development such as roads, bridges, dams, ports,
airports and increase social welfare. The elimination of fuel
subsidy will also increase the utilization of new and renewable energy.
Although the government has eliminated and reduced the
subsidy for PSO fuel including gasoline and diesel, it does not
mean that the fuel price will follow the market price. PT Pertamina (Persero) as state owned company, which is assigned
to supply and distribute PSO fuel, should determine the price
based on the government’s decision. In determining PSO
fuel price, the government considers the international oil
market price, fuel distribution cost, and taxes. Every three
months, the government reviews the fuel price policy for the
sake of justice for people. Besides that, the review will help
PT Pertamina (Persero) to avoid financial loss in supplying
and distributing PSO fuel when international oil market experienced price volatility.
APERC—I understand Indonesia has decided to join OPEC
again, what triggers the decision? Will it be beneficial to Indonesia?
Pak IGN Wiaratmaja—Indonesia’s decision to reactivate its
membership in OPEC is based on many considerations. We
have identified the benefits of being a member of OPEC. The
cooperation enhancement through multilateral organization
such as OPEC for Indonesia gives the benefits in the areas of
economy, politics, international peace and security, social
and culture, as well as humanity. At present, Indonesia is still
exporting oil, condensate, and gas. The oil and condensate
export in 2014 reached 109.9 million barrel. By gaining our
membership in OPEC, it shows that Indonesia has come back
in the networking with oil producer countries and tightens its
friendship with OPEC member countries. OPEC has given
about 42% contribution in the world oil market. It means
that the oil supply and price in international market are still
highly influenced by OPEC. Furthermore, with the membership of Indonesia in OPEC will definitely increase OPEC bargaining position in global oil market. It is expected that there
will be good networking between OPEC member countries to
help each other in securing oil supply. Indonesia will take
initial position in OPEC to create petroleum security agreement. This will be beneficial in helping OPEC member countries in case of oil supply emergency.
Moreover, Indonesia is the only Asian country in OPEC that
will be able to increase its bargaining position and put itself
as the mediator in global energy politics. Above this all, Indonesia would like to secure our national interest in our national energy security. We would like to be more active in OPEC’s
activities especially in formulating the policy.
APERC—You were not able to participate in the (next page)
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Interview ….
LNG Producer-Consumer Conference 2015, but what do you
expect about the Conference? If ever, will you consider participating next time?
Pak IGN Wiaratmaja—The LNG Producer-Consumer Conference is one of the outstanding gas forums in the world. Our
record shows that in 2015’s event, the conference has
attracted more than 1000 participants and more than 50 producer and consumer countries. It was also attended by various government officials, CEOs, and energy analysts. The
Ministry of Economic, Trade and Industry Japan and APERC
had become the successful host of this conference. As you
may know, the gas market in Indonesia is now in transition
phase in which the gas is prioritized for domestic consumption. Now Indonesia is planning to import LNG. We put our
hope upon the views and thoughts in this conference. Your
thoughts will be very fruitful to us in obtaining comprehensive information regarding LNG market dynamic in Asia and
global market. I do hope that the outcomes of this conference will become references for stakeholders in global LNG
market.
Security Initiative, which is being conducted by APERC? Is it
useful to APEC in addressing oil and gas supply security?
Pak IGN Wiaratmaja—As you may know, at present Indonesia is giving its highest concern on setting up national energy
security concept. The national energy security is closely related with regional energy security. A number of international cooperation enhancements have been conducted through
bilateral and multilateral relationship by Indonesia to support
the national energy security. APEC Oil and Gas Security Initiative is in line with Indonesia international cooperation mission especially in oil and gas sector. We have identified that
the issue in national oil and gas strategic reserve is still the
main problem to be solved. In this regard, Indonesia realizes
that the policy on national oil and gas reserve must be formulated properly. At present, Indonesia has the target to increase its national fuel operational reserve up to 30 days.
This requires benchmarking to other countries and experienced institutions in developing national fuel reserve. The
role of APERC in conducting APEC Oil and Gas Security Initiative should be appreciated as the effort in sharing information to APEC member countries on how to manage energy
security especially oil and gas security in each country.
APERC—What is your impression on the APEC Oil and Gas
The Energy Reform in Mexico: Implications for
Asia-Pacific Region
In December 2013, Mexican congress passed Constitutional amendments which allow foreign or private companies
to participate across the entire value chain of Mexico’s oil,
gas, and electricity industries. The main objectives of the reform are to promote exploration and production in order to
expand the domestic production, refining and distribution of
oil and gas; to increase the private investment in these activities; and to lower electricity tariffs.
The government has implemented the reform steadily;
the secondary bill to implement the reform was passed by
congress in August 2014. Mexico’s Energy Ministry announced the areas for exploration and production that re-
6
main under the control of PEMEX as a result of the company’s
request at the ‘Round Zero’. In December 2014, SENER announced the tender for its first oil blocks in shallow water
areas under a production-sharing regime, namely the ‘Round
One’.
Despite these milestones, the settings of the global energy market are not so favorable. The dramatic fall in crude oil
prices, which halved in only six months starting from June
2014 is curtailing many upstream projects, including those in
Mexico. More importantly, the United States, Mexico’s main
traditional destination for crude exports, is progressively
more self-sufficient due to its growing domestic production
from shale formations.
As a net exporter of crude oil but a net importer of oil
products and natural gas, Mexico faces many (next page)
The Energy Reform ….
challenges in the aftermath of its energy reform. On one hand, the
reform is expected to expand domestic oil and gas production in
the medium and long term, which opens the possibility for Mexico
to strengthen its role as an exporter of oil and probably of gas too,
to serve the Asia-Pacific markets. On the other hand, the steady
growth in Mexico’s domestic energy demand calls for a reliable
and stable supply that is competitively-priced in order to support
robust economic growth. These two issues serve as the rationale
for this research.
As of the end of March 2015, the result of Round One was
unknown. However, questions regarding attractiveness of blocks
offered and poor fiscal condition of the contract were pointed. In
refining sector, configuration projects at PEMEX’s six refineries
were also suffering from low oil price and budget cut. In gas and
power sector, the Energy Reform paved the way for investors to
build new natural gas fired power plants and pipelines. Under the
new regime, the national electricity company embarked on massive investment in new generation capacity, mainly natural gas
combined cycle, and natural gas pipelines. These projects will
double Mexico’s import capacity of cheap U.S. gas in next five
years. However, as a negative effect, cheap gas supply from the
U.S. may diminish investment on domestic gas production.
“...opens the possibility for
Mexico to strengthen its
role as an exporter of oil
and probably of gas too,
to serve the Asia-Pacific
markets. “
Photo and Photo Story
Mexico’s Planned Shale Gas Tender
The Mexican government is continuously working for improvement in investment climate, and external environment including crude oil price will affect the progress of the reform, so
continued and careful observation will be needed.
Author’s note: The study was completed in March 2015
LNG Producers-Consumers Conference 2015
The LNG Producers-Consumers Conference is an annual event,
which started in 2012, and being organised by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan and the Asia Pacific Energy
Research Centre (APERC). This year Conference (4th Conference)
was held in 16 September 2015 in Tokyo, Japan with a theme
“Evolving LNG Market with Natural Gas Security.” Said conference gathered around 1,000 participants from about 50 LNG producing consuming countries and region. They were (next page)
Photo Source : SENER
Round One will assign eight exploratory blocks of dry
gas over a total area of 900 square kilometres located in
the Sabinas-Burro-Picachos basin in Mexico’s Coahuila
State.
Photo Story Source: APERC’s Pathways to Shale Gas
Development in Asia-Pacific
7
LNG Producers-Consumers
composed of government officials, company executives, and
gas market analysts. The event was graced by Minster Yoichi
Miyazawa of METI together with Minister Mohammed Bin
Saleh Al-Sada, Ministry of Energy and Industry, Qatar, Vice
Minister Jae-do Moon, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea, Dr. Fatih Birol, Executive Director of the International Energy Agency (IEA), and Governor Bill Walker of the
State of Alaska, United
States.
presentations at special session on gas security. Discussions
revolved around the increasing concerns on global gas supply
security that might potentially happen with supply not able
to meet the increasing gas demand due to delays on final investment decisions (FIDS) on gas supply-related projects.
The five (5) sessions of the Conference covered several
issues and developments in the LNG market and gas supply.
Aside from flexibility of contracts and transactions on LNG,
equity participation of private
companies, and institutional and
policy supports from govern“ .demand for gas is being
Minister Miyazawa,
ments of importing countries
in his opening statebumped o by increasing use of
were also identified as vital
ment, stressed on supmeasures to contribute to supcoal and renewable energy.”
porting the significant
ply security measures. Diversifichanges now transpircation of supply sources was
ing in LNG market such
likewise pointed out as a key element for supply security.
as the increasing spot cargo transaction, relaxation of destiThe United States’ shale gas production, which is seen to
nation clause in contracts, and the pricing mechanisms.
reach
the Asian markets, will boost world gas supply and diThese changes are essential in developing a well-functioning
LNG market with more flexibility in contracts. Strengthening versification of supply sources for the consuming countries.
gas security, capability to respond to supply emergency in Based on IEA, global LNG production capacity is projected to
international LNG market, was also underscored within the increase by 32% in 2020 coupled with changing pricing formula delinking away from oil.
framework of supply security.
Development of a regional natural gas/LNG hub, specifiFollowing the ministerial speeches, invited Senior Energy
Officials from gas producer and consumer countries made cally in Asia, was also highlighted by some (next page)
The officials who participated in the LNG Producers-Consumers Conference 2015 includes Minster Yoichi Miyazawa of METI together with Minister Mohammed Bin Saleh Al-Sada, Ministry of
Energy and Industry, Qatar, Vice Minister Jae-do
Moon, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy,
Korea, Dr. Fatih Birol, Executive Director of the
International Energy Agency (IEA), and Governor
Bill Walker of the State of Alaska, United States.
Photo Source : APERC website
8
speakers. The gas/LNG hub could facilitate the development of
transparent gas/LNG benchmark pricing and regional trading.
However, demand for gas is being bumped off by increasing use of coal and renewable energy. As such, LNG must be
competitive and offer greater benefits compared with coal and
renewables.
With gas supply security gaining greater attention and
utmost concern, the G7 Energy Ministerial Meeting next year
in Japan will tackle such issue including LNG market. Likewise,
the APEC Oil and Gas Security Initiative (OGSI), being implemented by APERC, will also seriously address gas supply security in the conduct of Oil and Gas Security Exercise (OGSE) and
Oil and Gas Security Forum (OGSF) activities.
The Conference shall be continuously conducted as an
avenue for constant dialogue between producers and consumers, and to foster mutual cooperation towards common goal of
a better global and regional LNG market.
Upcoming Event: The 2nd APEC Oil and Gas
Security Network Forum
The Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) is
now preparing for the “2nd APEC Oil and Gas Security
Network Forum". The forum is expected to be held in
Kagoshima City, Japan on 10-11 March 2016.
As in the previous , the forum will serve as a venue
to form a network of working level officials in the APEC
economies and experts from international/regional organizations.
Preparation is also underway for the site visit which
is tentatively identified in JX Nippon Oil and Energy Staging Terminal Corporation to see their Kiire Terminal.
Final details on the forum will be further announced in the next issue.
Upcoming Event: APEC Oil and Gas Security
Exercise in the Philippines
The Philippines will be hosting the next APEC Oil and
Gas Security Exercise (OGSE) on 7-9 December 2015.
Contributors for this Edition
Mr. Yoshikazu Kobayashi
Mr. Ichiro Kutani
Mr. Koji Horinuki
Dr. Tetsuo Morikawa
Ms. Ayako Sugino
Mr. Michael Sinocruz
Ms. Elvira Torres Gelindon
Editor-in-Chief
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre
The Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) was established in July
1996 in Tokyo following the directive of APEC Economic Leaders in the
Osaka Action Agenda. The primary objective of APERC is to conduct
researches to foster understanding among APEC members of regional
energy outlook, market developments and policy.
Fax
Tel
E-mail
The activity is in response to the instructions from
the Energy Minsters for APERC to pursue regional cooperation on supply emergency response and to conduct
workshops and exercises to assist economies strengthen
emergency response measures and policies based on
their respective domestic circumstances. APERC already
held two (2) OGSE in 2013, the Joint Southeast Asian Exercise in Bangkok, Thailand, and the Indonesia Exercise.
The Team of Experts for the OGSE in the Philippines
will include experts from IEA, ACE, ASCOPE, HAPUA, ERIA, Japan and The USA and from the local academe.
Further information on the Exercise will be included
in the next issue.
(+81) 3-5144-8555
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[email protected]
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