Motivation
1. Motivation -a. Three Motivators
i.
ii.
iii.
b. Theories of Motivation
i. Instinct Theory
1. Instinct theories’ roots are in _________________________.
2. An instinct is
ii. Drive Reduction Theory –
1. Needs drive our behavior to seek _____________________ in our
bodies.
2. These drives can either be...
a. __________ Drives -b. __________ Drives –
c. Drive reduction theory cannot explain all of our motivations.
i. Why?
iii. Arousal Theory -1. People with high optimum levels of arousal will be drawn to
_____________
2. In general, most of us perform best with an ________________ level of
arousal.
a. This varies with different activities
b. High levels of arousal can...
c. Yerkes-Dodson law -iv. Opponent-Process Theory
1. People are usually at a _____________________ state
2. We might do something that moves us from _____________________.
After moving from our ___________________, we will eventually feel
an _______________________
3. Motivation to return to __________________________
v. Incentive Theory –
1. We learn to associate some stimuli with
_________________________________________________
2. We are motivated to seek the ________________.
2. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
a. According to Abraham Maslow, not all needs ____________________________.
i. What needs motivate us more than others? In other words, what needs must
___________________________________________________________?
3. Types of Motivation
a. Hunger Motivation
i. Biological Basis of Hunger
1. When your stomach feels ______________, you probably do not feel
____________________. When your stomach is ___________, you
probably get that take me to Taco Bell feeling.
2. Researchers used to believe that the feeling of hunger comes from our
______________________. To test the theory out, they made a guy
swallow a balloon and inflated the balloon inside his stomach. After a
period of time, he felt hungry again…meaning hunger is not just
stomach related
3. Most of the biological feeling of hunger comes from the ___________,
not the stomach. Which part of brain?
a. The __________________
i. There are two areas on the _________________ that
control hunger...
1. Lateral Hypothalamus –
2. Ventromedial Hypothalamus -ii. Set-Point Theory –
1. States that the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain
___________________________
2. When we drop below that weight, the hypothalamus tells us...
a. A
b. a
iii. Psychological Factors in Hunger Motivation
1. Sometimes we get hungry and it has little to do with our brain and body
chemistry.
a. You are an external if you are motivated to eat by external cues,
such as...
b. You are an internal if you are more motivated to eat by internal
cues, such as...
2. The Garcia Effect -a. AKA
3. Culture and background also effect our food preferences.
4. Eating Disorders
a. Different cultures have drastically different rates of eating
disorders.
b. Possibly due to the emphasis of a ____________________.
Rates are highest in the _____________________
c. Family history (genetics) has also been identified in research as
increasing the risk of a person to develop an eating disorder.
d. Bulimia Nervosa –
i. Bulimics are obsessed with ______________________.
ii. The majority of bulimics are _________________.
e. Anorexia Nervosa –
i. The vast majority of anorexics are _______________.
f. Obesity -- People with diagnosed obesity are severely
_______________, often over _________ pounds, and the
excess weight threatens _______________________.
i. Obese people typically have unhealthy eating habits
rather than the food obsessions of the other two
disorders.
ii. Some people may also be genetically _______________
1. Different number of _______________
2. Different _______________
3. Different _____________________
b. Sexual Motivation
i. Some scientists say that sexual motivation is one of the most important aspects
of humanity.
ii. If we were not motivated to have sex, then we probably would not
________________________ and the human species would ___________.
iii. Although we have been having sex since the dawn of humans, we have only
began serious scientific study of sex in the USA 60 years ago.
1. Alfred Kinsey -2. Masters and Johnson Studies -iv. Sexual Response Cycle
1. The highlight of their research was the physiological breakdown of the
sexual act called the sexual response cycle (four stages)
a. Initial excitement –
b. Plateau phase –
c. Orgasm –
d. Resolution phase -v. Psychological factors in Sexual Motivation
1. Unlike many animals, our sexual desire is not motivated strictly by
______________________.
2. Many studies reveal that sexual motivation is controlled largely by
_________________rather than ___________________ sources.
3. Sexual desire can be present even when the capacity to have sex is lost.
vi. Sexual Orientation
1. Studies have shown that homosexuality is NOT related to
a.
d.
b.
e.
c.
2. Although researchers believe that environmental influences probably
affect sexual orientation, these factors have NOT yet been identified.
a. Researchers have identified possible biological influences.
b. Scientist Simon LeVay discovered that certain brain structures
are _______________________________________________.
c. But that does not mean than genetics caused the brain
differences
d. Twin studies indicate a genetic influence on sexual orientation
since a twin is much more likely to be homosexual if his or her
identical twin is.
c. Achievement Motivation
i. Achievement motivation seems to vary from person to person.
ii. Some people have high achievement motivation in school, while others in
bowling, while others in nothing at all. Why?
iii. What motivates us to strive for one goal over another?
1. Extrinsic Motivators –
2. Intrinsic Motivators -iv. Management Theory
1. Organizational psychologists -2. Spend the most time studying motivations and how we can use these
ideas to increase _______________________________________
3. Spend a lot of time looking at _____________________ in the
workplace and how they treat the people under them.
4. They divide managers into two different styles...
a. Theory X –
b. Theory Y -5. When Motives Conflict
a. Sometimes what you want to do in a situation is clear to you.
Other times you find yourself conflicted about what choice to
make.
b. Psychologists discuss four types of motivational conflicts:
i. Approach-Approach Conflict –
ii. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict –
iii. Approach-Avoidance –
iv. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts -Did you eat
breakfast/lunch
Sweet
Salty/fatty
Healthy