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SAA/SNZ HB1:1994
Joint Handbook
TECHNICAL DRAWING
for students
SAA/SNZ HB1:1994
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This Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Handbook was published on
17 October 1994.
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SAA/SNZ HB1:1994
Joint Handbook
Technical drawing for students
This is a free 7 page sample. Access the full version online.
First published as SAA HB1 — 1980.
Second editi on 1986.
Thir d edit ion 1988.
Fourth edit ion 1992.
Revised and designated as Joint Handbook
SAA/SNZ HB1:1994.
PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
1 The Crescent,
Homebush NSW 2140 Australia
STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Level 10, Standards House,
155 The Terrace,
Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7262 9196 X
SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
2
INTRODUCTION
Technical drawing is not an art form concerned with aesthetics, but is primarily a
method of transmitting technical information from one party to another. It is in
effect a ‘technical language’. It has evolved over the years, increasing in
sophistication as the complexity of technology increased.
It is a matter of history that variations in the form of graphical presentation evolved
in different countries with the result that until fairly recently the international
interchange of technical information was difficult, because it was not easy to
precisely decipher the requirements. This factor, coupled with the rapid growth of
high technology and multinational industries, and the necessity for technical
drawing to be more precise and less ambiguous, made it imperative that this
technical language be standardized and promulgated throughout the world.
This has now been achieved through the medium of the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO), and for these reasons and also because we live in an
age of high technology, both in industry and in day-to-day living, it is increasingly
important that young people and more mature students are made aware of the
basics of this technical lingua franca. It is equally important that the community
generally is made aware of the concepts and benefits of standardization and its
effect on their daily lives.
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This handbook has been prepared by Standards Australia in collaboration with
Standards New Zealand and education authorities to meet these needs, by
introducing high school and college students to standard drawing practice
established in Australia and New Zealand by Joint Standards Committee ME/72 in
liaison with ISO. The acceptance and use of this handbook will not only benefit
students, but in the long term will have a marked, positive effect on industry and
commerce. The handbook was initially published in 1980. The handbook will be
revised periodically to take into account changes in national and international
drawing practice and symbology, as they occur.
Essentially this handbook is an abridgment of AS 1100, Technical drawing, with
selected extracts from AS 1101, Graphical symbols for general engineering, a
complete listing of the parts of which is given in Appendix D.
The AS 1100 series of Standards are currently harmonized Standards in
New Zealand (replacing the NZS 5902 series of Standards) and will become Joint
Australian/New Zealand Standards at the next revision.
Electrotechnical aspects of drawing are covered in SAA HB3, Electrical and
electronic drawing practice for students.
NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS HANDBOOK
The figures used in the document are not intended to be examples of fully
dimensioned working drawings. They are drawn to show the point explained in the
text.
Although most of the examples given are of a mechanical nature, the principles
demonstrated are equally applicable to structural and architectural drawings.
In the illustrations, capital letters are used for notes that are intended to appear on
the drawings, and lower-case letters for explanatory notes that are not intended to
appear on the drawings.
Values of dimensions and tolerances are typical examples only.
Obviously this handbook is not, nor does it purport to be, a replacement for the
technical drawing Standard, and that Standard is commended to the reader for a
more comprehensive treatment of the subject. It does however contain sufficient
information to enable the student to understand the basic techniques and principles
used in contemporary technical drawing practice.
3
SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
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CONTENTS
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND TERMINOLOGY
1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 2 LAYOUT OF DRAWINGS
2.1 DRAWING SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 TITLE BLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 MATERIAL OR PARTS LISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 3 LINES
3.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 TYPES OF LINES AND THEIR APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
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SECTION 4 LETTERING AND NUMERALS
4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 CHARACTER STYLE . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 CHARACTER HEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 DIRECTION OF LETTERING . . . . . .
4.5 UNDERLINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 5 METHODS OF PROJECTION
5.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 INDICATION OF THE METHOD OF PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 6 VIEWS ON DRAWINGS
6.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 NUMBER OF VIEWS . . . . . .
6.3 ADDITIONAL VIEWS . . . . . .
6.4 SYMMETRICAL VIEWS . . . .
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SECTION 7 SECTIONS
7.1 USE OF CUTTING PLANES . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 HATCHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 THIN SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 HALF SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 LOCAL SECTIONS (PART SECTIONS) . . . .
7.6 SUCCESSIVE SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7 REVOLVED AND REMOVED SECTIONS . .
7.8 EXCEPTIONS (RIBS, BOLTS, NUTS, ETC.)
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SECTION 8 CONVENTIONS AND SYMBOLS
8.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATIONS TO BE USED IN DRAWINGS
8.2 GENERAL ENGINEERING SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5 WELDING SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6 OTHER SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 9 SCALES
9.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 RECOMMENDED SCALE RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 INDICATION OF SCALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
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SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
4
SECTION 10 PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONING
10.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 STANDARD SIZES AND PRODUCTION METHODS . . . . . . . . . . .
47
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SECTION 11 PROJECTION LINES, DIMENSION LINES AND LEADERS
11.1 PROJECTION LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 DIMENSION LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 LEADERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
48
50
SECTION 12 DIMENSIONS
12.1 LINEAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 ANGULAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . .
12.3 ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS
12.4 REDUNDANT DIMENSIONS . . . . . .
12.5 BASIC DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 14 TAPERED FEATURES
14.1 DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2 SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
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SECTION 15 TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS
15.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2 APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3 TOLERANCING INDIVIDUAL LINEAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 16 MACHINING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOLS
16.1 MACHINING SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 13 METHODS OF DIMENSIONING COMMON FEATURES
13.1 DIAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 RADII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 SIZE OF HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4 POSITIONING OF HOLES AND OTHER FEATURES ON ARCS .
13.5 COUNTERSINKS, COUNTERBORES AND SPOTFACES . . . . . .
13.6 CHAMFERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.7 BOLTS, SCREWS, STUDS AND WASHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.8 SCREW THREADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.9 KEYWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
A TYPICAL DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B GENERAL ENGINEERING TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C PRACTICAL DIMENSIONS: APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
FOR FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D LISTS OF PARTS OF AS 1100 AND AS 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . .
E PICTORIAL COMPARISON OF FIRST AND THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F SPATIAL GEOMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
5
SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Handbook
Technical drawing for students
S E C T I O N
1
S C O P E
A N D
T E R M I N O L O G Y
1.1 SCOPE This document sets out the basic principles of technical drawing
practice. In essence, this document is an abridged version of AS 1100, Technical
Drawing, which should be referred to for more detailed coverage of the subject.
1.2 TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this document the following terminology
applies:
Arrangement drawing—a drawing depicting in any form of projection the
relationships of major units or systems of the item depicted. Arrangement drawings
may be with or without controlling dimensions.
Assembly (sub-assembly) —a set of two or more items fitted together to form a
specific function.
NO TE: A sub-assembly is a portion of an assembly.
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Axonometric projection—the projection of an object in which the lines of sight are
perpendicular to the plane of projection and where the object is orientated so that
its three principal axes are all inclined to the plane of projection. See Figure 1.1.
FIGURE 1.1
AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
COPYRIGHT
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