The Enlightenment: Five Big Ideas •  Think of this as a con8nua8on of the Scien8fic Revolu8on – the focus is on inves8ga8on and Reason. •  Start with Isaac Newton and John Locke as major influences: Natural Laws and Natural Rights •  Impact of the growth of Print Culture = more publica8ons = increased spread of ideas and debate. •  Focus on Natural Laws, and Governments that should include the par8cipa8on of the People. •  Huge influence of the Enlightenment leading to the French Revolu8on. •  This is as an8-­‐Absolu8st, and a clear challenge to the Roman Catholic Church’s focus on Faith, rather than Reason. The Enlightenment: We will see “Enlightened monarchs” in Eastern Europe Primarily in England and in France 1688 -­‐ 1780 Where/
When? The Enlightenment: Decline of the power and influence of the Catholic Church: Reason confronts Faith ScienDfic RevoluDon = ObservaDon, Experience, Reason, physical World, Natural Law ExploraDon/
Expansion – New Ideas, technology = InvesDgate What Factors? Why Now? Impact of Absolute rule and Divine Right, Censorship = Unreasonable control Print Culture = spread of ideas separate from control of Church or Monarch. The Enlightenment: Re-­‐assessing the Social Contract = a leader needs to represent and protect ciDzen’s rights View of the Universe as a mechanism that can be studied = God is a raDonal being Just as Laws govern the Universe, there are Natural Rights that all humans possess. Key Facets/
Characte
risDcs Deism is the new “religion” that want Reason combined with Faith – religion cannot just be “Blind Faith” This is an Age of Individualism – and simply being a subject to a King is no longer acceptable. Let’s Pause: Adam Smith and “Wealth of Na8ons.” •  1776 – Smith Publishes “Wealth” •  Argues that Government’s role is to provide basic services, build roads and protect its borders. •  However, Mercan8le control of trade and business must stop. •  Smith felt that Man’s inherent greed is good – unfeXered compe88on would lead to beXer products. •  Supply and Demand (the Invisible Hand) would create true Wealth •  This is the basis of the Modern Capitalist system. •  It reflects Enlightenment beliefs in Reason, and the power of the individual. The Enlightenment: Voltaire – SaDrist criDcizing the Roman Catholic Church as fanaDcs and based on supersDDous Montesquieu – Proposes a SeparaDon of Powers for a Monarchy Rousseau – his Social Contract proposes that individuals give up some freedom to really be free. Isaac Newton – influence based on a Universe governed by Natural Laws -­‐ MechanisDc John Locke – Man possesses Natural Rights – Man is born with a Tabula Rasa Key People/
Groups Enlightened Monarchs – Kings and queens influenced by the Enlightenment The Enlightenment: 1748 – Montesquieu publishes “Spirit of the Laws.” 1687 – John Locke publishes 1st and 2nd “TreaDse on Government.” 1759 – Voltaire publishes “Candide.” 1762 – Rousseau publishes “The Social Contract.” Key Events 1776 – Adam Smith publishes the “Wealth of NaDons.” The Enlightenment: Focus on the importance and power of the Individual Challenges to established ideas of Monarchies FoundaDon of the concept of Capitalism Impact of this Age Belief that Mankind possesses Rights, they are not “given” God is a raDonal being, and that Religion should have Reason as well as faith (b) discuss means “to make observations about something using facts, reasoning, and
argument; to present in some detail”
Thema8c Essay: U
se “
Enlightenment” THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION
Part II
Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs addressing the tas
below, and a conclusion.
Theme: Change
Not all revolutions are political. Nonpolitical revolutions have brought important
intellectual, economic, and/or social changes to societies.
Task:
Identify two nonpolitical revolutions that brought important intellectual,
economic, and/or social changes to societies and for each
• Describe one change brought about by this nonpolitical revolution
• Discuss an impact this nonpolitical revolution had on a specific society or
societies
You may use any nonpolitical revolution that brought important intellectual, economic,
and/or social changes from your study of global history. Some suggestions you might wish to
consider include the Neolithic Revolution (10,000–6,000 B.C.), the Commercial Revolution
(11th–18th centuries), the Scientific Revolution (16th–18th centuries), the Enlightenment
(17th–18th centuries), the Agricultural Revolution (18th–19th centuries), the Industrial
Revolution in Europe (18th–19th centuries), and the Green Revolution (late 20th century).
Thema8c Basics Change Brought About Non-­‐PoliDcal Rev.: Change = The Enlightenment Impact argument; to present in some detail”
PART II
Thema8c Essay: John Locke THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION
Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs addressing the ta
below, and a conclusion.
Theme: Change
The ideas and beliefs of philosophers and leaders have led to changes in
nations and regions.
Task:
Choose two philosophers and/or leaders and for each
• Explain a major idea or belief of that philosopher or leader
• Discuss how that idea or belief changed one nation or region
You may use any philosophers or leaders from your study of global history. Some
suggestions you might wish to consider include Confucius, John Locke, Adam Smith, Simón
Bolívar, Otto von Bismarck, Vladimir Lenin, Mohandas Gandhi, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro,
or Nelson Mandela.
You are not limited to these suggestions.
Do not use a philosopher or leader from the United States in your answer.
Thema8c Basics: Major Idea(s) Philosopher/
Ideas/Change Lead to Change in a NaDon/
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