USTER® TENSOJET 4
APPLICATION REPORT
Comparison of tensile
strength results between the
USTER® TENSOJET 4 and
USTER® TENSORAPID 4
THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Gabriela Peters
June 2004
SE 587
THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Copyright 2005 by Uster Technologies AG
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, translated or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright owner.
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USTER® TENSOJET 4
THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Table of contents
1
Introduction ................................................................................ 5
2
Influence of the deformation speed.......................................... 5
3
Deviation against the USTER® TENSORAPID .......................... 5
3.1
Deviation of the tenacity / UTJ4 versus UTR4 ............................. 6
3.2
Deviation of the elongation / UTJ4 versus UTR4 ......................... 6
4
Support from the USTER® TENSOJET 4 .................................. 7
5
Comparison of results ............................................................... 8
5.1
Comparison of the UTJ (UTR exp) with the UTR regarding the
tenacity......................................................................................... 8
5.2
Comparison of the UTJ (UTR exp) with the UTR regarding the
elongation..................................................................................... 9
5.3
Comparison of the UTJ (UTR exp) with the UTR regarding the
work done to break....................................................................... 9
6
Summary................................................................................... 10
USTER® TENSOJET 4
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THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
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USTER® TENSOJET 4
THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
1
Introduction
A new era of the tensile strength testing started with the introduction of the
USTER® TENSOJET 4. The test speed available today with USTER® TENSOJET 4 is 400 m/min whilst the maximum test speed with conventional
tensile strength testers is 5 m/min. A spinning mill is now in a position to
detect weak places in the yarn because 30,000 tests can be made per
hour. In other words, the sample taken with the USTER®TENSOJET can
better simulate practical workload on a weaving machine. However, this
higher test speed means that the results are significantly different to tests
with a low test speed, e.g. 5 m/min. With the USTER® TENSOJET 4, the
results of the TENSOJET can be convertet the results of the USTER® TENSORAPID.
2
Influence of the deformation speed
The deformation speed has a significant influence on the results measured.
The physical tension that has an effect on the yarn is completely different
when a test is made with a speed of 400 m/min compared to that made with
a test speed of 5 m/min. Time to break of 3 ms are reached with the
USTER® TENSOJET 4 whereas the time to break is 500 ms when a test is
made with a test speed of 5 m/min. It can generally be said that the maximum force and the tenacity become larger as the deformation speed increases. The increase depends upon the raw material used and on the
spinning process. For the elongation, however, the opposite happens. The
elongation value decreases with an increasing deformation speed. The
influence on the elongation depends even more on the raw material and the
spinning process.
3
Deviation against the USTER® TENSORAPID
The following tables show how high the deviations to a test with 5 m/min
can be. The result of the USTER® TENSORAPID was used as 100% for the
calculation. The deformation speed of the USTER® TENSOJET 4 was 400
m/min.
USTER® TENSOJET 4
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THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
3.1
Deviation of the tenacity / UTJ4 versus UTR4
Material
Tenacity
Mean
Minimum
Maximum
100% CO, carded, bobbin
+8
+1
+27
100% CO, carded, cone
+9
+3
+14
100% CO, combed, bobbin
+9
+1
+22
100% CO, combed, cone
+9
+4
+15
100% CO, compact yarn
+10
+6
+13
100% CO, OE-Rotor
+10
+4
+15
100% PES
+5
+1
+7
100% CV
+13
+3
+32
100% WO
+15
+7
+21
Fig. 1
Deviation of the tenacity
For 100 % cotton, the maximum tenacity increases by 8 – 10% only because the deformation speed was changed. For a ring yarn, the minimum
can be 1% and the maximum can be 27%. The difference between bobbins
and cones is obvious. The range is considerably bigger for bobbins than for
cones. The lowermost deviation can be seen for 100% polyester with a
mean deviation of 5%, whereas wool shows the highest deviation. Viscose,
is a sensitive fiber and has a mean deviation of 13% and the range of 3 –
32% is particularly high.
3.2
Deviation of the elongation / UTJ4 versus UTR4
Material
Elongation
Mean
Minimum
Maximum
100% CO, carded, bobbin
-8
-1
-17
100% CO, carded, cone
-7
-3
-12
100% CO, combed, bobbin
-6
-1
-11
100% CO, combed, cone
-6
0
-13
100% CO, compact yarn
-5
-2
-10
100% CO, OE-Rotor
-8
-4
-21
100% PES
-1
-5
+1
100% CV
+8
-1
+19
100% WO
-16
-7
-25
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Fig. 2
Deviation of the tenacity
USTER® TENSOJET 4
THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
The elongation results decrease for all fibers except for one if the deformation speed is increased. The elongation decreases by 6 – 8% for cotton.
The polyester fiber is least influenced when the test speed is increased.
The highest deviation can be seen with wool, -16%. For viscose, the elongation increases with a higher deformation speed.
The influence of the increased deformation speed is clearly visible in these
two tables Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Furthermore, the dependency on the spinning
process and the raw material used also become obvious.
4
Support from the USTER® TENSOJET 4
The above findings illustrate that test results which were calculated with a
deformation speed of 5/min cannot be compared one-to-one with the test
results of the USTER® TENSOJET 4. However, the USTER® TENSOJET 4
has a feature called “UTR expected value” which allows a comparison with
results of the USTER® TENSORAPID. This value is calculated by using the
USTER® STATISTICS which show the anticipated result of the USTER®
TENSORAPID at a deformation speed of 5 m/min.
Fig. 3
®
Print-out from the USTER
TENSOJET 4
There is a “UTR expected” result for the force, the tenacity, the elongation
and the work done to break. The USTER® STATISTICS have to be selected
before the test in order to obtain this value. If this step is omitted, the conversion will not work. Further, there will be no UTR expected result if the
yarns are below the 5%-line or above the 95%-line line of the USTER®
STATISTICS.
USTER® TENSOJET 4
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THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
5
Comparison of results
The following graphs show the comparison of the UTR expected values
with the actual values of the USTER® TENSORAPID. This comparison refers to 100% cotton of carded or combed ring yarns, rotor yarns and compact yarns.
5.1
Comparison of the UTJ (UTR exp) with the UTR regarding
the tenacity
The first graph shows the correlation for the tenacity. The correlation of
r² = 0.967 is very good. This implies, in other words, that the “UTR expected” result of the USTER® TENSOJET 4 can be used very well for comparing a result of the USTER® TENSORAPID.
24,00
22,00
y = 0,9032x + 0,5544
2
R = 0,9673
20,00
18,00
Uster Tensorapid 4
16,00
14,00
12,00
10,00
8,00
6,00
4,00
2,00
0,00
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
16,00
18,00
20,00
22,00
Fig. 4
Comparison of the UTJ
(UTRexp) with the UTR,
cotton 100%
24,00
Uster Tensojet 4 (UTR expected)
As already mentioned previously, the “UTR expected” value only appears if
the USTER® STATISTICS are selected before the test and if this yarn is
actually in the USTER® STATISTICS because the USTER® STATISTICS
are used as the basis for the calculation of the “UTR expected” value.
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USTER® TENSOJET 4
THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
5.2
Comparison of the UTJ (UTR exp) with the UTR regarding
the elongation
The correlation of the elongation is r² = 0.896. This is a very good result for
the elongation because elongation results normally scatter much more than
force and tenacity values. Additionally, the range of the elongation values is
considerably narrower. The same number of samples result in values between 4.5 – 7.2% which shows that the elongation range for cotton is very
narrow.
8,00
y = 0,9371x + 0,1155
2
R = 0,8965
7,00
Uster Tensorapid 4
6,00
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
Uster Tensojet 4 (UTR expected)
5.3
Fig. 5
Comparison of the UTJ
(UTRexp)with the UTR
Comparison of the UTJ (UTR exp) with the UTR regarding
the work done to break
The best correlation, r² = 0.993, is obtained with the work done to break.
This implies that the “UTR expected” value from the USTER® TENSOJET 4
correlates very well with the results from the USTER® TENSORAPID.
USTER® TENSOJET 4
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THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
2500,0
y = 0,9495x - 17,327
2
R = 0,9933
Uster Tensorapid 4
2000,0
1500,0
1000,0
500,0
0,0
0,0
500,0
1000,0
1500,0
2000,0
Fig. 6
Comparison of the UTJ
(UTRexp) with the UTR
2500,0
Uster Tensojet 4 (UTR expected)
6
Summary
It has been demonstrated in our tests that as soon as the deformation
speed on the test equipment is increased the test results are significantly
influenced. Normally, the force and the tenacity values increase if the deformation speed rises. However, the contrary is valid for the elongation.
The elongation of all fibers except of viscose is reduced in cases of increased test speeds.
This influence means that the test results from the two test equipments
cannot be directly compared with each other. To overcome this, the “UTR
expected” value on the USTER® TENSOJET 4 was introduced. Now, results from the USTER® TENSOJET 4 and USTER® TENSORAPID can be
compared by using the “UTR expected” value of the USTER® TENSOJET 4
because the correlation of the tenacity, the elongation and work done to
break is above r² = 0.95.
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THE WEAVABILITY® MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
USTER® TENSOJET 4
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Uster Technologies AG
Wilstrasse 11
CH-8610 Uster / Switzerland
Phone +41 43 366 36 36
Fax
+41 43 366 36 37
www.uster.com
[email protected]
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USTER® TENSOJET 4