Table of Contents
Indicators
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Letter to the Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Ohio Academic Content Standards Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Investigation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Chapter 1
Earth Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lesson 1
Earth’s Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ESS.1
Lesson 2
The States of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
ESS.3
Lesson 3
Clouds and Precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ESS.2, ESS.7
Lesson 4
Measuring Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
ESS.4
Lesson 5
Weather Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ESS.5
Lesson 6
Weather Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
ESS.6
Lesson 7
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition . . . . . 45
ESS.8, ESS.9, ESS.10
Lesson 8
Slow and Fast Changes to Land . . . . . . . . 50
ESS.10
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 2
Life Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Lesson 9
Plant Parts and Their Functions . . . . . . . . . 62
LS.2
Lesson 10
Life Cycles of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
LS.1
Lesson 11
Classifying Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
LS.3
Lesson 12
Plant Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
LS.4
Lesson 13
How Living Things Interact . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
LS.5
Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chapter 3
Physical Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Lesson 14
Physical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
PS.1, PS.3, PS.4
Lesson 15
Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
PS.2
Lesson 16
Heat and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
PS.5
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
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Ohio Achievement Test Coach, Science, Grade 4
Chapter 4
Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Lesson 17
Uses of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
ST.1
Lesson 18
Satisfying People’s Needs and Wants . . . 110
ST.2
Lesson 19
Designing Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
ST.3
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chapter 5
Scientific Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Lesson 20
Using Tools to Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
SI.1
Lesson 21
Science Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
SI.1
Lesson 22
Understanding Patterns in Nature . . . . . . 131
SI.2
Lesson 23
Carrying Out Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . 135
SI.3, SI.4, SI.5
Lesson 24
Communicating Information . . . . . . . . . . . 139
SI.6
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chapter 6
Scientific Ways of Knowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Lesson 25
Fact and Opinion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
SWK.1
Lesson 26
Keeping Records and
Explaining Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
SWK.2, SWK.3, SWK.4
Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Investigation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
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14
Physical Changes
PS.1, PS.3, PS.4
Getting the Idea
Key Words
physical change
texture
physical property
dissolve
state
solid
liquid
gas
vibrate
mixture
filter
Suppose that you cut a piece of paper into pieces.
You have changed the size and shape of the paper,
but it is still paper. You have caused a physical change. A
physical change is a change in which no new materials form.
Changes in Physical Properties
You can change the shape of modeling clay by pushing
and pulling. You can change its color by mixing different
colors. The clay may have a rough texture. Texture is how
rough or smooth the surface of an object feels. You can
make clay smooth with your hands.
Shape, color, and texture are physical properties.
A physical property is a feature of a material that you
can observe with your senses. When you cause a physical
change in a material, you change one or more of its
physical properties. The chart below shows some physical
properties and physical changes.
Physical Properties and Changes
Physical Properties
Physical Changes
Size
Shape
Cutting
Bending
Color
Texture
Warming
Cooling
Smell
Temperature
Melting
Freezing
Weight
Hardness
Boiling
Dissolving
Mixing
Separating
State (solid, liquid, gas)
One physical property is whether a material dissolves in
water. Dissolving is a physical change. When a material
dissolves, it breaks into tiny pieces that seem to disappear.
Both sugar and salt dissolve in water.
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Lesson 14: Physical Changes
Physical changes can be reversed, or turned back. If you
dissolve a spoonful of salt in a glass of water, you will not
see the salt. But if you let the water evaporate, the salt will
appear again in the glass.
Changes in State
You learned in Lesson 2 that matter has different forms,
or states. A solid is matter that keeps its shape. A liquid
takes the shape of its container. A gas spreads out in all
directions.
Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving.
In a solid, the particles only vibrate, or move back and
forth very fast. They do not move from their positions. The
particles in a liquid move enough to slide past each other.
In a gas, the particles move freely.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Matter can change state if you raise or lower its
temperature. When the temperature increases, the
particles have more energy and move more. When the
particles in a solid have enough energy, the solid changes
to a liquid. If the temperature keeps rising, the liquid
changes to a gas.
A change of state is a physical change. When ice melts or
when liquid water evaporates, no new materials form. Ice,
liquid water, and water vapor are all water.
Like other physical changes, changes of state can be
reversed. After ice melts, the liquid water can freeze again.
After water evaporates, the water vapor can condense.
It can become liquid again.
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Ohio Achievement Test Coach, Science, Grade 4
Separating Materials
You may have sorted cans, bottles, and other things so
they could be recycled, or made into new objects. You
probably put things made of paper, glass, plastic, and
metal into separate bins. Each of those materials has
different physical properties.
A mixture is a combination of two or more materials that
keep their own properties. You can use the properties of
materials in a mixture to separate them. For example, if
you do not like tomatoes, you can use their red color to
find them in a salad and take them out.
A filter can help you separate some materials. A filter is
a screen with tiny holes in it. Small particles can pass
through the filter, but larger ones cannot. Suppose you
pour muddy water through a filter. The tiny particles of
water will pass through, but the larger particles of soil
will not. The picture below shows how a filter separates
materials by size.
Whether a material sinks or floats is a physical property.
You can use this property to separate some materials.
Try making a mixture of salt and pepper. Then pour the
mixture into a glass of water. The salt will sink to the
bottom of the glass, but the pepper will float.
Another physical property is whether a material is attracted
to a magnet. Iron filings are small bits of iron, a material
that is attracted to a magnet. If you mix iron filings with
sugar, you make a solid mixture. You can remove the
filings by dragging a magnet through the mixture.
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Lesson 14: Physical Changes
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Suppose that you have a mixture of water, sand, and sugar.
The sugar is dissolved in the water. How could you separate
the sand from the rest of the mixture? How could you
separate the sugar?
LESSON REVIEW
1.
Which sentence BEST describes what happens when you
stir sugar and water in a glass?
A.
The sugar is heavy and falls to the bottom of
the glass.
B.
The sugar dissolves in the water, and you cannot
see the sugar.
C. The water becomes warm and evaporates from
the glass.
D. The sugar and water join to make a different kind
of matter.
2.
Which sentence is TRUE?
A.
A physical change can be reversed.
B.
A physical change causes new materials to form.
C. A physical change cannot be reversed.
D. A physical change does not change physical
properties.
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Ohio Achievement Test Coach, Science, Grade 4
3.
Look at the picture below.
Ice
Liquid water
Which term below does NOT describe the change shown
in the picture?
A.
condensation
B.
melting
C. physical change
D. change of state
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