What is "Taiwanese phonetic symbols" ?
( English version)
by
Chiau-Shin Ngo (Jau-Shin Wu)
(This lecture is written for general public who want to learn Taiwanese,
therefore, we restricted the scope within the learning of pronunciation, tone and
basic rule of change of tone of Taiwanese. As for more advanced linguistic
details, we would like to suggest learner to learn in the actual scene they may
meet in the daily life. I am sure they will make it easily.)
(A) Introduction to Taiwanese
1. [Taiwanese]: The languages of Taiwan, in broader definition, should
include Minnan language, Hakka language and Austronesian languages of the
aborigines of Taiwan. However, in this lecture, in accordance with the popular
perception, we actually only talk about the Minnan language, which is in use by
more than 75% of the inhabitants now in Taiwan.
(B) Phonetic symbols for Taiwanese
1. The main purpose of this lecture is to teach a learner how to use " the
phonetic symbols for Taiwanese" to learn exact Taiwanese pronunciation.
2. Taiwan Ministry of Education has announced two sets of “phonetic
symbols for Taiwanese”, (1) "Bopomo or tzuim huhor for Taiwanese" (1998) and
(2 ) "Roman spelling symbol for Taiwanese " (2006).
3. “ Bopomo or tzuim huhor
for Taiwanese ” is the extension of
“Bopomofo or zhuyin fuhao for Mandarin”, which most children are taught when
they first got into the elementary school system in Taiwan. Most people in
Taiwan are very familiar with it and know the good use of it. In the Bopomo for
Taiwanese, a few new symbols are added in addition to the ones defined in
“Bopomofo or Zhuin fuhao for Mandarin” , while a few symbols that are specific
to Mandarin pronunciation are deleted. Therefore it is very easy for those people
who are familiar with “Bopomofo or zhuyin fuhao for Mandarin” to learn and use
this set of Taiwanese phonetic symbol to learn Taiwanese pronunciation. This
set of phonetic symbol can also be used as ruby characters placed at the side of
Chinese character (Hanzi, Kanji) like those Katakana or Hiragana in Japanese.
4. "Roman spelling for Taiwanese pronunciation" is also a useful set of
Taiwanese pronunciation symbol for those foreigners who just want to learn to
make conversation in Taiwanese and not want to learn or understand in depth
Taiwanese Hanzi (Chinese characters).
5. “Roman spelling” is originated from those missionaries who preached to
people in Taiwan who are illiterate back in the 18th century. This kind of “Roman
spelling” is not only applied to Taiwanese but also to Hakka, aboriginal
languages of Taiwan, any dialects all over China and even Vietnamese, typically
used when most of the people being communicated to are illiterate. It can be
said as a “product of the time”.
6. During the past 10 ~ 20 years, several sets of similar Roman spelling
systems for Taiwanese phonetic symbol have been made available, such as
TLPA, Church, Tong-Yong and etc. As a result, endless debate for promoting
each of these continued.Eventually, Taiwan Ministry of Education adopted a
hybrid set of TLPA and Church Roman spellings named “Tai-Lo” as the standard
in Nov. 2006. However, the supporters of other pronunciation systems would not
like to compliant with it, therefore, the divergent situation is still not quite settled
yet as of today.
7. In fact, every set of spelling symbols has its caveats. In this article, we will
not discuss further on these issues, because this article is not intended for
linguistics study.
At the end of this lecture, a comparison table that consists of「Bopomo or
Tzuim huhor for Taiwanese and Mandarin」 and the reciprocal symbols of the
other 6 sets of phonetic symbols for Taiwanese and Mandarin, as well as
Chinese character (Hanji / Hanzi) of each phonetic symbol represents, is
presented for reference.
(C)「Bopomo or Tzuim fuhor for Taiwanese」
Because some people might have learned Chinese Mandarin by using
Mandarin Bopomo (i.e. Mandarin Zhuyin fuhao) before and are already familiar
with it, I would like to present the Phonetic symbols commonly used by both
Mandarin and Taiwanese in this section. Hopefully, it will save the time for
learning these symbols.
1. There are 46 symbols commonly used for representing Taiwanese
pronunciation. Among those 46 symbols, there are 27 of them in common with
Mandarin Bopomo symbols. The remaining 19 symbols are specific ones for
Taiwanese pronunciation.
2. There are 21 symbols for consonants and 25 symbols for vowels.
3. The symbols in blue color are shared by Taiwanese and Mandarin
pronuncition, and the ones in brown color are specific for Taiwanese
pronunciation.
4. Consonant: 21
【ㄅ、ㄆ、ㄇ、ㄉ、ㄊ、ㄋ、ㄌ、ㄍ、ㄎ、ㄏ、ㄐ、
ㄑ、ㄒ、ㄗ、ㄘ、ㄙ、、、、、】
5. Vowels: 25
【ㄚ、ㄜ、ㄛ、ㄞ、ㄠ、ㄢ、ㄣ、ㄤ、ㄥ、ㄧ、ㄨ、
、、、、、、、、、、、、
、】
(D) The voiced sound and nasal sound specific
in Taiwanese.
1. The Mandarin does not have the “voiced sound” and the “nasal sound”
which are specific for Taiwanese.
2. In Japanese and English, there are also voiced sounds. Therefore, the
Japanese-speaking or English-speaking students may not have any difficulty in
pronunciation of these voiced consonants in Taiwanese. However, the voiced
consonant can be strange for those who only speak Mandarin. There will be
some difficulty for them to pronounce these sounds and might have to spend a
little more time to learn it. They frequently pronounce Taiwanese “I” 「我」－（
gua）
as
（ wa）.
3. The nasal sounds of the vowels are specific for Taiwanese. There are no
nasal sounds in either Japanese or English. However, there would be no much
difficulty in pronouncing it, as long as you can send out the vowel sound through
the nose when you pronounce them.
4. 4 of 6 voiced sounds in Taiwanese are corresponding to voiceless
sounds in Mandarin. The symbols appear as enclosing a circle at the tail of
the voiceless sound symbol. However, attention should be paid that the
enclosing does not extend beyond the original stroke. For example:
【ㄅ→】、【ㄍ→】、【ㄐ→】、【ㄗ→】
It was pronounced like English:
【﹦B: B of bed, big, bye, bird】
【﹦G: G of good, go, get, dog】
【﹦J: J of Japan, jet, John】
【﹦Z: Z of zero, zigzag, zoo, zoom】
5. There is another specific nasal consonant pronouncing through nose:
【﹦ng: ng - of bring, spring; (夾) -holding between
chopsticks】
6. There are two nasal consonants being used like vowels: as follows:
【﹦ng: ng of bring, spring; (黃)-yellow】
【﹦m: m 伓（不）-no】closing both lips tightly and pronounce
through nose. (it means “no”)
7. Five of the vowel sounds in Taiwanese are pronounced as the nasal
sounds of the similar vowels in Mandarin. It is not so difficult for Mandarin
speaker to learn the pronunciation these nasal sounds. To write the symbols of
nasal vowels, you just add enclosing at the tails of the reciprocal Mandarin vowel
symbols. However, the enclosing circle should extend beyond the original stroke.
Please see the examples below:
【ㄚ→】、【→】、【→】、【→】、
【ㄨ→】
8. Listed below are 5 combined vowels which are a comprised of two single
sounds:
【﹦ㄚ＋】、【﹦ㄚ＋】、【﹦ㄚ＋ㄇ】、
【﹦＋ㄇ】、【﹦＋】
9. As a result, the actual number of pronunciation symbols that is specific for
Taiwanese is only 6, compared to what you should have to learn in Madarin.
These symbols are as follows:
【、、、、、】
10. For the reciprocal Taiwanese Roman spelling phonetic symbols issued
by Taiwan Ministry of Education and IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet),
please refer to the contrast table of 「 The contrast table of Bopomo for
Taiwanese and Roman spelling for Taiwanese」in the appendix I.
(5) Tone symbols
1. There are seven tones in the spoken Taiwanese. In many occasions, it
was mentioned that there are eight tones in spoken Taiwanese. As the matter of
fact, the second tone and sixth tone are duplicated.
2. The tone symbols are as follows:
* First tone【no symbols】：陰平調－high flat tone（），similar to first tone
in Mandarin.
* Second tone【】：上聲調－high falling tone（），nearly the same as
4th tone in Mandarin.
* Third tone【】：陰去調－low falling tone（），almost the same as
anterior half of the third tone in Mandarin.
* The fifth tone【】 ： 陽平調－middle rising tone （），sort of like the
tone between the second and third tone in Mandarin.
* The sixth tone：the same as the second tone.
* The seventh tone 【】：陽去調－middle flat tone（），there is no
corresponding tone in Mandarin.
Example: as Taipei city- city in Taiwanese: ─市.
# Vowel end in －ㄅ- b、ㄉ- d、ㄍ- g、ㄏ- h－are called jip-tone【入聲】- (Stop
sound or/and glottal sounds)：there are two jip-tones－
□，□，□，□】：陰入調－low short tone （）.
* The eighth tone【□，□，□，□】：陽入調－high short tone（）.
* The fourth tone【
The small dot on the top of the small phonetic symbols represents the eighth
tone, such as【】
For the details of the Jip-tones, refer to the next section.
(6) Jip sound/tone (Stop or glottal stop sound)
1. The fourth and eighth tones of Taiwanese are named Jip-sound, which
are not present in modern Mandarin. The Jip-sound in ancient Chinese is
incorporated into the four tones in modern Mandarin. The jip-sound can be used
in Mandarin when composing poem. However, it is still present in daily
conversation of
spoken Taiwanese nowadays. In Japanese, the jip-sound is
named as 「urged sound」, while in English, is named as 「Stop consonant or
glottal stop」.
2. The syllables are ended with consonant （ㄅ、ㄉ、ㄍ、ㄏ－ p, t, k, h）.
3. Similar examples exist in Japanese and English. For example: in
Japanese, 「school」is composed of two Kanji characters pronounced as「gaku」
(學) and 「koo」(校), respectively. However, when these two Kanji characters of
「school」(學校) is pronounced together, it is pronounced as 「gak-koo」. The
sound of 「u」 between 「gaku」 and 「koo」 is omitted, and the sound of the
「k」 is a 「stop sound」. Similarly, in English, the sounds「p」of 「stop」and
「t」of 「get」 does not come out when these words are spoken. Only the upper
and lower lips or the tip of the tongue are kept in the position of pronouncing 「p」
and 「t」.
4. So it should not be very difficult to pronounce stop sound for those who
speak Japanese or English, because they are already using it.
(7) Light sound and its symbol
There is no light sound in single Chinese character (Hanzi / Kanzi), so it is not
one of seven tones in Taiwanese or four tones in Mandarin. Light sound is a
changed tone in a word or sentences. It is often used the second syllable in
disyllable or the end of a verb and objective. When the first syllable of double
syllable is pronounced specifically emphasized, the second syllable will naturally
be pronounced lightly or softly and its proper tone is lost. When a Chinese
character is pronounced with accentuation, the meaning is strengthened. On the
contrary, when it is pronounced lightly the real meaning will become blurred.
Light sound and soft pronunciation has the function of alleviate the tone of
speech. It has also been something to do with the semantics. In ancient Chinese
literary language, there is no light sound. In modern live language making good
use of light sounds will make the conversation sound more live.
Examples:
Example
The second
sound read lightly
Meaning
The first sound
changed
Meaning
無去
無去
(disappear)
無去
(did not go)
後日
後日
(some
other day)
後日
(the day after
tomorrow)
(8) Different (multiple) pronunciation of a
word or a character in Taiwanese
1. You may notice a few kinds of different pronunciation of a word in
Taiwanese, such as: Jiang-jiu, Tsuan-jiu, E-mng or other tones of different
places. At present, some are used only by the older generations, or have already
changed. As the purpose of this lecture is to learn Taiwanese which is in
common use by general public in Taiwan at present, not to teach phonetics,
therefore, I am going to explain only the commonly used Taiwanese
pronunciation, those which have been rarely used or have been changed were
omitted. It is alright for the learners to understand and learn them when they
meet with in actual life.
2. Generally speaking, it seems that there are a lot of people may think
learning of Taiwanese pronunciation is a very difficult thing. Actually, it is not so
difficult, only if you can master the phonetic symbols. Perhaps everybody might
be confused, among so many sets of symbols for Taiwanese, which is the best
one to learn?
3. As aforesaid in (2), there are only two series of phonetic symbols for
Taiwanese:
(a) The first series, the Taiwanese phonetic symbols "Bopomo or tzuim
huhor for Taiwanese " （台語注音符號）, which is extended from the Mandarin
phonetic symbols “Bopomof or zhuyin fuhao for Mandarin” （注音符號）, the
most of the people living in Taiwan have learned, instructed on entrance to
primary school for mandatory education (almost 100%) for more than 60 years,
therefore, almost of the population in Taiwan are familiar with it and moreover, a
large group of people using this system to input Hanzi / Kanzi (漢字) – Chinese
characters on computer practice.
(b) The second series is the method of spelling basically with phonetic
symbols of Roman character, which has been used by missionaries to preach for
whom those are illiteracy in Taiwan since the 18th century.
Both (a and b) are alright, and will not be incompatible to each other.
One who has learned any one of the two will be able to master another one
in 2~3 hours.
4. Let us see the example of Japanese in which Chinese characters are
used too. Japanese has also Roman spelling, however, it is that 「Katakana or
Hiragana」 but not Roma spelling are used as their phonetic symbols for 「ruby」
for Chinese character in Japanese sentence. Those 「Katakana or Hiragana」
come from a stroke or part of 「Hanzi / Kanzi」(Chinese character) like as those"
Bopomo or tzuim huhor for Taiwanese " （台語注音符號）, and “Bopomofo or
zhuyin fuhao for Mandarin” （注音符號）. In addition to the above mentioned use
for Ruby, they are also used as suffix kana (a conjugational [declensional]
ending added in kana after a Chinese character).
5. Although there are multiple ways for symbolization of Taiwanese
pronunciation, it seems as though on inputting of Chinese character on
computer, it has also many kinds of input method, but you do not have to matter
with any method, so long as it is the easiest and fastest way for you, then it is the
best way for you.
(9) Tone sandhi in Taiwanese
Tone sandhi is the change of tone that occurs in some languages in
pronouncing a continuous syllable (word or phrase). Many of Chinese languages
have tone sandhi, some of them are quite complex. While Mandarin sandhi is
simple, Taiwanese has a more complex system, in which every original tone of a
word (or character) changing into a different tone when it comes before another.
Taiwanese tone sandhi has the rule for changing its original tone as follows:
The first tone →→ The seventh tone
The second tone →→ The first tone
The third tone →→ The second tone
The fifth tone →→ The seventh tone（Southern Taiwan）
or The third tone (Northern Taiwan)
The seventh tone →→ The third tone
The fourth tone （
second tone）
The eighth tone（
□□□）→→ The eighth tone （□→ The
□□□）→→ The fourth tone（□→ The third
tone）
╭→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→╮
↑
↑
1：骹（底）
5：頭（殼）
leg (sole)
↓
2：手（心）
6：手（心）
hand (palm)
↓
←←←←←←
mouth (tooth)
hit (clap hands)
7：鼻（孔）←╯
nose (
←──────→
bone (bone)
扑（手）(3)
↓
hand (palm)
↑
4：骨（頭）
↓
head (head)
↑
3：嘴（齒）
↓
8：目（睭）
eye (eye)
←───→
(2)
白（毛）
white (white hair)
Appendix (I) (附一)
Contrast table:
《Bopomo for Taiwanese》and《Roman spelling for
Taiwanese》
Chiau-Shin Ngo
（A）Consonant (子音)
：shared symbols.：Taiwanese specific symbols.
Bopomo Representative Roman
IPA
Japanese
English
〔meaning〕
〔meaning〕
(Symbol)
Hanzi
spelling

包仔
p
p
肉まん
Stuffed bun

帽仔
b
b
帽子
hat

扑
ph
pʻ
殴る
beat

阿媽
m
m
お祖母さん
grandma

刀
t
t
刀
sword

桃仔
th
tʻ
桃
peach

乳嘴
n
n
おしゃぶり
pacifier

梨仔
L
l
梨
pear

狗
k
k
犬
dog

牛
g
g
牛
cow

褲
kh
kʻ
ずぼん
pants
箸で野菜を挟み
とる
hold greens
between
chopsticks
h
花
flower
ts
ʨ
酒
liquor
字
j
ʥ
字
character

七
tsh
ʨʻ
七
seven

想
s
ɕ
思う
think

知
ts
ʦ
知る
know

熱
j
z
暑い
hot

菜
tsh
ʦʻ
野菜
greens

竹筍
s
s
たけのこ
bamboo shoot
Japanese
English
〔meaning〕
〔meaning〕
IPA
日本語
English

夾菜
ng
ŋ

花
h

酒

（B）Vowel（韻母、母音）
Bopomo Representative
(Symbol)
Hanzi
Roman
spelling
台羅
IPA
注音符號
代表漢字
ㄚ
阿
a
a
ア
a

餡
ann
ã
餡子
Bean jam

土
oo
ɔ
土
soil

睏
oonn

教育部



/ 
o
o
オ
o

鵝
o
ə
鵞鳥
goose

鞋
e
e
靴
shoes

紅嬰
enn
ẽ
赤子
baby

海
ai
ai
海
sea

歹人
ainn
ãĩ
悪人
bad man
au
au
肉まん
meat-buns
暗時
am
am
夜
night

掩嘴
oom
ɔm
手で口をふさ
ぐ
cover the
mouth

伓是
m
m
～でない
not

毯仔
an
an
毛布
blanket

不單獨使用
-
ɔn
(ɔn)
(ɔn)

巷仔
ang
aŋ
路地
lane

國王
ong
ɔŋ
国王
king

不單獨使用
eng
əŋ
(əŋ)
(əŋ)

黃
ng
ŋ
黄色
yellow


肉包

椅仔
i
i
椅子
chair

圓
inn
Ĩ
丸い
round

碗
u
u
茶碗
bowl

羊
unn
ũ
羊
sheep
櫻花
ing
ieŋ 台
iŋ 中
桜
cherry
blossoms
因為
in
in
～なので
because
溫度
un
un
温度
temperature




ㄨ
ㄣ
（C）Stop consonant or glottal stop（入声、促音)
Bopomo Representative
Roman
(Symbol)
spelling
注音符号
（Symbol）
Hanzi
代表漢字
台羅
教育部
Japanese
English
〔meaning〕
〔meaning〕
IPA
日本語
English
IPA

回答
p
p
答え
answer

折
t
t
折る
break

北
k
k
北
north

鴨
h
ʔ
あひる
duck

十
p
p
十
ten

力
t
t
力
strength

洗浴
k
k
体を洗う
bathe

盒
h
ʔ
小箱
box
(D) Tone symbol (台語声調記号對照表)
Bopomo
注音符号
Roman spelling
台羅（教育部）
第一声
1st
無調号
(no symbol)
無調号
(no symbol)
第二声
2nd
ˋ
á
第三声
3rd

à
第四声
4th

p,t,k,h
第五声
5th
ˊ
â
声調符号
（Tone Symbol）
第六声
6th
第七声
7th
第八声
8th
同第二声
同第二声
same as 2nd same as 2nd


ā
a̍
(p, t, k,h)
Appendix (II) 附〔二〕
Contrast table for Mandarin-Taiwanese Bopomo Phonetic
symbols and 7 more spelling symbols.
by
Chiau-Shin Ngo
(華、台語注音符號及七種拼音法對照表)
(吳昭新)
(A) Contrast table for Taiwanese-Mandarin phonetic
symbols. (consonant)
[華、台語音標對照表 （一）－ 聲母]
：shared symbols.：Taiwanese specific.： Mandarin specific
Bopomo Represen-
Representative Hanzi Tative Hanzi
Wu
Symbol (Taiwanese) （Mandarin）
注音
符號
代表漢字 代表漢字
（台）
（華）
 包仔 包子
 帽仔
－
華台
Roman
spell
台羅
教部
TLPA
Chur- Tong- Hanyu
ch
yong pinin
IPA
TLPA
教羅
通用
漢普
IPA
b
p
p
p
b
b
p
bb
b
b
b
bh
bb
b

扑
拍
p
ph
ph
ph
p
p
pʻ

阿媽
媽媽
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

－
風
f
-
-
-
f
f
f

刀
刀
d
t
t
t
d
d
t
 桃仔 桃子
t
th
th
th
t
t
tʻ
 乳嘴 奶嘴
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
 梨仔 梨子
l
L
l
l
l
l
l

狗
狗
g
k
k
k
g
g
k

牛
－
gg
g
g
g
gh
gg
g

褲
褲子
k
kh
kh
kh
k
k
kʻ
 夾菜
－
ng
ng
ng
ng
ng
ng
ŋ

花
花
h
h
h
h
h
h
h

酒
酒
j (i)
ts
c
ch
z
j
ʨ

字
－
jj
j
j
j
r
j
ʥ

七
七
ch (i)
tsh
ch
chh
c
q
ʨʻ

想
想
sh (i)
s
s
s
s
x
ɕ

－
之
jh, j-
-
-
-
jh
zh
tʂ

－
吃
ch
-
-
-
ch
ch
tʂʻ

－
失
sh
-
-
-
sh
sh
ʂ

－
日
r
-
-
-
r
r
ʑ

粽
粽子
z, tz
ts
c
ch, ts
z
z
ʦ

熱
－
zz
j
j
j
r
zz
z

菜
菜
ts, c
tsh
ch
chh
c
c
ʦʻ

竹筍
筍子
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
(B) Contrast table for Taiwanese-Mandarin phonetic
symbols. (vowel)
[華、台語音標對照表 （二）－韻母]
Bopomo Represen-
Representative Hanzi Tative Hanzi
Wu
Symbol (Taiwanese) （Mandarin）
注音
代表漢字 代表漢字
華台
Roman
spell
台羅
TLPA
Chur- Tong- Hanyu
ch
yong pinin
IPA
TLPA
教羅
通用
漢普
IPA
a
a
a
a
a
a
ann
ann
ann
an,
aN
ann
na
ã
oo
oo
oo
O
o
oo
ɔ
onn noo

符號
（台）
（華）
ㄚ
阿
阿
a

餡
-

土
-

睏
-
教部
on,
oonn oonn oonn oN
 /  桌
o
o
o
o
or
o
o

鵝
鵝
or
o
er
-
or
e
ə

－
夜
ee
-
-
e
e
ℇ

鞋
-
e
e
e
e
e
e
e

紅嬰
-
enn
enn
enn
en,
eN
enn
ne
ẽ

海
海
ai
ai
ai
ai
ai
ai
ai
ain,
ainn ainn ainn aiN ainn nai
ãĩ
 歹人

－
杯子
ei
-
-
-
-
ei
Ɛi
 包仔 包子
au
au
au
au
ao
ao
au
海鷗
ou
-
-
-
-
ou
ou
 暗時
-
am
am
am
am
am
am
am
 掩嘴
-
oom oom oom oom oom oom
ɔm
 伓是
-

－
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
an
an
an
an
an
an
an
en
-
-
-
en
en
ən
 巷仔 巷子
ang
ang
ang ang ang ang
aŋ

國王
-
ong
ong
ong ong ong ong
ɔŋ

不單獨使用
電燈
eng
eng
eng eng eng eng
əŋ

黃
-
Ng,
-ng
ng
ng
ng
ŋ

－
兒子 er, -r
-
-
-
 椅仔 椅子
i, y-,
yi
i
i
i

圓
-
inn
inn

碗
碗
 毯仔 毯子


不單獨使用
羊
根
-
-u,
u
wu-,
-unn,
unn
wun
ng
er, -r er, -r
ɚ
i, y-,
yi
i
ni
Ĩ
-u, -u,
wu-, w-,
u
unn
ũ
i
inn in, iN inn
u
u
unn
un,
uN
ng
nu

－
雨
 櫻花 櫻花

 因為 因為

-iu,
yu
-
-
-
-iu,
u, yu
yu
ing
ing
ing
ing
ing
ing
Iŋ 華
eŋ 台
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
ü
(C) Contrast table for Taiwanese-Mandarin phonetic
symbols. (stop consonant)
[華、台語音標對照表 （三）－入聲]
Bopomo
Symbol
注音
RepresenRepresentative Hanzi Tative Hanzi
Wu
(Taiwanese) （Mandarin）
代表漢字
代表漢字
華台
Roman
spell
台羅
TLPA
Chur- Tong- Hanyu
ch
yong pinin
TLPA 教羅 通用 漢普
IPA
IPA
符號
（台）
（華）

回答
-
p
p
p4
p
-p
-p
p

折
-
t
t
t4
t
-t
-t
t

北
-
k
k
k4
k
-k
-k
k

鴨
-
h
h
h4
h
-h
-h
ʔ

十
-
p'
p
p8
p
p
ˊp
p

力
-
t'
t
t8
'
t
t
ˊt
t

洗浴
-
k'
k
k8
'
k
k
ˊk
k

盒
-
h'
h
h8
'
h
h
ˊh
ʔ
教部
'
(D) Tone symbols for Taiwanese
(台語聲調符號對照表)
Bopomo Represen-
tative Hanzi
Symbol (Taiwanese)
Wu
聲調
注音符號
符號
華台
第一聲 No
1st tone symbol
Roman
spell
台羅
TLPA
Chur-
Tong-
Hanyu
ch
yong
pinin
教部
TLPA
教羅
通用
漢普
No
symbol
No
symbol
1
No
symbol
No
symbol
ā
第二聲
2nd tone
ˋ
2
á
2
á
à
ă
第三聲
3rd tone

3
à
3
à
a
à
p, t, k, h
4
第四聲
 p, t, k, h
4th tone
第五聲
5th tone
ˊ
5
â
第六聲
6th tone
= 2nd
= 2nd
= 2nd
第七聲
7th tone

7
第八聲

8th tone
8
ā
a̍
(p, t, k,h)
8
5
= 2nd
7
8
p, t, k, h ¯p, t, k, h ¯p, t, k, h
â
ă
= 2nd
= 2nd
ā
ā
a̍
(p, t, k, h) p, t, k, h
8
á
= 2nd
â
′p, t, k,
h