Making America
This page intentionally left blank
VOLUME 2: SINCE 1865
Making America
A History of the United States
Brief
Fifth Edition
Carol Berkin
Baruch College, City University of New York
Christopher L. Miller
The University of Texas—Pan American
Robert W. Cherny
San Francisco State University
James L. Gormly
Washington and Jefferson College
Douglas Egerton
Le Moyne College
Kelly Woestman
Pittsburg State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Making America: A History of the
United States, Volume 2: Since 1865,
Brief Fifth Edition
Carol Berkin, Christopher L. Miller, Robert W.
Cherny, James L. Gormly, Douglas Egerton
Senior Publisher: Suzanne Jeans
Senior Sponsoring Editor: Ann West
Development Editor: Jan Fitter
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used
in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical,
including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning,
digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or
information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted
under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938498
Assistant Editor: Megan Curry
Senior Editorial Assistant: Megan Chrisman
Senior Media Editor: Lisa Ciccolo
Media Editor: Yevgeny Ioffe
Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates
Marketing Coordinator: Lorreen Pelletier
Marketing Communications Manager: Christine
Dobberpuhl
Senior Content Project Manager: Jane Lee
Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
[email protected]
ISBN-13: 978-0-618-47141-6
ISBN-10: 0-618-47141-3
Senior Print Buyer: Karen Hunt
Senior Rights Acquisition Account Manager:
Katie Huha
Production Service: S4Carlisle Publishing
Services
Text Designer: Cia Boynton
Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare
Cover Designer: Ryan Duda
Cover Image: Derek Buckner, Overpass 2005.
Oil over Acrylic on Panel 22 x 29 inches. #2,
© 2005 Derek Buckner.
Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services
Wadsworth
20 Channel Center Street
Boston, MA 02210
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning
solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore,
the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your
local office at:
international.cengage.com/region
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson
Education, Ltd.
© 2011, 2001, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.ichapters.com.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
Brief Contents
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Reconstruction: High Hopes and Shattered Dreams, 1865–1877
An Industrial Order Emerges, 1865–1880
377
Becoming an Urban Industrial Society, 1880–1890
Conflict and Change in the West, 1865–1902
402
428
Economic Crash and Political Upheaval, 1890–1900
The Progressive Era, 1900–1917
502
527
The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929–1939
America’s Rise to World Leadership, 1929–1945
Truman and Cold War America, 1956–1952
Quest for Consensus, 1952–1960
554
579
606
631
Great Promises, Bitter Disappointments, 1960–1968
American Under Stress, 1967–1976
Facing Limits, 1976–1992
453
476
The United States in a World at War, 1913–1920
Prosperity Decade, 1920–1928
351
656
681
707
Entering a New Century, 1992–2009
734
v
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Maps xv
Features xvii
Preface xix
A Note for the Students: Your Guide
to Making America xxv
About the Authors xxvii
15
Reconstruction:
High Hopes and Shattered
Dreams, 1865–1877 351
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Blanche K. Bruce 351
Presidential Reconstruction 353
Republican War Aims 353
Approach to Reconstruction:
“With Malice Toward None” 354
Abolishing Slavery Forever:
The Thirteenth Amendment 355
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 355
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
Mississippi Black Code, 1865 357
Congressional Reconstruction 358
Challenging Presidential Reconstruction 358
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 358
Defining Citizenship:
The Fourteenth Amendment 359
IT MATTERS TODAY:
The Fourteenth Amendment 360
Radicals in Control 360
Freedom and the Legacy of Slavery 361
Defining the Meaning of Freedom 362
Creating Communities 363
Land and Labor 364
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
Jourdan Anderson’s Proposition, 1865 365
Political Terrorism and the
Election of 1868 366
Voting Rights and Civil Rights 367
Black Reconstruction 367
The Republican Party in the South 368
Creating an Educational System
and Fighting Discrimination 369
The End of Reconstruction 370
The “New Departure” 370
The 1872 Presidential Election 371
The Politics of Terror:
The “Mississippi Plan” 371
The Compromise of 1877 372
After Reconstruction 374
Summary 375
16
An Industrial Order Emerges,
1865–1880 377
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Frank Roney 377
Foundation for Industrialization 378
Resources, Skills, and Capital 379
The Transformation of Agriculture 380
The Impact of War and New
Government Policies 381
Overview: The Economy from the
Civil War to World War I 382
Railroads and Industry 383
Railroad Expansion 383
Chicago: Railroad Metropolis 385
Andrew Carnegie and the Age of Steel 386
IT MATTERS TODAY: Vertical Integration 387
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Andrew Carnegie
Explains the Gospel of Wealth, 1889 388
Survival of the Fittest or Robber Barons? 388
Workers in Industrial America 390
The Transformation of Work 390
Workers for Industry 390
Craft Unionism—and Its Limits 391
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
William Sylvis’s Address in Chicago, 1865 392
vii
viii
Contents
Politics: Parties, Spoils, Scandals,
and Stalemate 393
Parties, Conventions, and Patronage 393
Republicans and Democrats 394
Grant’s Troubled Presidency:
Spoils and Scandals 395
President Rutherford B. Hayes and
the Politics of Stalemate 396
Challenges to Politics as Usual: Grangers,
Greenbackers, and Silverites 396
The Great Railway Strike of 1877 and
the Federal Response 398
The United States and the World, 1865–1880 398
Summary 400
17
Becoming an Urban Industrial
Society, 1880–1890 402
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Nikola Tesla 402
Expansion of the Industrial Economy 404
Standard Oil: Model for Monopoly 404
Thomas Edison and the Power
of Innovation 405
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Nikola Tesla Explores
the Problems of Energy Resources: 1897, 1900 406
Selling to the Nation 406
Railroads, Investment Bankers, and
“Morganization” 407
Economic Concentration in ConsumerGoods Industries 408
Organized Labor in the 1880s 409
The Knights of Labor 409
1886: Turning Point for Labor? 409
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: August Spies
Addresses the Court, 1886 410
Uniting the Craft Unions: The American
Federation of Labor 411
New Americans from Europe 412
A Flood of Immigrants 412
Hyphenated America 412
Nativism 414
The New Urban America 414
Surging Urban Growth 415
New Cities of Skyscrapers and Streetcars 415
The New Urban Geography 416
“How the Other Half Lives” 417
New Patterns of Urban Life 417
The New Middle Class 417
Ferment in Education 418
Redefining Gender Roles 419
IT MATTERS TODAY: The WCTU and Woman
Suffrage Outside the United States 420
The Politics of Stalemate 421
The Presidencies of Garfield and Arthur 421
Reforming the Spoils System 422
Cleveland and the Democrats 422
The Mixed Blessings of Urban
Machine Politics 423
Challenging the Male Bastion:
Woman Suffrage 424
The United States and the World, 1880–1889 425
Summary 426
18
Conflict and Change in
the West, 1865–1902
428
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: María
Amparo Ruiz de Burton 428
War for the West 429
The Plains Indians 430
The Plains Wars 433
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Chief Joseph’s
Surrender Speech, 1877 435
The Last Indian Wars 435
Transforming the West: Mormons,
Cowboys, and Sodbusters 436
Zion in the Great Basin 436
Cattle Kingdom on the Plains 437
Plowing the Plains 437
Transforming the West: Railroads, Mining,
Agribusiness, Logging, and Finance 440
Western Railroads 440
Western Mining 441
The Birth of Western Agribusiness 442
Logging in the Pacific Northwest 442
Western Metropolis: San Francisco 443
Water Wars 443
IT MATTERS TODAY: Western Water
and Global Warming 444
Ethnicity and Race in the West 444
Immigrants to the Golden Mountain 444
Forced Assimilation 446
Contents
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Helen Hunt
Jackson Appeals for Justice, 1883 447
Mexican Americans in the Southwest 448
The West in American Thought 449
The West as Utopia and Myth 450
The Frontier and the West 450
Summary 451
19
Economic Crash and Political
Upheaval, 1890–1900 453
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Mary Elizabeth Lease 453
Political Upheaval: The People’s Party 455
The Origins of the People’s Party 455
The People’s Party 455
Political Upheaval, Part Two:
The Politics of Race 456
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: W.E.B. DuBois
on Booker T. Washington, 1903 459
Political Upheaval, Part Three:
The Failure of the Republicans 459
Harrison and the Fifty-first Congress 460
The Elections of 1890 and 1892 460
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Defeat
of the Lodge Bill 461
Economic Collapse and Restructuring 462
Economic Collapse and Depression 463
Labor Conflict and Corporate
Restructuring 463
Political Realignment: The Presidential
Election of 1896 464
The Failure of the Divided Democrats 464
The 1896 Election: Bryan Versus McKinley,
Silver Versus Protection 465
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: William Allen White,
“What’s the Matter with Kansas?” 1896 466
After 1896: The New Republican Majority 467
Stepping into World Affairs:
Harrison and Cleveland 468
Building Up the Navy 468
Revolution in Hawaii 468
Crises in Latin America 469
Striding Boldly in World Affairs:
McKinley, War, and Imperialism 469
McKinley and War 469
The “Splendid Little War” 470
Republic or Empire: The Election of 1900
The Open Door and China 474
Summary 474
20
ix
473
The Progressive Era,
1900–1917 476
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Theodore Roosevelt 476
Organizing for Change 477
“Spearheads for Reform”: The
Settlement Houses 479
Women and Reform 480
Moral Reform 482
Racial Issues 482
Challenging Capitalism:
Socialists and Wobblies 484
The Reform of Politics, the
Politics of Reform 484
Exposing Corruption: The Muckrakers 484
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Ida Tarbell
Exposes Standard Oil Company, 1904 485
Reforming City Government 486
Reforming State Government 487
The Decline of Parties and the Rise
of Interest Groups 487
Roosevelt, Taft, and Republican
Progressivism 488
Roosevelt: Asserting the Power
of the Presidency 489
The Square Deal in Action: Creating
Federal Economic Regulation 489
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Theodore Roosevelt
on Presidential Powers, 1913 490
Regulating Natural Resources 491
Taft’s Troubles 491
“Carry a Big Stick”: Roosevelt, Taft,
and World Affairs 492
Taking Panama 492
Making the Caribbean an American Lake 493
Roosevelt and Eastern Asia 494
Wilson and Democratic Progressivism 496
Debating the Future: The Election of 1912 496
Wilson and Reform, 1913–1914 497
Another Round of Reform and the
Election of 1916 498
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Federal Reserve Act 498
x
Contents
Progressivism in Perspective
Summary 500
22
499
21 The United States in a World
at War, 1913–1920
502
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Charles Young 502
Inherited Commitments and New Directions 503
Anti-Imperialism, Intervention,
and Arbitration 505
Wilson and the Mexican Revolution 505
The United States in a World
at War, 1914–1917 506
The Great War in Europe 506
American Neutrality 508
Neutral Rights and German U-Boats 508
The Decision for War
510
The Home Front
511
Mobilizing the Economy 511
Mobilizing Public Opinion 512
Civil Liberties in Time of War 513
The Great Migration and White Reactions 513
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Supreme
Court Limits Free Speech, 1919 514
Americans “Over There” 515
Mobilizing for Battle 515
“Over There” 515
Wilson and the Peace Conference 516
Bolshevism, the Secret Treaties, and
the Fourteen Points 516
The World in 1919 517
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Woodrow Wilson
Proposes His Fourteen Points, 1918 518
IT MATTERS TODAY: Redrawing the
Map of the Middle East 519
Wilson at Versailles 519
The Senate and the Treaty 520
America in the Aftermath of War,
November 1918–November 1920 522
“HCL” and Strikes 522
Red Scare 522
Race Riots and Lynchings 524
Amending the Constitution:
Prohibition and Woman Suffrage 524
The Election of 1920 524
Summary 525
Prosperity Decade,
1920–1928 527
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Clara Bow 527
Prosperity Decade 528
The Economics of Prosperity 528
Targeting Consumers 528
The Automobile: Driving the Economy 529
Changes in Banking and Business 531
“Get Rich Quick”—Speculative Mania 532
Agriculture: Depression in the
Midst of Prosperity 532
The “Roaring Twenties” 533
Putting a People on Wheels: The
Automobile and American Life 533
A Homogenized Culture Searches
for Heroes 534
Alienated Intellectuals 535
Renaissance Among African Americans 535
Traditional America Roars Back 536
Prohibition 537
Fundamentalism and the Crusade
Against Evolution 537
IT MATTERS TODAY: Teaching
Evolution in Public Schools 538
Nativism, Immigration Restriction,
and Eugenics 538
The Ku Klux Klan 539
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Klan’s
Imperial Nighthawk, 1923 540
Ethnicity, Race, Class, and Gender in the 1920s 541
Ethnicity and Race: North, South, and West 542
Beginnings of Change in Federal
Indian Policy 543
Mexican Americans 543
Labor on the Defensive 543
Changes in Women’s Lives 544
Development of Gay and Lesbian
Subcultures 545
The Politics of Prosperity 545
Harding’s Failed Presidency 545
The Three-Way Presidential
Election of 1924 546
The Politics of Business 547
The 1928 Campaign and the
Election of Hoover 548
xi
Contents
The Diplomacy of Prosperity 549
America and the European Economy 549
Encouraging International Cooperation 550
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 551
Summary 552
23
The Great Depression and the
New Deal, 1928–1939 554
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Frances Perkins 554
Hoover and Economic Crisis 556
The Great Crash and the Depression 556
Hoover and the Depression 559
The New Deal 560
Roosevelt Confronts the Depression 561
Seeking Recovery 562
Remembering the “Forgotten Man” 565
Changing Focus 566
IT MATTERS TODAY: Social Security 567
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Frances Perkins
Explains the Social Security Act, 1935 568
Waning of the New Deal 569
Surviving the Depression 570
“Making Do”—Families and the Depression 571
Women and Minorities in the Depression 572
A New Deal for Women and Minorities 573
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Eleanor Roosevelt
Addresses Civil Rights, 1939 575
Summary 577
24
America’s Rise to World
Leadership, 1929–1945
579
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Minoru Kiyota 579
The Road to War 582
Diplomacy in a Dangerous World 582
Roosevelt and Isolationism 583
War and American Neutrality 584
The Battle for the Atlantic 585
Pearl Harbor 586
America Responds to War 587
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
Franklin Roosevelt’s War Speech, 1941 588
Japanese American Internment 589
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Hugo Black
Defends Japanese Internment, 1944 590
IT MATTERS TODAY: Internment 591
Mobilizing the Nation for War 591
Wartime Politics 593
A People at Work and War 593
New Opportunities and Old Constraints
Waging World War 597
Halting the Japanese Advance 597
The Tide Turns in Europe 597
Stresses in the Grand Alliance 601
Defeating Hitler 601
Closing the Circle on Japan 603
Entering the Nuclear Age 603
Summary 604
25
Truman and Cold War
America, 1945–1952
593
606
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: George Frost Kennan 606
The Cold War Begins 608
Truman and the Soviets 609
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
George Kennan’s “Long Telegram,” 1946 610
The Division of Europe 612
IT MATTERS TODAY: Appeasement 613
A Global Presence 615
The Korean War 616
Halting Communist Aggression 617
Postwar Politics 619
Truman and Liberalism 619
The 1948 Election 621
Cold War Politics 622
The Red Scare 622
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Walt Disney
Testifies Before HUAC, 1947 624
Joseph McCarthy and the Politics
of Loyalty 625
Homecoming and Social Adjustments 626
Rising Expectations 626
From Industrial Worker to Homemaker 628
Restrained Expectations 628
Summary 629
xii
26
Contents
Quest for Consensus,
1952–1960 631
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Ray Kroc 631
Politics of Consensus 633
Eisenhower Takes Command 633
Dynamic Conservatism 635
The Problem with McCarthy 636
Eisenhower and a Hostile World 636
The New Look 637
The Third World 638
Turmoil in the Middle East 638
A Protective Neighbor 640
The New Look in Asia 641
The Soviets and Cold War Politics 641
The Best of Times 642
The Web of Prosperity 643
Suburban and Family Culture
643
Consumerism 645
Another View of Suburbia 646
Rejecting Consensus 646
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Ray Kroc Explains the
McDonald’s Approach to Business, 1956 647
The Trouble with Kids 648
Outside Suburbia 649
Integrating Schools 649
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
The Southern Manifesto, 1956 651
The Montgomery Bus Boycott 652
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Brown Decision 653
Ike and Civil Rights 654
Summary 655
27
Great Promises, Bitter
Disappointments,
1960–1968 656
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES:
Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) 656
The Politics of Action 658
The 1960 Campaign 658
The New Frontier 659
Kennedy and Civil Rights 661
Flexible Response 663
IT MATTERS TODAY:
Letter from a Birmingham Jail 664
Confronting Castro and the Soviets 664
Vietnam 666
Death in Dallas 667
Defining a New Presidency 667
Old and New Agendas 668
Implementing the Great Society 669
New Voices 671
Urban Riots and Black Power 671
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Stokely Carmichael
Justifies Black Power, 1966 673
Rejecting the Feminine Mystique 674
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
Establishing The President’s Commission
on the Status of Women, 1961 675
Rejecting Gender Roles 677
The Youth Movement 677
The Counterculture 678
Summary 679
28
America Under Stress,
1967–1976 681
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Dolores Huerta 681
Johnson and the War 683
Americanization of the Vietnam War 684
The Antiwar Movement 686
Tet and the 1968 Presidential Campaign 688
The Tet Offensive 688
Changing of the Guard 689
The Election of 1968 689
Defining the American Dream 690
The Emergence of La Causa 691
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: César Chávez on
Organizing Rape Workers, 1979 692
American Indian Activism 693
Nixon and the World 694
Vietnamization 694
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Veteran John
Kerry’s Testimony on Vietnam, 1971 697
Modifying the Cold War 699
Nixon and the Domestic Agenda 700
Nixon as Pragmatist 700
IT MATTERS TODAY: Improving
the Environment 701
Building the Silent Majority 702
Contents
An Embattled President 702
An Interim President 704
Summary 705
29
Facing Limits, 1976–1992
30
707
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Franklin Chang-Dìaz 707
The Carter Presidency 709
New Directions in Foreign Policy 710
Middle Eastern Crises 710
IT MATTERS TODAY: Islamic Fundamentalism 713
Domestic Priorities 713
A Society in Transition 714
Economic Slowdown 714
Social Divisions 715
New Immigrants 717
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Diameng
Pa Tells His Story, 1997 718
Resurgent Conservatism 719
The New Right 719
Reaganism 720
A Second Term 722
Asserting World Power 722
Cold War Renewed 723
Terrorism 725
Reagan and Gorbachev 725
In Reagan’s Shadow 726
Bush Assumes Office 726
Bush and a New International Order 726
Protecting American Interests Abroad 728
A Kinder, Gentler Nation 729
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Pat Buchanan’s
“Culture War” Speech, 1992 731
Summary 732
xiii
Entering a New Century,
1992–2009 734
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Colin Powell 734
Old Visions and New Realities 735
The Shifting Economy 735
Women and Family Values 738
The Clinton Years 738
Clinton and Congress 739
Judicial Restraint and the Rehnquist Court 740
Clinton’s Comeback 741
A Revitalized Economy 742
Clinton’s Second Term 743
Clinton’s Foreign Policy 744
IT MATTERS TODAY: The
Impeachment Process 745
The Testing of President Bush 745
The 2000 Election 745
Establishing the Bush Agenda 746
Charting New Foreign Policies 747
An Assault Against a Nation 748
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
Colin Powell Makes a Case for War, 2003 751
A Series of Political Races 754
INVESTIGATING AMERICA:
President Obama’s Inaugural Address, 2009 757
Summary 758
Appendix
Suggested Readings A-1
Documents A-13
Declaration of Independence A-13
Constitution of the United States A-15
Presidential Elections A-25
Index I-1
This page intentionally left blank
Maps
Map 15.1
Map 15.2
Map 16.1
Map 16.2
Map 17.1
Map 18.1
Map 18.2
Map 19.1
Map 19.2
Map 20.1
Map 20.2
Map 21.1
Map 21.2
Map 22.1
Map 23.1
Map 23.2
Map 24.1
Map 24.2
Map 24.3
Map 25.1
Map 25.2
Map 26.1
Map 26.2
Map 27.1
Map 27.2
Map 28.1
Map 28.2
Map 29.1
Map 29.2
Map 29.3
Map 30.1
Map 30.2
African American Population and the Duration of Reconstruction 368
Election of 1876 373
Expansion of Agriculture, 1860-1900 81
Railroad Expansion and Railroad Land Grants 384
Cities, Industry, and Immigration 413
The West in the Late Nineteenth Century 431
Rainfall and Agriculture, ca. 1890 439
Popular Vote for President, 1892 462
American Involvement in the Caribbean and Pacific 471
The United States and the Caribbean, 1898–1917 493
The Panama Canal 494
The War in Europe, 1914–1918 507
Postwar Boundary Changes in Central Europe and the Middle East 521
Election of 1924 547
The Great Depression and Unemployment 558
Election of 1932 562
Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945 598
The North African and Italian Campaigns 599
The Fall of the Third Reich 600
Cold War Europe 611
The Korean War, 1950-1953 617
The Global Cold War 639
Movement across America, 1950-1960 650
Election of 1960 660
The Struggle for Civil Rights, 1960-1968 662
The Vietnam War, 1954-1975 687
American Indian Reservations 695
The Middle East 711
The United States and Central America and the Caribbean 724
The Gulf War 729
Afganistan 750
Second Iraq War 752
xv
This page intentionally left blank
Features
Individual Choices
Investigating America
Blanche K. Bruce 352
Frank Roney 377
Nikola Tesla 402
María Amparo Ruiz de Burton 428
Mary Elizabeth Lease 453
Theodore Roosevelt 476
Charles Young 502
Clara Bow 527
Frances Perkins 554
Minoru Kiyota 579
George Frost Kennan 606
Ray Kroc 631
Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) 656
Dolores Huerta 681
Franklin Chang-Dìaz 707
Colin Powell 734
Mississippi Black Code, 1865 357
Jourdan Anderson’s Proposition, 1865 365
Andrew Carnegie Explains the Gospel
of Wealth, 1889 388
William Sylvis’s Address in Chicago, 1865 392
Nikola Tesla Explores the Problems of
Energy Resources: 1897, 1900 406
August Spies Addresses the Court, 1886 410
Chief Joseph’s Surrender Speech, 1877 435
Helen Hunt Jackson Appeals for Justice, 1883 447
W.E.B. DuBois on Booker T. Washington, 1903 459
William Allen White, “What’s the Matter
with Kansas?” 1896 466
Ida Tarbell Exposes Standard Oil Company, 1904 485
Theodore Roosevelt on Presidential Powers, 1913 490
The Supreme Court Limits Free Speech, 1919 514
Woodrow Wilson Proposes His
Fourteen Points, 1918 518
The Klan’s Imperial Nighthawk, 1923 540
The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 551
Frances Perkins Explains the Social
Security Act, 1935 568
Eleanor Roosevelt Addresses Civil Rights, 1939 575
Franklin Roosevelt’s War Speech, 1941 588
Hugo Black Defends Japanese Internment, 1944 590
George Kennan’s “Long Telegram,” 1946 610
Walt Disney Testifies Before HUAC, 1947 624
Ray Kroc Explains the McDonald’s
Approach to Business, 1956 647
The Southern Manifesto, 1956 651
Stokely Carmichael Justifies Black Power, 1966 673
Establishing The President’s Commission
on the Status of Women, 1961 675
César Chávez on Organizing Grape
Workers, 1979 692
Veteran John Kerry’s Testimony on
Vietnam, 1971 697
Diameng Pa Tells His Story, 1997 718
Pat Buchanan’s “Culture War” Speech, 1992 731
Colin Powell Makes a Case for War, 2003 751
President Obama’s Inaugural
Address, 2009
757
It Matters Today
The Fourteenth Amendment 360
Vertical Integration 387
The WCTU and Woman Suffrage Outside
the United States 420
Western Water and Global Warming 444
The Defeat of the Lodge Bill 461
The Federal Reserve Act 498
Redrawing the Map of the Middle East 519
Teaching Evolution in Public Schools 538
Social Security 567
Internment 591
Appeasement 613
The Brown Decision 653
Letter from a Birmingham Jail 664
Improving the Environment 701
Islamic Fundamentalism 713
The Impeachment Process 745
xvii
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
ur goal for this textbook is deceptively simple: We want to tell the story of
America from its earliest settlement to the present, to make that story complete
and interesting, and to tell it in a language and format that will help students
enjoy learning that history. We have been faithful to the narrative of American history
contained in the full version of Making America, but we have been determined in our effort to reduce the length by one-third. The clear chronology, straightforward narrative,
and strong thematic structure of the full text remain. We have also retained what is now
a hallmark feature of Making America, that is, pedagogical tools that allow students to
master complex material and enable them to develop analytical skills. Chapter outlines,
Chronologies, focus questions, and in-text glossaries provide guidance in every chapter.
We also introduce a new feature called “Investigating America” that gets to the heart of
learning history. Last but not least, a more open, one-column, page design allows students to access and use the pedagogy to improve their learning.
Streamlining a well-developed narrative is never easy, but wherever possible, to retain
the book’s narrative flow, we have cut words and avoided excising larger sections. Of
necessity, fewer details may appear on some topics, but we have been careful not to lose
the many examples that give the narrative its rich flavor. We trust that in pruning the
text with a discerning eye, we have allowed the major themes of Making America to stand
out clearly.
From the beginning, our goal has been to create a different kind of textbook, one
that meets the real needs of the modern college student. Nearly every history classroom
reflects the strong cultural diversity of today’s student body, with its mixture of students
born in the United States and recent immigrants, both of whom come from many different cultural backgrounds, and its significant number of serious-minded men and women
whose formal skills lag behind their interest and enthusiasm for learning. As professors
in large public universities, we know the basic elements that both the professor and the
students need in the survey text for that classroom. These elements include a historical
narrative that does not demand a lot of prior knowledge about the American past; information organized sequentially, or chronologically, so that students are not confused by
too many topical digressions; and a full array of integrated and supportive learning aids
to help students at every level of preparedness comprehend and retain what they read.
In Making America, Brief Fifth Edition, students will find a genuine effort to communicate with them rather than impress them. And Making America presents history as
a dynamic process shaped by human expectations, difficult choices, and often surprising
consequences. With this focus on history as a process, Making America encourages students to think historically and to develop into citizens who value the past.
Yet as veteran teachers, the authors of Making America know that any history project,
no matter how good, can be improved. For every edition of Making America, we have
subjected our text to critical reappraisal. We eliminated features that professors and students told us did not work as well as we had hoped; we added features that we believed
would be more effective; and we tested our skills as storytellers and biographers more
O
xix
xx
Preface
rigorously each time around. This Brief Fifth Edition reflects our willingness to revise
and improve the textbook we offer to you.
The Approach
Professors and students who have used previous editions of Making America will recognize
immediately that we have preserved many of its central features. We have again set the
nation’s complex story within an explicitly political chronology, relying on a basic and
familiar structure that is nevertheless broad enough to accommodate generous attention
to social, economic, and diplomatic aspects of our national history. We remain confident
that this political framework allows us to integrate the experiences of all Americans into
a meaningful and effective narrative of our nation’s development. Making America continues to be built on the premise that all Americans are historically active figures, playing
significant roles in creating the history that we and other authors narrate.
This approach has guided us in choosing the names by which we identify ethnic
groups. As a general rule, we have tried to use terms that members of the group used
themselves at the time under consideration. However, when this usage would distract
readers from the topic to the terminology, we have used terms in use today among members of that group, while acknowledging variations by region and preference.
Themes
This edition continues to thread the five central themes through the narrative of Making
America. The first of these themes, the political development of the nation, is evident in
the text’s coverage of the creation and revision of the federal and local governments, the
contests waged over domestic and diplomatic policies, the internal and external crises
faced by the United States and its political institutions, and the history of political parties and elections.
The second theme is the diversity of a national citizenry created by both Native
Americans and immigrants. To do justice to this theme, Making America explores not
only English and European immigration but immigrant communities from Paleolithic
times to the present. The text attends to the tensions and conflicts that arise in a diverse
population, but it also examines the shared values and aspirations that define middleclass American lives.
Making America’s third theme is the significance of regional subcultures and economies. This regional theme is developed for society before European colonization and for
the colonial settlements of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is evident in our
attention to the striking social and cultural divergences that existed between the American Southwest and the Atlantic coastal regions and between the antebellum South and
North, as well as significant differences in social and economic patterns in the West.
A fourth theme is the rise and impact of large social movements, from the Great
Awakening in the 1740s to the rise of youth cultures in the post-World War II generations, movements prompted by changing material conditions or by new ideas challenging the status quo.
The fifth theme is the relationship of the United States to other nations. In Making America we explore in depth the causes and consequences of this nation’s role in
world conflict and diplomacy, whether in the era of colonization of the Americas, the
eighteenth century independence movement, the removal of Indian nations from their
traditional lands, the impact of the rhetoric of manifest destiny, American policies of
isolationism and interventionism, or the modern role of the United States as a domi-
Preface
nant player in world affairs. In this edition, we have continued to broaden this theme to
encompass American history in a global context. This new focus allows us to set our national development within the broadest context and to integrate the exciting new scholarship in this emerging field of world or global history.
Learning Features
The chapters in Making America, Brief Fifth Edition, follow a format that provides students with essential study aids for mastering the historical material. Each chapter contains a topical outline of the material students will encounter in the chapter and a compelling introduction. “Individual Choices” provides a brief biography of a woman or
man whose life reflects the central themes of the chapter and whose choices demonstrate
the importance of individual agency, or ability to make choices and act on them. A chapter Chronology provides a detailed list of key events during the chapter’s period. To
help students focus on the broad questions and themes as they read, we provide critical
thinking, or focus, questions at the beginning of each major chapter section. Each chapter also contains two or three “Investigating America” features, each of which contains a
brief primary source or primary source excerpt related to the text, along with a series of
thought-provoking questions about that source. “Investigating America” allows historical figures to speak for themselves and encourages students to engage directly in historical analysis. “Investigating America Online” icons placed next to relevant content in the
chapter direct students to additional primary source material/pedagogy found on the
chapter’s website—offering a variety of opportunities for examining historical evidence
throughout the course. Each chapter concludes with a summary that reinforces the most
important themes and information the student has read, and a list of key historical
terms, with page numbers that will guide students back through the chapter.
The key terms are also highlighted and defined in Making America’s on-page glossary. The brief explanations of major events, people, or documents as they appear in the
narrative provide a handy roadmap for test review. But our on-page glosses go one step
further. We have also highlighted and defined vocabulary terms that could be unfamiliar
to students with limited language proficiency or for whom English is a second language.
By defining these words the first time they appear, the on-page glossary helps students
build their vocabularies and ensures that they have full access to the narrative. Perhaps
most important, the on-page glossary of historical key terms and vocabulary allows us
to communicate fully to student readers the precise usage and character of a complex
historical narrative.
The illustrations and maps in each chapter provide a visual connection to the past and
its context, and their captions analyze the subject and relate it concretely to the narrative.
New to the Fifth Edition
In this new edition we have preserved what our colleagues and their students considered
the best and most useful aspects of Making America. We also have replaced what was less
successful, revised what could be improved, and added new elements to strengthen the
book.
You will find many features you told us worked well in the past: Individual Choices,
focus questions, Chronologies, and maps. You will also find new features that you told
us you would like to see. “Investigating America” was developed in response to reviewers who asked for more opportunities for their students to work with primary source
material. Both instructors and students have told us how important it is for students
xxi
xxii
Preface
to be able to relate to the history they are studying. To that end, our boxed feature, “It
Matters Today,” points out connections between current events and past ones and asks
discussion and reflection questions that challenge students to see the links between past
and present. We encourage faculty and students to challenge each other with additional
“It Matters Today” questions and even to create their own “It Matters Today” for other
aspects of the textbook’s chapters.
We the authors of Making America believe that this new edition will be effective in the
history classroom. Please let us know what you think by sending us your views through
http://www.cengage.com/highered.
Learning and Teaching Ancillaries
The program for this edition of Making America includes a number of useful learning
and teaching aids. These ancillaries are designed to help students get the most from
the course and to provide instructors with useful course management and presentation
tools.
Kelly Woestman has been involved with Making America through previous editions
and has taken an even more substantive role in the fifth edition. We suspect that no
other technology author has been so well integrated into the author team as Kelly has
been with our team, and we are certain that this will add significantly to the value of
these resources.
Website Tools
The PowerLecture CD-ROM features the Instructor’s Resource Manual written by
Kelly Woestman of Pittsburg State University, primary sources with instructor notes in
addition to hundreds of maps, images, audio and video clips, and PowerPoint slides for
classroom presentation. The Examview™ test bank is also found on the PowerLecture
CD-ROM provides flexible test-editing capabilities of the Test Items written by Volker
Jannsen of Cal State Fullerton.
HistoryFinder helps instructors create rich and exciting classroom presentations.
This online tool offers thousands of online resources, including art, photographs, maps,
primary sources, multimedia content, Associated Press interactive modules, and readymade PowerPoint slides. HistoryFinder’s assets can easily be searched by keyword, or
browsed from pull-down menus of topic, media type, or by textbook. Instructors can
then browse, preview, and download resources straight from the website.
The Student Website contains a variety of tutorial resources including the Study
Guide written by Kelly Woestman, ACE quizzes with feedback, interactive maps, primary
sources, chronology exercises, flashcards, and other activities. The website for this edition of Making America will feature two different audio tools for students. These audio
files are downloadable as MP3 files. Audio Summaries help students review each chapter’s key points.
The Making America e-book, an interactive multimedia e-book links out to rich media assets such as video and MP3 chapter summaries. Through this e-book, students can
also access self-test quizzes, chapter outlines, focus questions, chronology and matching
exercises, essay and critical thinking questions (for which the answers can be emailed
to their instructors), primary source documents with critical thinking questions, and
interactive maps.
Please contact your local Cengage Learning sales representative for more information about these learning and teaching tools in addition to the Rand McNally Atlas of
Preface
American History, WebCT and Blackboard cartridges, and transparencies for United
States History.
Acknowledgments
Making America, Brief Fifth Edition, has benefited from the critical reading of instructors from across the country. We would like to thank these scholars and teachers: Robert Cray, Montclair State University; Jennifer Fry, King’s College; Michael Gabriel,
Kutztown University; Stephen Katz, Community College of Philadelphia; Kurt Kortenhof, Saint Paul College; Mark Kuss, Our Lady of Holy Cross College; Suzanne
McCormack, Community College of Rhode Island; Bryant Morrison, South Texas
College; David Parker, California State University Northridge; Laura Perry, The University of Memphis; Steven Rauch, Augusta State University; and Kathryn Rokitski,
Old Dominion University.
Douglas Egerton, who developed the “Investigating America” section and served as the
abridging editor of Making America, Brief Fifth Edition, would like to thank Alison Games
for the use of Little Mo, her ancient but intrepid laptop, and for everything else. As always,
this book is a collaborative effort between authors and the editorial staff of Wadsworth/
Cengage Learning. We would like to thank Ann West, senior sponsoring editor, and the
talented, committed members of the editorial staff at Wadsworth/Cengage Learning
who encouraged and generously assisted us every step of the way.
xxiii