SPECIAL SECTION FROM WORLD WATCH, MARCH/APRIL 2000
WORLD WATCH
•
Working For A Sustainable Future
Vol. 13, No. 2
March/April 2000
Earth Day 2000
What Humanity Can Do Now to Turn the Tide
✦ Denis Hayes on Global Warming
✦ Chris Flavin on Energy for
a New Century
✦ Major Global Trends,
1970 to 2000
✦ 7 Key Moments That Helped
Define the Trends of the Past
30 Years
✦ 7 Key Moments (Past and
Future) That Could Help
Define the World of the Next
30 Years
© 2000 Worldwatch Institute
E A R T H
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Mobilizing to Combat
Global Warming
by Denis Hayes
H
omo sapiens has always altered its immediate environment. For example, ancient
farmers converted the Fertile Crescent—
the fabled Babylon—into the desert wastes of Iraq.
But only in the last few decades have we had the
capacity to literally change the entire planet. Only
recently have we become a geophysical force.
Jane Lubchenco, the former president of the
prestigious American Association for the
Advancement of Science, spoke forcefully about this
new phenomenon in her farewell address to the
AAAS. Looking out over a sea of the nation’s top
scientists, Lubchenco warned:
During the last few decades, humans have
emerged as a new force of nature. We are
modifying physical, chemical, and biological
systems in new ways, at faster rates, and over
larger spatial scales than ever recorded on
Earth. Humans have unwittingly embarked
upon a grand experiment with our planet.
In 1992, 3,500 scientists from around the
world signed a World Scientists’ Warning to
Humanity that stated:
Our massive tampering with the world’s interdependent web of life—coupled with the
environmental damage inflicted by deforestation, species loss, and climate change—could
trigger widespread adverse effects, including
unpredictable collapses of critical biological
systems whose interactions and dynamics we
only imperfectly understand.
These are not exhortations from overwrought
extremists, but carefully phrased warnings from some
of the world’s finest scientists. While the “news” is
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WORLD•WATCH
March/April 2000
dominated by sex scandals, celebrity athletes, and car
wrecks, these scholars are trying to call public attention to the fact that the world has entered a dangerous new era. A few stark examples:
• Most of the world’s great biological systems
are in a state of collapse because we have logged,
trawled, or cultivated them to maximize short-term
production. Plant and animal species are going
extinct at the fastest rate in 65 million years.
• The world’s existing human population is
already three times as great as the planet’s long-term
carrying capacity if all people seek a level of affluence
comparable to that currently enjoyed in, say,
Sweden.*
• Although the Cold War is over, little if any
progress has been made in removing the single most
imminent threat to the global environment—nuclear
holocaust. A respectable body of opinion holds that
a nuclear war is more likely today than it was under
Brezhnev.
• We have carved two giant holes in the ozone
layer, increasing the exposure of people, plants, and
animals to damaging radiation from the sun.
• We have raised the temperature of the entire
planet and set in motion a series of inexorable forces
that will raise it a lot more before we can bring it
*A thoughtful study of global human carrying capacity was
released in early 1994 by David Pimentel, a professor of biology
at Cornell University. The good news, as Professor Pimentel calculates it, is that if the most benign and efficient technologies
were universally embraced, the world could permanently support a
human population of two billion people at a lifestyle that resembles middle-class life in today’s Europe. The bad news is that the
world’s population passed the six billion mark—three times that
carrying capacity—in October, 1999.
E A R T H
back into equilibrium—no matter what we do.
Solutions to these daunting problems have
begun to emerge. They are opposed, however, by
entrenched government bureaucrats and by private
economic interests that are comfortable with the status quo and could be harmed by change.
We have no institutional framework within which
to address global environmental issues. The United
Nations Environmental Programme is underfunded
and lacks regulatory or enforcement power. The
strongest international agency, the World Trade
Organization, has proven to be aggressively antienvironmental in its goals and processes.
Whenever progress has been made on a global
environmental problem—such as ozone depletion—
it has been due to a worldwide outpouring of
public sentiment. Earth Day can be a
central element in the campaign to
mobilize an aroused citizenry.
On April 22 of each year,
people in most countries celebrate this informal, non-governmental holiday dedicated to the
environmental health of our
planet. Earth Day Network plans
to focus each of these annual
campaigns on a major global problem, and educate people around the
world about common-sense
solutions.
Earth Day 2000 is focused on the peril
of global warming and the need to accelerate the transition to the solar energy era.
The aim is to create an informed global
constituency for the super-efficient use of
renewable energy sources as the best way to
implement the Kyoto Protocol on Global
Warming.
The global coal industry and most of the
world’s oil companies and electric utilities have
sought to obfuscate, manipulate, spin, or crush past
efforts to promote a renewable energy transition.
But the science is now clear. Burning more and
more carbon-based fuels into the future will produce
a catastrophe.
Avoiding irreversible planetary calamity—and
instead guiding human development in positive directions that are healthy, diverse, and sustainable—is the
primary moral obligation of our era. This profound
mission is what makes the modern environmental
movement more than “just one more special interest.”
D A Y
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The environmental movement, having enjoyed
many successes at the city, state, and national
levels, now needs to begin to address the global
problems that threaten to undo all our progress
elsewhere. Energy and climate change will be the
first major test.
Denis Hayes is the international chairman of Earth
Day Network (EDN) and the author of The Official
Earth Day Guide to Planet Repair (Washington, DC:
Island Press, 2000). EDN has more than 4,000 affiliated organizations in 180 countries. To learn more
about an Earth Day event near you, visit www.earth
day.net or write to Earth Day, 91 Marion St., Seattle,
WA 98104-1441.
Denis Hayes:
The future is in our hands.
ILLUSTRATION BY LUCINDA LEVINE
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WORLD•WATCH
March/April 2000
7
E A R T H
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Energy for a New Century
by Christopher Flavin
The stone age did not end because the world ran out of stones,
and the oil age will not end because we run out of oil.
Don Huberts, Shell Hydrogen
(Division of Royal Dutch Shell)
T
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8
he age of oil has so dominated social and
economic trends for the last 100 years that
most of us have a hard time imagining a
world without it. Oil is cheap, abundant, and convenient—easy to carry halfway around the world in a
supertanker or across town in the tank of a family
sport utility vehicle. From Joe Sixpack to the PhD
energy economists employed by governments and
corporations, we tend to assume that we will burn
fossil fuels until they’re gone, and that the eventual
transition will be painful and expensive.
But if you turn the problem around, our current
energy situation looks rather different: from an ecological perspective, continuing to depend on fossil
fuels for even another 50 years—let alone the century or two it might take to use them up—is preposterous. As the new century begins, the world’s 6 billion people already live with the dark legacy of the
heavily polluting energy system that powered the last
century. It is a legacy that includes impoverished
lakes and estuaries, degraded forests, and millions of
damaged human lungs.
Fossil-fuel combustion is at the same time adding
billions of tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
each year, an inexorable escalation that must end
soon if we are not to disrupt virtually every ecosystem and economy on the planet.
An energy transition in the new century is therefore ecologically necessary, but it is also economically logical. The same technological revolution that
has created the Internet and so many other 21st
century wonders can be used to efficiently harness
and store the world’s vast supplies of wind, biomass,
and other forms of solar energy—which is 6,000
WORLD•WATCH
March/April 2000
times as abundant on an annual basis as the fuels we
now use. A series of revolutionary technologies,
including solar cells, wind turbines, and fuel cells can
turn the enormously abundant but diffuse flows of
renewable energy into concentrated electricity and
hydrogen that can be used to power factories,
homes, automobiles, and aircraft.
These new energy conversion devices occupy
about the same position in the economy today that
the internal combustion engine and electromagnetic
generator held in the 1890s. The key enabling technologies have already been developed and commercialized, but they only occupy small niche markets—
and their potential future importance is not yet
widely appreciated. As with the automobile and
incandescent lightbulb before them, the solar cell
and hydrogen-electric car are steadily gaining market
share—and may soon be ready to contribute to a
third energy revolution. They could foster a new
generation of mass-produced machines that efficiently and cleanly provide energy needed to take a
hot shower, sip a cold beer, or surf the Internet.
Thanks to a potent combination of advancing
technology and government incentives, motivated in
large measure by environmental concerns, the once
glacial energy markets are now shifting. During the
1990s, wind power has grown at a rate of 26 percent per year, while solar energy has grown at 17
percent per year. During the same period, the
world’s dominant energy source—oil—has grown at
just 1.4 percent per year.
Wind and solar energy currently produce less
than 1 percent of the world’s energy, but as the
computer industry long ago discovered, double-
E A R T H
digit growth rates can rapidly turn a tiny sector into
a giant. In the past two years, perhaps a dozen major
companies have joined Royal Dutch Shell in
announcing major new investments in giant wind
farms, solar manufacturing plants, and fuel cell
development. The “alternative” energy industry is
beginning to take on the same kind of buzz that
surrounded John D. Rockefeller’s feverish expansion
of the oil industry in the 1880s—or Bill Gates’s
early moves in the software business in the 1980s.
This January, stocks of solar and fuel cell companies
suddenly jumped several-fold in a month, following
the pattern of Internet stocks.
The 21st century may be as profoundly reshaped
by the move away from fossil fuels as the 20th century was shaped by them. Energy markets, for
example, could shift abruptly, drying up sales of
conventional power plants and cars in a matter of
years, and influencing the share prices of scores of
companies. The economic health—and political
power—of whole nations
could be boosted, or in
the case of the
Middle East,
sharply diminished. And our
economies
and lifestyles
are likely to
become more
decentralized
with the advent
of new energy
sources that
provide their
own transportation
network—for example, the sunshine that
already falls on our
rooftops.
How quickly the
D A Y
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world’s energy economy is transformed will depend
in part on whether fossil-fuel prices remain low and
whether the opposition of many oil and electric
power companies to a new system can be overcome.
The pace of change will be heavily influenced by the
pace of international negotiations on climate change
and of the national implementation plans that follow. In the 1980s, California provided tax incentives
and access to the power grid for new energy sources,
which enabled the state to dominate renewableenergy markets worldwide. Similar incentives and
access have spurred rapid market growth in several
European countries in the 1990s. Such measures
have begun to overcome the momentum of a century’s investment in fossil fuels.
Earth Day 2000—with its central theme, “Clean
Energy Now!”—provides a timely opportunity for
citizens to express their desire for a new energy system, and to insist that their elected officials implement the needed policy changes. If they do so,
smokestacks and cars may soon look as antiquated as
manual typewriters and horse drawn carriages do.
Christopher Flavin is Senior Vice President at
Worldwatch Institute, where he writes primarily
on energy. He is co-author with Nicholas
Lenssen of Power Surge: Guide to the
Coming Energy Revolution. Twenty years ago,
he was Denis Hayes’ research assistant.
Christopher Flavin: The hope for
a sustainable energy economy is
no longer an idealistic tilting
against windmills—it’s a chance
to tilt with them.
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WORLD•WATCH
March/April 2000
9
E A R T H D AY 2 0 0 0
A 30-YEAR REPORT CARD
On the first Earth Day in 1970, experts warned that the planet’s natural systems were
being dangerously destabilized by human industry. Here is how we have fared on some key
fronts since then:
As our growing population increased its
burning of coal and oil
to produce power, the carbon locked in millions of
years worth of ancient plant
growth was released into the
air, laying a heat-retaining
blanket of carbon dioxide
over the planet. Earth’s temperature increased significantly. Climate scientists had
predicted that this increase
would disrupt weather. And
indeed, annual damages
from weather disasters have
increased over 40-fold.
Fossil
Fuels
CO2
Burned Concentration
Million tons of
oil equivalent
8,000
PPM
Energy and
the Climate
6,800
Degrees Celsius Billion Dollars
14.6
375
Fossil Fuels
7,600
7,200
Storm
Global
Temperature Damages
14.5
365
14.4
Temperature
14.3
355
6,400
6,000
5,600
80
60
14.2
345
14.1
Damages
CO2
335
5,200
4,800
100
14.0
40
20
13.9
325
1970
1990
1980
13.8
2000
0
Solution: A faster shift to nonpolluting, renewable solar, wind, and hydrogen energy systems.
World
Production
of Synthetic World
Organic Pesticide
Use
Chemicals
Million
Tons
500
400
Million
Kilograms
3.0
Chemicals and
the Biological
Boomerang
PesticidePesticideResistant
Resistant
Weeds Crop Diseases
Number
2.5
300
2.0
Synthetic
Organic
Chemicals
1.5
1.0
1970
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
1980
1990
0
0
2000
Solution: A large-scale shift to organic farming; a shift away from excessive consumption of
synthetic chemical products; and application of the precautionary principle to the chemical industry.
✦
10
200
Weeds
100
0
250
Crop Diseases
Pesticides
200
250
Our consumption
of chemicals has
exploded, with about
three new synthetic chemicals introduced each day.
Almost nothing is known
about the long-term health
and environmental effects
of new synthetics, so we
have been ambushed
again and again by belated discoveries. One of the
most ominous chronic
effects: as pesticide use
has increased, so has the
evolution of pesticideresistant pests.
WORLD•WATCH
March/April 2000
E A R T H
Population has increased
by as much in the past 30
years as it did in the 100,000
years prior to the mid-20th
century. And as the number of
people has grown, the amount
of land used by each person—
either directly or through
economic demand—has also
expanded. As a result of this
double expansion, incursions
of human activity into agricultural and forested land have
accelerated.
Population and
the Land
Population Autos
Billions
6.0
Millions
510
D A Y
2 0 0 0
Grain
Forest Cover
Cropland
Percent of
Hectares per
person
original forest
remaining
0.18
0.17
5.5
430
Population
5.0
0.16
61
59
0.14
4.5
Cropland
270
Forest Cover
Autos
3.5
63
0.15
350
4.0
65
190
1970
1980
1990
0.13
57
0.12
55
0.11
2000
53
Solution: Stabilize population, especially by improving the economic and social status of women;
design cities in ways that reduce distances traveled between home, work, shopping, and school;
and in urban transit systems, shift emphasis from cars to public transportation, bicycling, and walking.
Gross
World
Product
Trillion Dollars
40
Total World
Fishing Fleet
Capacity
Million Tons
Commerce and
the Oceans
Total World
Catch
World Fish
Catch Rate of Atlantic
Perch
Tons per ton
of fleet capacity Million pounds
44
7
60
6
50
GWP
39
35
30
Fleet Capacity
34
5
29
4
24
3
40
30
25
19
20
15
Catch Rate
14
9
1970
1
Atlantic Perch
1980
2
1990
0
2000
20
10
0
The global economy
has more than doubled
in the past 30 years, putting
pressure on most countries to
increase export income.
Many have tried to increase
revenues by selling more
ocean fish—for which there
is growing demand, since the
increase in crop yields no
longer keeps pace with population growth. Result: overfishing is decimating one stock
after another, and the catch is
getting thinner and thinner.
Solution: Stabilize population growth; stop subsidizing fishing fleets; and end the practice of
feeding ocean-caught fish to farmed fish (it takes five pounds of ocean catch to produce one pound
of farmed fish), which is still a very profitable and common practice.
These two pages may be reproduced without written
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including the WORLD WATCH attributions at the foot.
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WORLD•WATCH
March/April 2000
11
E A R T H
D A Y
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7
moments that helped define the trends of the past 30 years . . .
The Car: Mannheim, Germany, 1885
Karl Friedrich Benz takes the world’s first gasolinedriven automobile out for a test drive and reaches a
speed of 9 miles per hour. It’s not yet faster than a
horse, but the global infatuation with motorized speed
is about to begin. Though petroleum has been around
for decades, used mainly for lighting lamps, the advent
of the internal combustion engine causes a surge in
demand, and the fossil-fuel age begins.
The Gusher: Masjid-I-Salaman, Persia,
May 26, 1908
Drillers strike oil, and the rights are quickly
acquired by the British government. The new enterprise, British Petroleum, turns out to be sitting atop
the largest oil reservoir in the world, and thus is established a Western dominance of oil that will prevail
throughout the 20th century. That dominance will be
strengthened by the establishment of the U.S.-controlled Arab-American Oil Company (Aramco) in 1933
and the Iranian coup in 1953. The resulting flow of
cheap oil allows the fossil-fuel economy to dominate
global industrialization.
The Golden Arch: Oak Park, Illinois, late 1950s
McDonald’s decides to open franchises all over the
world. In order to establish uniform standards of production for its French fries, the company requires suppliers in each country it enters to grow its global standard potato—the Idaho russet. Other varieties, often
better adapted to local conditions of soil, rainfall,
temperature, and growing seasons, are displaced. The
French fries policy becomes a model for the “monoculturization” of agriculture on a global scale. It is an
approach that eventually increases food supply for the
expanding human population but also opens the way
to increased erosion, soil depletion, dependence on fertilizers and pesticides, nitrogen pollution of rivers and
bays, and the decline of genetic diversity in the world’s
major food crops.
The TV: Western Europe, 1952
The first international standard for transmission of
TV images (in lines per frame and frames per second)
is established, opening the way to mass-audience
broadcasts. Appetites for consumption are stimulated
first in the industrial countries where TVs catch on
quickly, then in the developing world where subtitled
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12
WORLD•WATCH
March/April 2000
or dubbed American or European shows serve as
implicit but vivid advertisements for first-world overconsumption.
The Highway: Washington, DC, 1956
The U.S. Congress passes the Interstate Highway
Act, authorizing construction of a national network of
high-speed roads across the United States. The
American penchant for traveling long distances, even
in routine trips between home, work, shopping, and
recreation, is greatly facilitated. Suburbanization is
accelerated, natural areas are paved over, and pollution
increases as major cities build beltways and open the
way to “edge” cities. High mobility becomes a model
for other countries, which develop their own highway
systems—causing massive increases in deforestation, oil
spills, air pollution, and carbon dioxide emissions.
The Backlash: India, mid-1970s
The Indian government, faced with surging population, adopts a policy of enforced birth control. Many
men and women undergo compulsory sterilization.
The policy triggers a great backlash, and the birthrate
climbs instead of declining. Demographers project that
by 2010, India will have passed China as the most
populous country on Earth.
The Flood: Yangtze River Basin, China, 1998
Chinese developers clear thousands of hectares of
forest to make space for the country’s burgeoning
population—thus setting the stage for one of the
largest disasters in history. Stripping tree cover reduces
the watershed’s capacity to slow the flow of surface
water. Global warming increases evaporation—and thus
increases rainfall. When the monsoon of 1998 comes,
the heightened volume and velocity of the runoff—and
unprecedented numbers of people living in the water’s
path—drive over 100 million people from their homes.
The following year, Hurricane Mitch inundates
Honduras and Belize, where similar deforestation has
taken place. The disruptive impacts of climate change
appear to be well under way.
E A R T H
D A Y
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7
And
moments (past and future) that could be
keys to the next 30 years . . .
Civil Society: Uttarakhand, India, 1958
A popular movement arises to protest government
mismanagement of Himalayan forest, and the operations of large timber companies engaged in what is
widely regarded as a form of looting. Led mainly by
women, the Chipko movement asserts the traditional
rights of villagers to manage their local forests rather
than submit to management by a distant bureaucracy.
The Chipko movement raises the profile of nongovernmental environmental movements in India, as thousands of women stand in the way of tree-cutters. In the
ensuing years, grass-roots groups proliferate, and
become more numerous in India than in any other
country. By the 1990s they have become a “third
force” in human organization worldwide—a “civil society” that may soon be strong enough to begin to
counterbalance unresponsive government and industry.
Precautionary Principle: New York, 1962
Rachel Carson publishes a book, Silent Spring, calling attention to the rising burden of chemical pollutants on the environment. As the burden continues to
worsen in the following decades, it provokes discussion
of a new Precautionary Principle—the principle that
the burden of proof of safety should be on those who
wish to introduce a new chemical, not on those who
claim to have been injured by it. In the 1990s, the
principle will be invoked by members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a network of
the world’s leading climate scientists, in their argument
that “uncertainty” in climate science should not be a
reason to avoid preventive action on climate change.
Earth Summit: Stockholm, Sweden, 1972
The United Nations Conference on Human
Development becomes the first global effort to place
the protection of the biosphere on the official agenda
of international policy and law. It will be followed
by the UN Conference on Human Settlements
(HABITAT) in 1976, the first World Climate
Conference in 1979, and the UN Conference on
Environment and Development (Earth Summit) in
1992—leading to what has become an essentially continuous process of international discussion on issues
that concern transnational threats to human security.
Micropower: Sri Lanka, about 1990
In 100 villages, solar panels are installed on
rooftops to provide low-cost electricity to homes that
are not on the electric grid. Similar installations are
being made, around the same time, in the Domican
Republic, Zimbabwe, and other developing countries.
They form the first scatterings of a movement toward
the use of decentralized electric power systems, based
on nonpolluting solar or wind power, that will eventually revolutionize the energy industry worldwide.
GMO-Free Food: Western Europe, 1998
European protesters compel transnational biotech
companies to halt the rush to use genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) in agriculture. Monsanto’s bullish
advertising campaign is scrapped; major food producers and retailers change their food-processing formulas;
Monsanto halts its program to force farmers to buy
terminator seed.
The Climatic Wake-Up Call: Somewhere
on Earth, soon
An extreme weather event strikes a major population center head-on, with cataclysmic results. The
event may be a gigantic hurricane or storm surge striking a coastal city, or it may be an inland flood inundating a heavily populated river basin. This time the disaster achieves a perceptual critical mass in the global
public—an undeniable recognition that the greatest
threats to human security are not those of military
invasion but of environmental degradation. As a result,
large-scale campaigns are undertaken to gird for—and
stabilize—the future impacts of climate change.
Bioregionalism: U.S. and Canadian Pacific,
early 21st century
Along the northern Pacific coast, there is yet another clash between native peoples and the companies logging the region’s remaining old growth rainforest. But
after decades of controversy over the management of
coastal forests and waters, the native activists discover
they have a constituency much broader than anything
their predecessors enjoyed. From Oregon through
British Columbia, they have awakened a latent bioregional awareness—a widely-shared view that the region
is unique, both ecologically and culturally. This awareness begins to reshape local politics, to make it better
reflect the long-term interests of the region itself. As
the region thrives, people elsewhere come to believe—
and act on—the principle that environmental progress
often comes easier when natural regions are given
precedence over political ones.
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March/April 2000
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For discount pricing on multiple copies of any of the above titles, please call (800) 555-2028.
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For a complete list of Papers, go to www.worldwatch.org/titles/titlesp.html
___142 Rocking the Boat: Conserving Fisheries
Single copy: $5 Multiple copies of any
and Protecting Jobs Anne Platt McGinn
combination of Papers: 2–5 copies, $4 each; 6–20 copies,
___141 Losing Strands in the Web of Life:
$3 each; 21+copies, $2 each.
PAPERS
___150 Overfed and Underfed: The Global
Epidemic of Malnutrion Gary Gardner
and Brian Halweil
___149 Paper Cuts: Recovering the Paper
Landscape Janet N. Abramovitz and Ashley
Mattoon
___148 Nature’s Cornucopia: Our Stake in
Plant Diversity John Tuxill
___147 Reinventing Cities for People and
the Planet Molly O’Meara
___146 Ending Violent Conflict Michael Renner
___145 Safeguarding the Health of Oceans
Anne Platt McGinn
___144 Mind Over Matter: Recasting the Role
of Materials in Our Lives Gary Gardner
and Payal Sampat
___143 Beyond Malthus: Sixteen Dimensions of
the Population Problem Lester R.
Brown, Gary Gardner, and Brian Halweil
Vertebrate Declines and the Conservation of Biological Diversity John Tuxill
___140 Taking a Stand: Cultivating a New
Relationship with the World’s Forests
Janet N. Abramovitz
___139 Investing in the Future: Harnessing
Private Capital Flows for Environmentally Sustainable Development
Hilary F. French
___138 Rising Sun, Gathering Winds: Policies
to Stabilize the Climate and Strengthen
Economies Christopher Flavin and Seth Dunn
___137 Small Arms, Big Impact: The Next
Challenge of Disarmament
Michael Renner
___136 The Agricultural Link: How Environmental Deterioration Could Disrupt
Economic Progress Lester R. Brown
___135 Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban
Pollutant to Farm Resource Gary Gardner
___134 Getting the Signals Right: Tax Reform
to Protect the Environment and the
Economy David Roodman
___133 Paying the Piper: Subsidies, Politics,
and the Environment David Roodman
___132 Dividing the Waters: Food Security,
Ecosystem Health, and the New
Politics of Scarcity Sandra Postel
___131 Shrinking Fields: Cropland Loss in a
World of Eight Billion Gary Gardner
___130 Climate of Hope: New Strategies for
Stabilizing the World’s Atmosphere
Christopher Flavin and Odil Tunali
___129 Infecting Ourselves: How Environmental and Social Disruptions Trigger
Disease Anne E. Platt
___128 Imperiled Waters, Impoverished Future:
The Decline of Freshwater Ecosystems
Janet N. Abramovitz
___127 Eco-Justice: Linking Human Rights and
the Environment Aaron Sachs
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