are concerned about this high level of emigration. They fear that Canada is suffering a "brain
drain"-that we are losing our best-educated
and most talented people to the United States.
The C.D. Howe Institute stated that "As many
as forty percent of recent graduates in science,
medicine and management left the country in
1991 alone." The Statistics Canada Quarterly
Review, however, notes that there is more to this
story. According to the Review:
• Although the loss of highly skilled workers to
the United States increased during the 1990s,
Canada benefited from highly skilled workers
who immigrated to Canada, especially in the
high-technology industries.
• Emigrants to the United States are more than
twice as likely to hold a university degree than
are immigrants to Canada. However, because
of the greater number of immigrants, there
are four times as many university graduates
entering Canada as there are leaving Canada
for the United States.
• The number of post-graduate degree holders
entering Canada is equal to the number of
universitygraduates at all levels leaving Canada
for the United States.
Figure 4.17 How
many of these students might seek
employment
outside Canada?
Review and Reflect
Apply and Extend
Compare the graphs in Figure 4.15 (movement
within Canada) and Figure 4.16 (unemployment
rates in Canada). What relationship is evident?
You might want to use a computer program
to assist you in analyzing these data.
2. Debate the following statement: "The most
valuable export from Atlantic Canada is the
recent graduate:'
3. Do you think Canadians and the Canadian
government should be concerned about a
"brain drain" to the United States? Why or
why not?
What effect might the "brain drain" have on
Canada's identity in the future?
2. How can the C.D. Howe Institute and the
Statistics Canada Quarterly Review have such
different views on the issue of emigration to
the United States?
1.
70
Responses to
Geographic
Influences
A country's geography is an important factor in shaping its
citizens' individual identities. It also influences their sense of
national identity. In this chapter, you will compare the geography
of Australia and Canada. These are very different countries, but
they share many geographic similarities. As you read the chapter,
think about how the geography of each country helps shape its
national identity.
, Figure 5.1 On a January weekend in Canada,
~)ou might find Canadians here.
1.
'\~ c\o'A\
'Q~·
\V
Figure 5.2 On a
January weekend in
Australia, you might
find Australians here.
Where Is Australia?
r.
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II
I
11
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!
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Australia is part of the region of the world called
Oceania. It is the smallest continent in the world,
located between the Indian Ocean and the South
Pacific Ocean. It includes the island of Tasmania as
well as a number of other small islands. Australia
is the world's smallest continent, but the sixthlargest country.
Australia lies in the southern hemisphere
between 10° Sand 44° S, and between 113° E
and 153° E. Canada, in the northern hemisphere,
is between 41° N and 83° N, and between 52° W
and 141 ° W. Australia has a land area of just over
7.7 million km2, while Canada's land area is
almost 10 million km-,
Like Canada, Australia was once part of the
supercontinent Pangaea (see Chapter 2). Later,
it was part of an enormous land mass known as
Gondwanaland. Australia and Antarctica broke
away from this land mass and began a slow drift
toward the South Pole. About 100 million years
ago, Australia began to separate from Antarctica
and drift toward the equator.
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~
111
!
I
Australia's Landform Regions
I
1/
1:
Australia is a dry continent. One-third of its area
is occupied hy desert and another third by semidesert. It is only in the east, southeast, and north
that there is enough vegetation to protect the land
surface from rapid runoff during periods of rain.
Its five major landform regions are shown in
Figure 5.3.
~ rl
_
_Gulf?f.
,
'
• an area of ancient shield rock in the west
• a large area of nearly flat plains in the centre
• an area of ancient fold mountains in the east
Arafura Sea
»<:
IND/AN OCEAN
Australia's geological history is ancient. Unlike
Canada's fold mountains, Australia's fold mountains formed very early in the country's geological
history. Australia is situated near the centre of a
section of the Jndo-Australian tectonic plate. As
a result, Australia has no volcanoes. Australia's
geological history helps explain its nearly flat
landscape and also its unique plants and animals.
Australia has landforms similar to Canada's:
\\
~Coral Sea
·- \,.
•
Figure 5.3
Landform
regions of
Australia
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PACIFIC•
OCEAN
~
Ayers Rock
(Uluru)
1.:
•
I
,1
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N
W+E
s
D
WesternCraton(Shield)
D Great ArtesianBasin
D
72
Eastern Upland(GreatDividingRange)
Flinders-Mt.Lofty Ranges
Coastal Plain
0
500
1000 km
•
Tasman
Sea
Figure 5.4 Ayers Rock, or Uluru, is an impressive sandstone
rock. It is 3 km long and B km around, and it rises 350 m
above the surrounding plain. It extends underground for more
than 600 m. This type of landform is known as an inselberg.
It is a product of erosion-the surrounding rock has been worn
away by long exposure to water and wind. For the Anangu,
the Indigenous people who inhabit the area, Uluru is a
spiritual site, from which all things in the world originated.
Western Craton Region
This is a region of shield that has not been folded
for at least the last one billion years. Its rocks
are resistant to erosion. There is a wide variety
of landforms-plateaus, mesas, buttes, ridges,
valleys, sand dunes, salt flats, and isolated rocks
called inselbergs. This is an arid region, most
of it receiving less than 10 cm of rainfall each
year. As a result, vegetation is sparse. There are
no rivers that flow throughout the year in the
interior of the region.
The Great Artesian Basin Region
This plateau-like region includes three large basins
from north to south. (A basin is an area of land
that is drained by one river and the streams that
flow into the river.) The three basins are the
Carpentaria, the Eyre, and the Murray. The Eyre
Basin collects water that flows from a wide area
(1 300 000 m2) into Lake Eyre. This "lake," which
is usually dry but occasionally floods, is the lowest
part of Australia, at 14 m below sea level. Its
extensive salt flats have been used for land speed
trials. The northern parts of the region have sparse
vegetation. The southern part of this region has
more water and is better suited to agriculture.
Figure 5.5 Lake Eyre marks the lowest point in Australia.
The Eastern Upland Region
This is a region of ancient fold mountains that
have experienced faulting and erosion. Its landscape is a complex series of high ridges, high
plateaus, and plains. About two million years
ago, small glaciers developed in the southeast,
producing the Snowy Mountains, which are
known as the Australian Alps.
The Flinders and Mount Lofty
Ranges Region
While the Flinders Ranges are fold mountains, the
Mount Lofty Ranges are block mountains. Both
have been eroded to produce ridges and valleys.
Today many of the wider valleys are farmed.
The Coastal Plain Region
The Coastal Plain is a strip of land along the coasts
in the northeast, southeast, and southwest. These
areas enjoy a warm, moist climate. They receive
73
Australia's Population
II
· What's in a Name?
Australia has a population of 20 million; Canada's
population is about 30 million. More than 85 percent of Australians and 80 percent of Canadians
live in cities. Half of Australia's population lives
in the four cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane,
and Adelaide. Canada and Australia have similar
average population density, similar population
distribution, and similar population structure.
II
I
),
Review and Reflect
1. Compare the population distribution in Australia
with that of Canada. (Refer to Figure 3.2.)
2. What is the average population density of (a)
Canada and (b) Australia? (Refer to Figure 3.3.)
Figure 5.6 At 2230 m, Mount Kosciuszko in the Snowy
Mountains is the highest point on the Australian continent.
Figure 5.8 The koala is one of many animals that exist
only in Australia. The koala lives in the eucalyptus forests
of the southeast.
Apply and Extend
1. Suggest reasons for the growth of the four
major Australian cities.
Willy-Willy
In Australia, it's a willy-willy. In the Philippines
it's a baguio, in Haiti it's a taino, in Mexico it's a
chubaso, in the Indian Ocean it's a cyclone, in
the northwest Pacific it's a typhoon, and in
North America we call it a hurricane. They all
have winds exceeding 33 m per second. In the
northern hemisphere, the winds spiral counterclockwise, but in the southern hemisphere, they
spiral clockwise. The word "willy-willy" comes
from the languages of Indigenous Australians.
The practice of naming hurricanes began in the
Caribbean several hundred years ago, but in modern
times, people began naming storms each season
in the early 1900s when an Australian weather
forecaster used names from Roman and Greek
mythology, women's names, and even the names
of politicians. There are now several methods of
naming used worldwide, but most use a system of
alternating male and female names that are decided
upon years before these tropical storms form.
Review and Reflect
Arafura Sea
1. Explain why Australia's landscape is nearly flat.
2. Suggest a reason why Australia's annual
average temperatures might be rising.
Coral Sea
IND/AN OCEAN
Apply and Extend
Figure 5.7 Melbourne, on the south coast, is Australia's
second-largest city after Sydney. With a population of over
three million in 2002, it is approximately the same size
as Montreal, Quebec. Melbourne is a multicultural city,
with one-quarter of its inhabitants born overseas.
I
y
more rainfall than interior regions and their temperatures are moderated by the coastal waters.
The vegetation of the northeast is tropical
rainforest, an area of lush tropical vegetation.
In the southeast and southwest, the natural vegetation is also rich, but much of it has been cleared
for agriculture and urbanization. These are the
areas where most Australians live. See the map
of Australia's population patterns in Figure 5.9.
74
.
.,.;,~
-
PACIFIC•
OCEAN
1. Would you find each of the following landforms,
or approximately similar ones, in Canada?
Why or why not?
mesa
butte
salt flat
inselberg
2. Name five of Australia's unique animals.
Explain what makes them unique.
3. a) Australia is the only country to govern an
entire continent and its outlying islands.
Name five countries, in addition to Australia,
that do not share an international land
boundary with another country.
b) What advantages do these countries
have in comparison with those that
share a boundary?
- - •.• -
;.-.,
~
-
Figure 5.9
Population
density. Describe
the population
patterns shown
on this map.
Brisbane
s
Canberra (Australian
Capital Territory)
Persons per square kilometre
D
D
D
Uninhabited
less than 1
1-10
10-50
c::] 50-100
•
•
100-200
over 200
0
500
Tasman
Sea
, 1000 km
75
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.
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----
.
Skills Toolbox
Drawing Profiles
Elevation
metres
.........................................................................................................
If you are a camper, a hiker, or a person in charge
of planning a provincial park, you will find it
useful to have a mental picture of the elevations
in a particular area. This would help you to
decide where there might be dry, level areas for
campsites, or high elevations with steep slopes
that could be good scenic lookouts. On a larger
scale, the profile of a country could help you to
determine where fertile soils might be, where
minerals might be found, and where the weather
might be colder or wetter.
Drawing a profile from a physical map can help
you to visualize the slope of an area. These maps use
colours to show the elevations of mountains, plains,
and lowlands. Physical maps give the height of the
earth's surface in metres above or below sea level.
A physical map of Baffin Island is shown below.
If the vertical and horizontal scales of the
profile are the same, there will be no vertical
exaggeration or distortion. The elevations will
be realistic. On the other hand, if the vertical
scale is l cm to represent 100 m, and the horizontal
scale is l cm to represent l 000 m, the elevations
will look 10 times higher than they really are.
1000
800
500
300
100
To draw a profile from A to B, follow the
steps below.
l1,
i
Sea level O
Step 1: Find the legend for the physical map.
This will tell you the elevations represented by
each colour used on the map.
Step 2: Place the edge of a strip of paper along
the line A-8.
v
Step 3: Mark the positions of A and B and of
each place where the edge of the strip touches
a new colour on the map. Indicate the height
at each mark.
Step 4: Construct a profile block (see illustration
on page 77). The line A-8 of the hlock is the
same length as A-8 on the map, so that its horizontal scale is the same as that of the map. Draw
vertical axes at A and B and, on each axis, mark
the lines to show the heights given in the legend
for the map. Draw horizontal lines to connect
these marks. Indicate the scale.
,si
~
"
~i::
8"l
~
"
1000
900
800
700
E600
500•-400
300
200
,si
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~
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1001:_·:__-.-~~:::=:-.----::-~~~~-:::~~~;;~
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Step 5: Mark the elevation values from the edge
A
of the strip in their appropriate positions on the
lines of the block.
6 ~
o ()
U1
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o
o o
()
~~oB
oo o
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
A
B
Drawing a profile
Step 6: Complete the profile by joining the
marks from A to B.
.i
'
Draw a cross-Canada profile from Fogo Island,
Newfoundland and Labrador, to the west coast
of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Locate
a map that uses colour to show the physical
features of Canada. On a blank sheet of paper,
use a vertical scale of I cm to represent 500 m.
Use the figure for the horizontal scale that
appears on the map of Canada you are using.
Draw the profile.
Draw a similar profile for Australia from the
west coast to the east coast along latitude 25° S.
What are the similarities and differences between
the two profiles?
Elevation
metres
1!
2000
1500
1000
500
300
100
Sea level
s
o
250
0
500 km
Australia's Climate
Australia is much closer to the equator than
Canada is. As a result, Australia receives more
intense radiation from the sun. It is compact in
shape with no major bays or arms of the sea to
help to moderate temperatures. The only extensive
mountain barrier is the Great Dividing Range near
the east coast. (See the landforrn map, Figure 5.3.)
The overall result of these factors is that
Australia is a hot country, especially during
the summer months of December to February.
During the summer, a great deal of surface water
Locate the area you want to profile.
76
77
'
~••
'~
is lost due to evaporation. During the winter,
June to August, temperatures are moderate.
Clear skies permit bright sunshine during the
day, allowing heat to radiate from the surface
at night, so that frost at night is common
throughout southern Australia.
Northern Australia is affected by a monsoon,
a seasonal wind. In summer, winds blow inland
from over the warm waters of the Arafura Sea,
bringing heavy rains. These summer rains are
important because most of northern Australia is
in the rain shadow of the Eastern Upland. The
prevailing winds in the area blow from the east,
••
-
•••
-
I•
_._
-
-.,.
-
._.,
'
Canada's climate zones are mainly temperate,
with a range of temperatures and levels of rainfall
that place them mainly in the B, C, and D classifications of the Koppen system. Unlike Canada,
Australia includes an A (tropical) zone, which is
located in the northern areas of the country. Here
the temperature stays above an average of l 8°C
throughout the year. Because Australia is located
closer to the equator, and because it features
extensive plains and few large bodies of water,
it has a much warmer, drier climate. The central
and western areas of the country are extremely
dry, while the south and east coasts are warm,
temperate zones with a range of rainfall levels.
Arafura Sea
lj
...•..
IND/AN OCEAN
Coral Sea
NORTHERN
TERRITORY
PACIFIC
OCEAN
II
•
QUEENSLAND
Alice Springs
WESTERN
AUSTRALIA
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Brisbane
I
SOUTH
AUSTRALIA
f!----I
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NEW SOUTH
WALES
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laide ~-,
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Review and Reflect
',
•...
,-
,..
Canberra (Australian
Capital Territory)
1. Both Alice Springs and Churchill are located in
the centre of the country. What is the annual
range of temperature for (a) Alice Springs
and (b) Churchill?
2. Which is the season of maximum precipitation
for (a) Alice Springs and (b) Churchill?
3. What is the biggest difference in climate
between Canada and Australia?
I'.i'!
.I
A Zones: Tropical climates
D
D
111
.,
,.:,.
500
0
B Zones: Dry climates
Tasman
Sea
1000 km
C Zones: Warm, moist climates
i'
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Figure 5.10
Australia's climate
I
Alice Springs
oc
401
30
:::,
.,,
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a,
,.
F
•••
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r200
40T
150
.
"a
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10 0 -
..•.
Cl.
Ill
-
-
-
-20
••Ill•..:::,
100 ::;.·
-
-10
s·:::,
--
50
-30
-40
Churchill
mm
r200
20
!!!
n
,a·
ID
Cl.
i
oc
10
a,
0
i
-10
•••
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F M A M J J A S O N D
"a
.
;;
n
,a·
100 :::;.-
•.•.Ill
s·
:::,
-20
--~
50
'O
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Figure 5.11 How does the location of Alice Springs,
Australia, affect its climate?
Figure 5.12
creating relief precipitation along the eastern
coast. This is the reverse of the situation in
Western Canada and it occurs because Australia
is in the southern hemisphere. The difference is
due to the Coriolis effect, which is a function
of the earth's rotation on its axis. What area of
Canada also experiences relief precipitation
and the rain shadow effect?
78
Indigenous Australians
150
-
-30
I
Australia's People
30
20
!!!
mm
Climate graph for Churchill, Manitoba
Estimates vary, but it is believed that there were
between 500 000 and 1 000 000 people in Australia
immediately before Europeans arrived in 1788.
There were at least 250 languages and perhaps
as many as 500 distinct cultural groups, based on
language and territory. Each cultural group had
its own political, social, and economic systems.
Bilingualism and multilingualism were common.
According to conservative estimates, there were
people living in Australia 40 000 to 50 000 years
ago. Early Indigenous Australians were essentially hunter-gatherers. They also practised a
form of farming, using fire to clear areas so that
fresh grazing grasses could grow. This attracted
game animals. The only domesticated animal
was the dingo, a type of wild dog. In addition,
Indigenous people may have sown and harvested
a variety of seeds. There is evidence that they
dammed and redirected streams and lakes, perhaps for irrigation or for fish farming.
About 3000 years ago, the cultures of
Indigenous Australians began to change as the
people began to use technology to manipulate
their environment. Stone tools came into use,
some groups constructed large-scale irrigation
and pond systems for eel farming, the population
grew, and long-distance trading routes were
established. Some Indigenous societies of the
interior were semi-nomadic or nomadic, moving
in small groups from waterhole to waterhole
across their territory. Land was not owned by
individuals but held by the societies for their
use and for the use of future generations.
Before the arrival of Europeans, the largest
populations of Australia's Indigenous peoples
lived in the temperate regions on the country's
coasts. As in Canada, they were forced out of
these desirable areas by the Europeans and into
more sparsely populated ones. The Indigenous
people living in the desert areas of the country
experienced less contact with Europeans, and,
as a result, they have been able to maintain their
traditions to a much greater degree.
The stories of the Indigenous peoples tell of
the arrival of the Europeans in the late 1700s.
The newcomers were welcomed at first by the
Australians. However, the same patterns of contact emerged in Australia as in Canada. Europeans
were motivated by ethnocentrism and did not value
the cultures of the Indigenous Australians. In the
early days of contact, the Indigenous population
declined drastically. European diseases, social
and cultural upheaval, mistreatment, and reprisals
for organized Indigenous resistance reduced
their numbers significantly. There were fewer
than 93 000 Indigenous Australians in continental
Australia by 1900.
The surviving Indigenous Australians were
pushed away from good land into the remote bush
or the fringes of towns and cities. Employment
opportunities were restricted to work on sheep
and cattle stations and poorly paid jobs.
:11
I
!
J
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79
,,!
,.
Today, large reserves in central and northern
Australia have been set aside for Indigenous peoples, and the Australian government is dealing with
claims for compensation. Australia's Indigenous
population is fighting for compensation for lost
land and revenue from mineral exploitation on the
reserves. They are revitalizing their traditional
cultures and identities, and improving education and
employment opportunities. Although Indigenous
Australians are eligible to vote, receive social
service benefits, and attend primary and secondary
schools, many still remain in the lower social and
economic levels of Australian society.
European Immigrants
I
1·
Australia was claimed by the British in 1770, and
Europeans began to arrive in large numbers in
1788. The first immigrants were convicted criminals and government supervisors from Britain.
The British government at the time decided that
transportation to a distant colony was cheaper and
more efficient than maintaining large numbers of
prisons at home. British law was extremely severe
at the time. Offences ranging from stealing a loaf
of bread to murder were punished harshly, so
there were a great number of prisoners to house.
Convicted criminals continued to be shipped from
England to Australia until 1868, when the last
ship carrying convicts arrived.
After a slow start, many non-convict British
people immigrated to Australia in increasing
numbers throughout the 1800s and 1900s.
As in Canada, immigrants also arrived in
Australia because of the opportunities in agriculture and mining. Today, approximately 90 percent of Australians are of European descent,
mainly British or Irish. Until the 1950s, Australia
restricted non-white people from settling in the
country. The Australian federal government now
sets immigration numbers and all immigrants
face selection criteria. Immigration from Asian
countries is increasing.
I
Australia's Natural Resources
Australia is the driest continent on earth, with
desert or semi-desert covering about two-thirds of
its area. (Review the climate map in Figure 5 .10.)
There is only enough rainfall to support forests
in the northern and southeastern coastal plains.
However, two-thirds of Australia has sufficient water to support livestock. Australia is
famous for its sheep-approximately 150 million
of them-producing a quarter of the world's
wool. The long fibres of Australian wool make
the fabric especially useful for clothing.
Much of the water that is required to support
livestock in areas of semi-desert comes from
Figure 5.15
underground aquifers. Aquifers, or water-bearing
rocks, are found in the mountains of the Great
Dividing Range in the Eastern Upland Region.
.,._.._ NW
Water from these rocks travels hundreds of
kilometres underground to artesian wells
(wells that tap underground water, which
is under pressure) in the eastern interior.
Great Artesian Basin
I
i
In Australia, sheep outnumber humans.
Review and Reflect
1.
SE-+
·Water table·
Eastern ·
Upland
What experiences did the First Nations of
Canada and the Indigenous Australians share?
Apply and Extend
1. Today, Canada has a population of over
Figure 5.13 Indigenous Australians did not receive the
right to vote until 1967. When did First Nations citizens in
Canada win the right to vote?
80
30 million, and Australia has only 20 million.
Suggest reasons for the lower number
of Australians.
2. How have both Canada and Australia
restricted immigration?
3. Research Australia's current immigration
policy, and compare it with Canada's
immigration policy. (See Chapter 4.)
4. Research the contacts that have developed
between the First Nations of Canada and
Indigenous Australians. Select one example
and explain the reason for the contact and
the activities involved.
Figure 5.14 Artesian wells
are a source of water for
irrigation and livestock.
This type of well also exists
in some rural areas of Canada.
Porous
sandstone
holds water
under pressure
Apply and Extend
Canadian farmers, like Australian farmers, are
often faced with a shortage of precipitation
for use in raising livestock. Canadian farmers,
unlike Australian farmers, face a long, cold
winter as well. How have these problems
influenced beef farming in Canada?
2. Why did Australian wool and Canadian
wheat become major export crops during
the late 1800s?
1.
Review and Reflect
1. Why would it be easier to find underground
water in the eastern interior of Australia than \
in the western interior?
2. Why is it usually easier to find underground
water in Canada's Prairies than in the
Canadian Shield?
81
Writing Toolbox
.
Writing Comparisons
I
You are often asked to compare-to pick out the
similarities and differences between two things.
This chapter compares the geography and history
of Canada and Australia.
Organizers, such as the one at the bottom of
this page, are a good way to record your information when you make comparisons. They help
to clarify the points of similarity and difference.
You may wish to use concept-webbing or other
software to collect this information, and wordprocessing software to complete your comparison.
To write about your comparison, follow
these steps:
Step 1: Read the instructions carefully. They will
tell you the frame of reference, or context, of
the comparison. For example, if you are asked to
compare the landforms of Canada and Australia,
be sure to focus on landforms.
Step 2: Develop a thesis statement. The thesis
statement explains the position you will be
taking. For example, a thesis statement might be
"The landforms of Canada and Australia are
more similar than different."
Step 3: Classify and organize your information. For
example, break down landforms into the different
.
Looking Back
.
.
•
o
•
o
4
o
O
elements such as mountains, plains, and rivers. You
can use two ways to write about the topic:
• Supply the information, classified into elements,
for Canada's landforms, and then supply it
for Australia's.
• Write about Canada's mountains, followed
by Australia's mountains; Canada's plains, followed by Australia's plains; Canada's rivers,
followed by Australia's rivers, and so on.
although, us well as, but, either, however, like,
not only, on the other hand, similarly, unlike.
Write a comparison of some aspect of Canada
and Australia. You might compare the resources,
economy, plants, and animals of the two countries.
You could compare popular culture, or you could
focus on another topic of your choice. State your
frame of reference-what you are going to compare-and develop your thesis statement. Provide
the information that supports your thesis statement,
and write a conclusion.
Country
Size
Landforms
Climate
Physical Resources
graphic challenge that Australia faces now. How
are Australians dealing with this challenge? Does
Canada face the same challenge? Why or why not?
Human Resources
Differences between Countries
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
o
O
o
O
O
O
O
O
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5. Canada is a northern hemisphere
nation. What aspects of Canada's
geography reflect this position?
Consider national parks, rural
landscapes, settlement patterns,
agriculture, urban landscapes,
architecture, and sports facilities.
Support your answer with
specific examples.
Assess Your Learning
3. A common misconception
among peoples from other lands
is that of a snowbound, cold
Canada with majestic mountains, forests, plains, and seacoasts. Prepare a storyboard for
a 30-second TV ad that would
correct this misconception. Use
presentation software for this
activity if you like.
Useful words to use in writing comparisons are
4. Do some research to find out about one geo-
O
2. Explain how the evolution of
Canada from a mainly rural
society to one that is mainly
urban has affected Canadian
identity.
Step 4: Write a conclusion reflecting your thesis
statement.
3. To what extent is your identity influenced by
geography? To what extent are you influenced
by stereotypes that come from the impact of
geography on your region?
O
1. If someone said to you that
Canada's main challenge and
opportunity is its geography, how
would you respond and why?
1. How well could you create a
presentation for people who
know nothing about Canada?
Use a scale of I to IO ( I = very
little; IO = a lot) to show how
much you have learned about
the following categories of
information about Canada:
• the geography of Canada
• the settlement of Canada
• the people of Canada
4. Conduct interviews with at least
five people, using the following
question: How has the evolution
of Canada from a nation of
mainly First Nations, Inuit,
Metis, French, and English
people to a multicultural society
affected Canadian identity?
Apply and Extend
1. Canadian geography and history share some
similarities with Australian geography and history, but there are also differences. Prepare a
chart similar to the one below to demonstrate
the similarities and the differences.
2. Select a country other than Australia, and use
the organizer below to show its similarities
to and differences from Canada.
O
2. Create a presentation about one
of the regions of Canada. Include
a variety of maps, charts, graphs,
statistics, videos, and images in
your presentation. Consider
using presentation software.
Canadiana Exhibition
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Nominate a person, group, item, or
event from this unit for an exhibition to showcase Canada. Use the
0
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O
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process outlined at the end of Unit I
to make your selection. Be prepared
to defend your nomination.
Similarities between Countries
Canada
Australia
82
83