TABLE OF CONTENTS
Student Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Exploring the Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Unit One: Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Unit Two: Fantasy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Unit Three: Mystery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Unit Four: Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Unit Five: Textbook Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Unit Six: Informational Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Glossary of Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The series NAVIGATE the Course of Strategic Readers was developed and written by Christopher Forest.
Cover design, layout, and typesetting by Pat Lucas.
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Dear Student,
Welcome to NAVIGATE the Course of Strategic Readers, Book D.
During the next few months, you will read the stories and articles in this
book. As you read, you will practice strategies that will help you become
a better reader. These strategies have been studied by reading researchers
and have been shown to help people become skilled readers. They are the
strategies that strong readers use to help them better understand, and enjoy,
a story or article.
The eight strategies you will practice are:
➲
Asking questions: You will ask questions that you think will be
answered in a text, or selection; answer questions about information
you have already read; and think about parts of the text that are not
clear to you.
➲
Determining importance: You will find what is important in a text,
and, at the same time, find details that are less important. This
information helps you think about the future of the text.
➲
Inferring: You will find information that is not directly stated
in a text.
➲
Making connections: You will relate a text to one that you have
already read, to an experience in your life, or to an event.
➲
Predicting outcomes: You will make educated guesses about
the events that may occur later in a text.
➲
Returning to the text: You will return to a text to find information,
support your opinions, and understand figurative words and phrases.
➲
➲
Summarizing: You will highlight the main points of a text.
Visualizing the text: You will use information from a text to create
pictures about the text’s characters, historical figures, events,
settings, and so on.
You may be familiar with some of these strategies. Perhaps you use them
already. As you use NAVIGATE the Course of Strategic Readers, Book D, you will
gain more practice with the strategies. After you have completed this book,
you should feel more comfortable using the strategies on your own. Now,
read more about the strategies. Then begin navigating a course to become
a strategic and proficient reader.
2
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Unit Five
TEXTBOOK CHAPTER
Lesson 1
Introduction
The text in this unit is “Volcanoes:
Nature’s Fury at a Moment’s Notice.”
Designed like a textbook chapter, the
text focuses on a specific topic of study
and provides nonfiction, detailed
information. Headings, which are usually
included in a textbook chapter, prepare
readers for what they are about to read.
Vocabulary words and important terms
are printed in italics; in some textbook
chapters, such features may be in
boldface.
Prereading Activity One:
Thinking About the Chapter
Think of what you know about volcanoes. Then write five features about volcanoes
that you think you will read about in this text.
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 2
Volcanoes: Nature’s Fury at a Moment’s Notice
First
Introduction
A large mountain stands before you.
There is a hole in its top. From the hole,
puffs of smoke gather. Minutes later, the
mountaintop looks like a giant fire. Ash
shoots out from the top. Rocks spill out
from deep inside the mountain. Melted
rock flows down the sides. A volcano is
in action.
Reading
Volcanoes are raised areas on the
earth where gas, lava, steam, and rocks
are forced out. The shape of a volcano
depends on what comes out of it.
Volcanoes usually shoot out ash that can
travel for miles. Many times, rocks come
out of volcanoes. The rocks often shoot
into the air and travel far. Diamonds
have even shot out from some volcanoes
in Africa. Most often, lava flows from
volcanoes.
Reading Activity One:
Inferring
This passage tells the reader what a volcano is. Reread the passage.
How would you define volcano?
Volcano: ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 4
Fifth
Volcano Activity
Volcanoes may be grouped not only
by their landform but also by how often
they erupt.
An active volcano is one that is erupting
now or is showing activity, or signs that
it will erupt. Scientists know of about
540 active volcanoes. Stromboli, a volcano
near Sicily, is an active volcano.
An extinct volcano is a dead volcano:
it once erupted but is no longer active.
Extinct volcanoes create little danger.
Even the paths that magma once made
to leave the volcano are no longer there.
Scientists consider Mount Kenya, in Africa,
to be an extinct volcano.
Reading
A dormant volcano acts like a confused
volcano, as if it doesn’t know if it wants
to be active or extinct. A dormant volcano
is one that erupted in the period between
about 5,000 and 10,000 years ago—but
may erupt again. Because it has not
erupted recently, the magma has either
returned to a spot deep inside the earth
or has been stopped by a plug in the
volcano. Usually, a plug is magma that
has dried up and hardened over time.
It blocks a main path that magma would
take to reach the surface of the volcano.
Scientists know of about 530 dormant
volcanoes. Lassen Peak, in California,
is considered a dormant volcano.
Reading Activity Five:
Summarizing
Describe each type of volcano.
1. Active volcano ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Extinct volcano ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Dormant volcano __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Seventh
Where Volcanoes Are Formed
Although volcanoes come in various
shapes and sizes, they all form in a
similar way. Knowing about the surface
and inside of the earth is important for
understanding how volcanoes form. The
earth is made of three sections, called
layers. The center section of the earth is
the core. It is liquid rock that surrounds
a rock center. Around the core is a layer
of hot rock called the mantle. The crust
is the third layer, on top of the mantle.
The crust is thick and rocky. It contains
the oceans and continents.
The crust and top part of the mantle
are broken into sections, called plates.
These are between 5 miles and 120 miles
below the surface. The heat inside the
earth and the daily turning of the earth
cause these plates to move slowly, about
four inches in a year. When these plates
move, hot liquid rock in the mantle
can come to the surface. This is how
a volcano forms.
Reading
Many volcanoes form on land.
Indonesia, a group of Southeast Asian
islands, has more land volcanoes than
any other country: it has 76. Japan has
the second largest amount; the United
States has the third most. There are at
least 53 active volcanoes in the U.S.—
in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon,
and Washington. A large area of the land
that surrounds the northern Pacific has
so many volcanoes that it is called “the
ring of fire.” Most of the active volcanoes
are here. The coasts of eastern Asia and
the western coasts of North and South
America make up part of this ring.
Not all volcanoes form on land. Many
form on the ocean floor, often more
than a mile below the water’s surface.
The magma in these volcanoes forms
underwater hills or mountains. Some of
these become so large that they reach the
ocean’s surface. If the mountains grow
even larger, they form islands. Iceland
and Hawaii formed this way. Both areas
still have volcano activity.
Reading Activity Eight:
Making Connections
1. What is another text that you have read that is similar to this one? ________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Tell how the two texts are similar. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Twelfth
Conclusion
Volcanoes are landforms filled with
magma, ash, and rock waiting to reach
the surface. These landforms come in
many shapes and erupt in different ways.
They are found throughout the world,
both on the earth’s surface and the
oceans’ floor.
Volcanoes act powerfully. Their lava
can destroy cities and kill people. The
ash that shoots from them and into the
atmosphere can cool air temperatures
and cause snowy winters. Ash and lava
can cause the deaths of animals, people,
plants, and trees. The ash can even play a
part in creating acid rain and acid snow,
which damage lakes, trees, and wildlife.
Reading
Yet, a volcano can create new land,
such as Iceland and Hawaii. Volcanoes
can also create new bodies of water.
The explosion and caving in of the
Mount Mazama volcano helped form
Crater Lake, in Oregon. The lake formed
about 7,000 years ago, when rainwater
collected in the volcano after it had
exploded and caved in. The ash from a
volcano can help make rich, fertile soil
for farming. Volcanoes also create steam
that can be used for electric power.
Volcanoes are amazing creations of
nature. They remind us about what is
deep inside the earth. They remind us
that the earth can always change . . .
sometimes at a moment’s notice.
Reading Activity Fourteen:
Asking Questions
1. What are two islands that were formed by volcanoes? ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did Crater Lake form? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why are volcanoes a wonder of nature? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Postreading Activity Two:
Returning to the Text
1. What word describes a volcano that
once erupted but no longer does?
A. shield
B. active
C. extinct
D. dormant
2. A cause is the reason that something
happens. What caused Mount Vesuvius
to erupt the way it did?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It was so large.
It was on an island.
It had too much lava beneath it.
Its vent was blocked.
3. In what area is “the ring of fire”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4. Volcanus was the Roman god of
C. volcanoes.
D. lava.
5. A stratovolcano is another name for
A.
B.
C.
D.
a
a
a
a
A.
B.
C.
D.
Paricutin
Krakatau
Mount Mazama
Mauna Loa
7. Magma is called lava when it
A.
B.
C.
D.
is inside a volcano.
reaches the earth’s surface.
reaches 2000°F.
turns to ash.
8. A heading is the title given to a
passage in a chapter. What would
be another suitable heading for the
eighth and ninth readings?
United States
Indonesia
Pacific Ocean
Sicily
A. magma.
B. fire.
6. According to the text, what volcano
erupted after Mount Saint Helens’s
famous eruption in the 1980s?
dormant volcano.
composite volcano.
shield volcano.
Hawaiian volcano.
A.
B.
C.
D.
“Parts of a Volcano”
“Why Volcanoes Erupt”
“Historic Volcanoes”
“Volcano Proof”
9. What volcano is in the United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mount Vesuvius
Mount Ruiz
Krakatau
Mauna Loa
10. What volcano is a cinder cone
volcano?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mauna Loa
Mount Saint Helens
Paricutin
Mount Vesuvius
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Postreading Activity Five:
Summarizing
Use the 5-4-3-2-1 organizer to summarize the main ideas of the unit’s text.
5
famous volcanic eruptions are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4
volcano terms ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3
types of volcano landforms, based on their shape, are __________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2
effects that a volcano can have are ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1
reason that volcanoes are fascinating is ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Postreading Extension Activity:
Making Connections
Now that you have read a textbook chapter about volcanoes, read another chapter
about volcanoes from a different textbook. Compare the setup and the content
of both chapters.
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