Chicago-Kent College of Law
Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law
All Faculty Scholarship
Faculty Scholarship
1-1-2013
The Court and the Visual: Images and Artifacts in
U.S. Supreme Court Opinions
Nancy S. Marder
IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/fac_schol
Part of the Courts Commons, and the Legal Profession Commons
Recommended Citation
Nancy S. Marder, The Court and the Visual: Images and Artifacts in U.S. Supreme Court Opinions, 88 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 331 (2013).
Available at: http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/fac_schol/861
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has
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more information, please contact [email protected].
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 31 Side A
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ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
ǣ
ǤǤ
Ǥ
͵͵ͳ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆƒ™ƒ†‹”‡…–‘”ǡ—•–‹…‡‘Šƒ—Ž–‡˜‡•—”›‡–‡”ǡŠ‹…ƒ‰‘Ǧ‡–‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ
ƒ™Ǥ–Šƒƒ”‘Ž›Šƒ’‹”‘ƒ†Š”‹•…Š‹†–ˆ‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰–Š‹•›’‘•‹—ƒ†‹˜‹–‹‰‡–‘
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹‹–ǤƒƒŽ•‘‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘‡‹–Š›„‡‡ǡ‡”‡›†‡ǡ—†‹–Š‡•‹ǡƒ†‡••‹…ƒ‹Ž„‡›
ˆ‘”†‹•…—••‹‰–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™‹–Š‡ƒ†–‘›…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ–Š‹…ƒ‰‘Ǧ‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž•—‰‰‡•Ǧ
–‹‘•†—”‹‰Ž—…Š–‹‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‘”•Š‘’ǤŠƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’”‡Ǧ
•‡– –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ƒ– Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ƒ† –Š‡ —„Ž‹… ›’‘•‹— ƒ– Š‹…ƒ‰‘Ǧ‡– ƒ† –Š‡
••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡–—†›‘ˆƒ™ǡ—Ž–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡—ƒ‹–‹‡•ͳ͸–Š—ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ–‹”„‡…
ƒ™…Š‘‘Žǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘†‘Ǥ”‡…‡‹˜‡†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ–„‘–Š…‘ˆ‡”Ǧ
‡…‡•Ǥ„‡‡ˆ‹––‡†‡‘”‘—•Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆƒƒ•–”‡‡ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›ƒ••‹•Ǧ
–ƒ…‡‘ˆŽƒ”‡‹ŽŽ‹•Ǥ
ͳǤ ƒ’–‘‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”ǡWordsAreEnough:TheTroublesomeUseofPhotographs,Maps,and
OtherImagesinSupremeCourtOpinionsǡͳͳͲǤǤǤͳ͹ͲͶȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 31 Side A
‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•—’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—•–‹…‡•ǯ—•‡‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”Œ—†‹Ǧ
…‹ƒŽ‘’‹‹‘•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡•–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†›‡–‹–Šƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†Ž‹––Ž‡
ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ †ƒ–‡Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡™ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‘ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ–
–Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Œ—•–‹…‡• •Š‘—Ž† ‘– —•‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘•Ǣ
”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†‘Ž›—•‡™‘”†•Ǥͳ†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–‹‡•™Š‡
‹ƒ‰‡• …ƒ „‡ ˜‡”› —•‡ˆ—ŽǤ • –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ†ƒ‰‡ •—‰‰‡•–•ǣ Dz ’‹…–—”‡ ‹•
™‘”–Š ƒ –Š‘—•ƒ† ™‘”†•Ǥdz †‘—„–‡†Ž›ǡ ‹ƒ‰‡• ™‹ŽŽ ’Žƒ› ƒ ‰”‘™‹‰
”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ǥ ˜‡ –‘†ƒ›ǡ ‹ƒ‰‡• ƒ”‡ —„‹“—‹–‘—• ‹ ‘—” ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›
Ž‹˜‡•Ȅˆ”‘–Š‡•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ…‡…ƒ‡”ƒ–‘–Š‡…‡ŽŽǦ’Š‘‡…ƒ‡”ƒǤ–‹•‘–
•—”’”‹•‹‰ –‘ ˆ‹† ‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ• ˜‹†‡‘ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘” ‘™‡”Ǧ
‘‹–•Ž‹†‡•ǡ”‡ƒ†‹Ž›ƒ……‡’–‡†ƒ†‡š’‡…–‡†‹–Š‡…‘—”–”‘‘ǤŠ‡Œ—•Ǧ
–‹…‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘‰•–ƒ†‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡‘ˆ‹…Ž—†‹‰‹ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ
Š‹• ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡…‘‡ ˆƒ” ‘”‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡– ‹ –Š‡ …‘‹‰
›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
—•–‹…‡• —•‡ ƒ ƒ””ƒ› ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡› —•‡ –Š‡ ‹
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•Ǥ›‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ‡ƒƒ›ˆ‘”‘ˆ˜‹•—ƒŽ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•—Ǧ
ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡’ƒ‰‡ǡ„—–‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹–‹•ƒƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–‘”
’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š –Šƒ– Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ––ƒ…Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ– –›’‹Ǧ
…ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ’•ǡ ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•ǡ …Šƒ”–•ǡ
‰”ƒ’Š•ǡ†‹ƒ‰”ƒ•ǡ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ǡƒ†–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥƒ”–ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•ƒ’Ǧ
•Š‘– ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• —•‡† †—”‹‰ ƒ –Š‹”–‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 31 Side B
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ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵͵ʹ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
ʹǤ Ͷ͸ʹǤǤ͹ʹͷǡ͹ͶͶƒ’’Ǥȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ
͵Ǥ ͶͻͻǤǤͷͺͷǡ͸Ͳͷƒ’’ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
ͶǤ ͳ͵ͳǤ–ǤͳͻͳͲǡͳͻͶͻǦͷͲȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 31 Side B
’‡”‹‘†ȋͳͻͻ͹ǦʹͲͲͻȌ–Šƒ–•’ƒ•–Š‹”–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š–˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡U.S.ReportsǤ
Š‹•‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ…ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ™Š‹…Šƒ
ƒ™ƒ”‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹–…‘˜‡”•‘Ž›–Š‹”–‡‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
ˆ–‡”’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆŠ‘™‘ˆ–‡–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•—•‡‹ƒ‰‡•
‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…ŠŒ—•–‹…‡•—•‡–Š‡ǡƒ†•’‡…—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ•–‘™Š›ǡ
ˆ‘…—•‘–Š”‡‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹…—•‡•‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡•‹ƒ”–Ǥ‡šƒ‹‡–Š”‡‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘’‹‹‘• ȋ…‘…—””‡…‡ǡ †‹••‡–ǡ ƒ† ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘’‹Ǧ
‹‘Ȍ‹–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–—•‡–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡•Ȃƒ
ƒ’ǡƒƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–ǡƒ†’Š‘–‘•Ǥƒ”–ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ’’‘”Ǧ
–‹‘‡–ƒ’‹Karcherv.Daggettʹǡ–Š‡…”—‹•‡ǦŽ‹‡–‹…‡–‹Carnival
Cruise,Inc.v.Shute͵ǡƒ†–Š‡–Š”‡‡’Š‘–‘•‹Brownv.Plata.Ͷ
Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡…ƒ•‡••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–‹ƒ‰‡•™‘”
‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ™Š‡ –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• ‡š’Žƒ‹ ™Š› –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‹…Ž—†‡†
–Š‡ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡›–Š‹–Š‡›•Š‘™ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘™‘”„‡•–™Š‡–Š‘•‡
Œ—•–‹…‡•™Š‘”‡ƒ…Šƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•—Ž–‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡›™‘”Ž‡ƒ•–‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹…Ž—†Ǧ
‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ™‡”‡ –™‘ ’Š‘–‘• ‹ Brown v. PlataǤ
‹–Š‘—–ƒ›‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›ƒ†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›…‘‡–„›
–Š‡ †‹••‡–ǡ ‹– ”‡ƒ‹• —…Ž‡ƒ” ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –™‘ ’Š‘–‘• ‹ Brown v.
Plataƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘•Š‘™Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡–Š‹”†’Š‘–‘‘ˆƒ•ƒŽŽǡ™‹”‡
…ƒ‰‡™Š‡”‡’”‹•‘‡”•‹–Š‡–Š”‘‡•‘ˆƒ‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š…”‹•‹•ƒ”‡‡’–‹•
“—‹–‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‹‹–••‹’Ž‹…‹–›Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹–„‡ƒ”•ƒ…ƒ’–‹‘–Šƒ–‡šǦ
’Žƒ‹• ™Šƒ– –Š‡ …ƒ‰‡ ‹• —•‡† ˆ‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘’‹‹‘ ‹…Ž—†‡• ƒ
’‘‹‰ƒ–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡’Žƒ…‡†‹•—…Š…ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
ƒ”–ǡ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•ƒ†Šƒ”•‘ˆ•—…Š‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ†”ƒ™Ǧ
‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡–Š”‡‡…ƒ•‡•†‹•…—••‡†‹ƒ”–ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ–ǡ
‘„ƒŽƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ‹…Ž—†‹‰‹ƒ‰‡•‘—–™‡‹‰Š–Š‡Šƒ”•ǡ†‘
•‡‡’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘†‘Šƒ”Ǥƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™
™Š‡”‡ ‡‘–‹‘• ”— Š‹‰Š ƒ† ’—„Ž‹… ‘’‹‹‘ ‹• †‡‡’Ž› †‹˜‹†‡†ǡ –Š‡
Œ—•–‹…‡•‡‡†–‘„‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›…ƒ”‡ˆ—Žƒ„‘—––Š‡’Š‘–‘•–Š‡›•‡Ž‡…–Ǥ–
‹•‘–Šƒ”†–‘‹ƒ‰‹‡–Šƒ–ƒ’Š‘–‘‘ƒ†‹˜‹•‹˜‡•—„Œ‡…–ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒ„‘”Ǧ
–‹‘ ‘” –Š‡ †‡ƒ–Š ’‡ƒŽ–›ǡ …ƒ ‡Ž‹…‹– •–”‘‰ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡•
‡‡†–‘’”‘…‡‡†™‹–Š…ƒ—–‹‘ǤŠ‡—•‡‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡••Š‘—Ž†…‘˜‡›‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™‘”†•ƒŽ‘‡…ƒ‘–…‘˜‡›ǤŠ‡’‘‹–‹•–‘ˆ‘•–‡”†‹•…—•Ǧ
•‹‘ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡ǡ‘––‘‘„•…—”‡‹–Ǥ—•–ƒ•–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•…Š‘‘•‡–Š‡™‘”†•
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 32 Side A
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ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
͵͵͵
‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ•‘–‘‘—•––Š‡›•‡Ž‡…––Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”
‘’‹‹‘•…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ
Ǥ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Œ—•–‹…‡• Šƒ˜‡ —•‡† ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹”
Œ—†‹…‹ƒŽ‘’‹‹‘••‹…‡–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡‘—”–ǡͷ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡
Šƒ• „—”‰‡‘‡† ‹ ‘†‡” –‹‡•Ǥ ‡ …‘‡–ƒ–‘” ‘–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡
™‡”‡ ˆ‡™ ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘’‹‹‘• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ –‡Ǧ
—”‡‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ—•–‹…‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡ͸™Š‹…Š„‡‰ƒ‹ͳͺͲͳƒ†‡†‡†‹ͳͺ͵ͷǤ
‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ—…‹–›‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡•†—”‹‰–Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž›–‹‡’‡”‹‘†
™ƒ•–Šƒ–’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘—”–‘’‹‹‘•™ƒ•‘ˆDz†—„‹‘—•’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡdzƒ†
‹ˆ –Š‡ ‘—”– ƒ†‡ –Š‡ –ƒ• –‘‘ „—”†‡•‘‡ „› ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‡š’‡•‹˜‡
‹ƒ‰‡• –Š‡ ‘ ‡’‘”–‡” ‘ˆ ‡…‹•‹‘• ™‘—Ž† ’—„Ž‹•Š –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ͹ –
™ƒ•‘–—–‹Ž–Š‡‡’‘”–‡”ǯ•…–‘ˆͳͺͳ͹–Šƒ–‡’‘”–‡”•‡˜‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ
•ƒŽŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– •ƒŽƒ”›Ǥͺ ‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”• ™Š‘
•–”—‰‰Ž‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ ‹ „—•‹‡••Ǥ ˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ …–ǡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹…‡ ‘ˆ ‡Ǧ
’‘”–‡” ”‡ƒ‹‡† Dzƒ Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ǡ ƒ† ’”‡…ƒ”‹‘—•Ž›ǡ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ‘‡Ǥdzͻ
Š—•ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‘– –Šƒ– Œ—•–‹…‡• †‹† ‘– ™ƒ– –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹”
‘’‹‹‘•ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡›™‡”‡”‡Ž—…–ƒ––‘†‘•‘„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•–‹–
‹’‘•‡†‘–Š‡‡’‘”–‡”ǤͳͲ
Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡‹•‘…‘’‡†‹—‘ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–…ƒ•Ǧ
‡• –Šƒ– …‘–ƒ‹ ‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ ˆ‡™ ƒ––‡’–• –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›
•‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‘•• ƒ˜‹‡• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡…‡– …ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š
‹ƒ‰‡•ȋˆ”‘ʹͲͲͳǦʹͲͳʹȌǡ„—– Š‡†‹†‘–…Žƒ‹ –Šƒ–Š‹•Ž‹•– ™ƒ•…‘Ǧ
’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ǥͳͳ ƒ’–‘ ‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡™ ™”‹–‡”• –‘ ˆ‘…—• ‘
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͷǤ Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–‹ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–›”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ••‹•–ƒ–™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘—…‘˜‡”„›•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰–Š‡U.S.
Reports ™ƒ• Geyer v. Michelǡ ͵ ǤǤ ȋ͵ƒŽŽǤȌ ʹͺͷǡ ʹͻ͵ Ǥȗȋͳ͹ͻ͸Ȍ ȋ…‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ …‘‹••‹‘ ƒ†
‡†‘”•‡‡–•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‡”‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† Dz–‘ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –‘ ‰”ƒ–‹ˆ› …—”‹‘•‹–› ƒ– ƒ
ˆ—–—”‡ ’‡”‹‘†dzȌǤ Š‡ ‡š– ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ‹ Jones v. Le Tombeǡ ͵ ǤǤ ȋ͵ƒŽŽǤȌ ͵ͺͶǡ ͵ͺͶ ȋͳ͹ͻͺȌ
ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒˆ‘”‘ˆƒ„‹ŽŽ‘ˆ‡š…Šƒ‰‡ȌǤ
͸Ǥ ‘•• Ǥ ƒ˜‹‡•ǡ From the Bag: Marshall’s Maps, the ǤǤ ‡’‘”–•, and the New Judicial
Restraintǡ ͳͷ ʹ ͶͶͷǡ ͶͶͻ ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ ƒ˜‹‡• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –™‘ …ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ‹ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡
‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ ‘’‹‹‘• †—”‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹…‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǯ• –‡—”‡ǣ Žƒ” ˜Ǥ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ʹͷ ǤǤ ͶͲǡ ͶͶ
ȋͳͺʹ͹ȌȋŽ‘––‡”›–‹…‡–Ȍƒ†‡…Šƒ‹…•ǯƒ‘ˆŽ‡šƒ†”‹ƒ˜Ǥƒ‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒǡͳͺǤǤ͵ʹ͸ǡ͵ʹ͹
ȋͳͺʹͲȌȋ„ƒ…Š‡…ȌǤ
͹Ǥ ƒ˜‹‡•ǡsupra‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶͶͺǤ
ͺǤ …–‘ˆƒ”Ǥ͵ǡͳͺͳ͹ǡ…ŠǤ͸͵ǡ͵–ƒ–Ǥ͵͹͸Ǥ
ͻǤ ƒ˜‹‡•ǡsupra‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶͶͻǤ
ͳͲǤ ƒ˜‹‡• ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹…‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ †‹•’Žƒ›‡† Š‹• ’”‘’‡•‹–› ˆ‘” ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Žƒ˜‹•Š
‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ ‘–Š‡” –‡š–• Š‡ ™”‘–‡ǡ •—…Š ƒ• The Life ofGeorge Washingtonǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ††‡† …‘•–•
†‹† ‘– …‘‡ ‘—– ‘ˆ Š‹• ’‘…‡–Ǥ Id. ƒ– ͶͶ͹ǦͶͺǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ Š‡ †‹† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ™‘””› ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‹•„‘‘’—„Ž‹•Š‡”ǡƒ•Š‡†‹†™‹–Š–Š‡‡’‘”–‡”‘ˆ‡…‹•‹‘•Ǥ
ͳͳǤ ƒ˜‹‡•‡–‹‘‡†‡‹‰Š–…ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘ʹͲͲͳǦʹͲͳʹǣ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•˜ǤŽŽ‹‘‹•ǡͷ͸͹ǤǤȂǡ•Ž‹’‘’Ǥƒ–
ͳ͸ǦͳͺȋʹͲͳʹȌǢ”‘™˜ǤŽƒ–ƒǡͳ͵ͳǤ–ǤͳͻͳͲǡͳͻͶͻǦͷͲȋʹͲͳͳȌǢ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜Ǥ–‡˜‡•ǡͷͷͻǤǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 32 Side A
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 32 Side B
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ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵͵Ͷ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
–Š‹• –‘’‹…ǡ ™”‘–‡ ƒ …‘‡–ƒ”›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ The Harvard
LawReview‹ͳͻͻ͹ǤͳʹŠ‹•…‘‡–ƒ”›ǡŠ‡‹…Ž—†‡†ƒˆ‘‘–‘–‡Ž‹•–Ǧ
‹‰ –‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– …ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥͳ͵  Š‹• –”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ Š‡
‡–‹‘‡† ƒ‘–Š‡” ‡Ž‡˜‡ …ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ‹ƒ‰‡•ǤͳͶ ‡ǡ –‘‘ǡ †‹† ‘– …Žƒ‹
–Šƒ– Š‹• …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –™‡–›Ǧ‘‡ …ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ‹ƒ‰‡• ™ƒ• …‘’”‡Š‡Ǧ
•‹˜‡ǡ„—–‹–†‘‡•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ǥ
‘”†‡”–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•ƒ’•Š‘–˜‹‡™‘ˆŠ‘™‘ˆ–‡Œ—•–‹…‡•—•‡‹Ǧ
ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•ǡ†‡…‹†‡†–‘„—‹Ž†—’‘–Š‡™‘”–Šƒ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”
Šƒ††‘‡Ǥ”‘ͳͻͻ͹ǡ™Š‡‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Š‹•…‘‡–ƒ”›ǡ—–‹Ž
ʹͲͲͻǡ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡‘•–”‡…‡–˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆU.S.Reports–Šƒ–‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ
–Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ –™‡–›Ǧ–Š”‡‡ …ƒ•‡•ǡ •’ƒ‹‰ –Š‹”–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š– ˜‘Ž—‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
U.S.Reportsǡ–Šƒ–—•‡†‹ƒ‰‡•ǤͳͷŠ‹•Ž‹•–‹•…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•–Š‹”Ǧ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 32 Side B
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Ȃǡ•Ž‹’‘’Ǥƒ–ʹͳȋʹͲͳͲȌǢ—”Ž‹‰–‘ǤƬƒ–ƒ‡›Ǥ‘Ǥ˜Ǥ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡͷͷ͸ǤǤͷͻͻǡ͸ʹͲȋʹͲͲͻȌǢ
ƒ”‡–• ˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –›Ǥ …ŠǤ ˜Ǥ ‡ƒ––Ž‡ …ŠǤ ‹•–Ǥ ‘Ǥ ͳǡ ͷͷͳ ǤǤ ͹Ͳͳǡ ͺͳͷǡ ͺ͸ͻǦ͹ʹ ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ ƒ
”†‡˜Ǥ‡””›ǡͷͶͷǤǤ͸͹͹ǡ͹Ͳ͸ƒ’’ǤǦȋʹͲͲͷȌǢid.ƒ–͹͵͸ƒ’’ǤǢŽƒ•ƒ˜Ǥ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡͷͶͷǤǤ
͹ͷǡ ͳͳʹ ƒ’’Ǥ Ǧ ȋʹͲͲͷȌǢ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ˜Ǥ ‹–‡† ‘‘†•ǡ …Ǥǡ ͷ͵͵ ǤǤ ͶͲͷǡ Ͷ͵Ͳ ƒ’’ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ See
ƒ˜‹‡•ǡsupra‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶͷͳǤʹͳƬƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǣid.ƒ–ͶͷʹǤʹͶǦʹͷǤ
ͳʹǤ ‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ͳǡƒ–ͳ͹ͲͶǤ
ͳ͵Ǥ  ƒ ˆ‘‘–‘–‡ǡ id. ƒ– ͳ͹Ͳͷ Ǥͻǡ ‡ŽŽ‹‰‡” ‹…Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ …ƒ•‡•ǣ ‹ŽŽ‡” ˜Ǥ ‘Š•‘ǡ
ͳͳͷǤ–ǤʹͶ͹ͷǡʹͶͻͷǦͻ͸ǡʹͷͲͺǦͲͻȋͳͻͻͷȌǢƒ”‹˜ƒŽ”—‹•‡‹‡•ǡ…Ǥ˜ǤŠ—–‡ǡͶͻͻǤǤͷͺͷǡ͸Ͳͷ
ƒ’’ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǡ
”‡‡”˜Ǥ’‘…ǡͶʹͶǤǤͺʹͺǡͺ͹ͳǦ͹ʹȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǢ‡›‡•˜Ǥ…ŠǤ‹•–Ǥ‘ǤͳǡͶͳ͵ǤǤͳͺͻǡ
ʹͳͶƒ’’Ǥȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǢ•–‡•˜Ǥ‡šƒ•ǡ͵ͺͳǤǤͷ͵ʹǡͷͺ͸ƒ’’Ǥȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǢ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜ǤƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ͵ͺͳǤǤ
ͳ͵ͻǡ ʹͳʹ ƒ’’Ǥ Ǧ ȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǢ ‘‹ŽŽ‹‘ ˜Ǥ ‹‰Š–ˆ‘‘–ǡ ͵͸Ͷ ǤǤ ͵͵ͻǡ ͵Ͷͺ ȋͳͻ͸ͲȌǢ ‘Ž‡‰”‘˜‡ ˜Ǥ ”‡‡ǡ
͵ʹͺǤǤͷͶͻǡͷ͸ͲǦ͸͵ȋͳͻͶ͸ȌǢǤƒ…Ǥ‘Ǥ˜Ǥ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ͵Ͳ͹ǤǤ͵ͻ͵ǡͶͲʹǦͲ͵ȋͳͻ͵ͻȌǢ’’Ž‡„›˜Ǥ
‹–›‘ˆǤǤǡʹ͹ͳǤǤ͵͸Ͷǡ͵͸ͺǦ͸ͻȋͳͻʹ͸ȌǤ
ͳͶǤ Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ …ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ‹ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ– ‡ŽŽ‹‰‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ Š‹• –”‘†—…–‹‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ǣ
Šƒ™ ˜Ǥ —–ǡ ͳͳ͸ Ǥ –Ǥ ͳͺͻͶǡ ͳͺͻͻ ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǢ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ˜Ǥ ƒ›•ǡ ͳͳͷ Ǥ –Ǥ ʹͶ͵ͳǡ ʹͶ͵ͺǦ͵ͻ
ȋͳͻͻͷȌǢƒ’‹–‘Ž“—ƒ”‡‡˜‹‡™Ƭ†˜‹•‘”›†Ǥ˜Ǥ‹‡––‡ǡͳͳͷǤ–ǤʹͶͶͲǡʹͶ͸͵Ǧ͸ͶȋͳͻͻͷȌǢŠƒ™˜Ǥ
‡‘ǡͷͲͻǤǤ͸͵Ͳǡ͸ͷͺȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǢ–›Ǥ‘ˆŽŽ‡‰Š‡›˜ǤǡͶͻʹǤǤͷ͹͵ǡ͸ʹʹȋͳͻͺͻȌǢ‹••‹••‹’’‹
˜Ǥ”ƒ•ƒ•ǡͶͳͷǤǤʹͺͻǡ͵Ͳʹȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǢ”ƒ•ƒ•˜Ǥ‡‡••‡‡ǡ͵ͻ͹ǤǤͻͳǡͻʹƒ’’•Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͲȌǢƒ‘Ǧ
˜‡”Š‘‡ǡ…Ǥ˜Ǥ‹–‡†Š‘‡ƒ…ŠǤ‘”’Ǥǡ͵ͻʹǤǤͶͺͳǡͷͳ͵ȋͳͻ͸ͺȌǢ
”ƒŠƒ˜Ǥ‘Š‡‡”‡‘Ǥ‘ˆ
ƒ•ƒ•‹–›ǡ͵ͺ͵ǤǤͳǡ͵͹ƒ’’Ǥȋͳͻ͸͸ȌǢǤǤ‹‡•‘Ǥ˜Ǥ—ŽŽ‹˜ƒǡ͵͹͸ǤǤʹͷͶǡʹͻʹȋͳͻ͸ͶȌǢ‹•Ǧ
•‘—”‹˜Ǥ‘™ƒǡͳ͸ͷǤǤͳͳͺǡͳʹͶǡͳͶʹȋͳͺͻ͹ȌǤ‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ͳǡƒ–ͳ͹ͲͷǤʹǦ͸ǡͺƬƒ……‘Ǧ
’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǣid.ƒ–ͳ͹Ͳ͸ǤͳͳǢid.ƒ–ͳ͹ͲͺǤʹ͸Ǥ
ͳͷǤ › ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ••‹•–ƒ– ™‡– –Š”‘—‰Š ‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͵ͺ ˜‘Ž—‡• ‘ˆ U.S. Reports –Šƒ– ™‡”‡
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„‡–™‡‡ͳͻͻ͹–Š”‘—‰ŠʹͲͲͻ‹…Ž—•‹˜‡ǡƒ†…‘’Ž‡–‡†ƒ…‘†‹‰•Š‡‡–ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š˜‘Ž—‡
‹™Š‹…ŠŠ‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ›…ƒ•‡–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡…‘†‹‰•Š‡‡–‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡…ƒ•‡…‹–ƒǦ
–‹‘ǡ ƒ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ƒ† …‘’› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ™Š‘ ™”‘–‡ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ‰‡ ‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡
‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ …ƒ•‡•ǣ Burlington N.ǡ ͷͷ͸ ǤǤ ƒ– ͸ʹͲǢ Parents
Involved in Cmty. Sch.ǡ ͷͷͳ ǤǤ ƒ– ͺͳͷǡ ͺ͸ͻǡ ͺ͹Ͳǡ ͺ͹ͳǡ ͺ͹ʹǢ Van Ordenǡ ͷͶͷ ǤǤ ƒ– ͹Ͳ͸ ƒ’’Ǥ Ǧǡ
͹͵͸ǢAlaskav.UnitedStatesǡͷͶͷǤǤƒ–ͳͳʹƒ’’ǤǦǢ‹‡–Š˜Ǥ—„‡Ž‹”‡”ǡͷͶͳǤǤʹ͸͹ǡ͵ͶʹȋʹͲͲͶȌǢ
‹‡ǡ…Ǥ˜Ǥƒ•›ǡͷ͵ͻǤǤ͸ͷͶǡ͸ͺͷǦͺ͸ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǢ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•˜Ǥ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡͷ͵ͷǤǤͻͳͳǡͻʹʹƒ’’Ǥ
ǦȋʹͲͲʹȌǢ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜Ǥ”˜‹œ—ǡͷ͵ͶǤǤʹ͸͸ǡʹ͹ͺƒ’’ǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǢ˜‡”–‘˜ǤŠ‹‘ǡͷ͵ͶǤǤͻͺʹǡ
ͻͺ͸ȋʹͲͲͳȌǢUnitedFoods,Inc.ǡͷ͵͵ǤǤƒ–Ͷ͵Ͳƒ’’ǤǢ›ŽŽ‘˜Ǥ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡͷ͵͵ǤǤʹ͹ǡͷʹȋʹͲͲͳȌǢ
‡™ƒ’•Š‹”‡ ˜Ǥƒ‹‡ǡͷ͵ʹǤǤ͹Ͷʹǡ͹ͷ͸ƒ’’ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǢƒ•Ž‡›˜Ǥ”‘ƒ”–‹‡ǡͷ͵ʹǤǤʹ͵Ͷǡʹͷͺ
ƒ’’ǤǦȋʹͲͲͳȌǢ‰‡ŽŠ‘ˆˆ˜Ǥ‰‡ŽŠ‘ˆˆǡͷ͵ʹǤǤͳͶͳǡͳ͸ͳȋʹͲͲͳȌǢ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜ǤŽƒ•ƒǡͷ͵ͲǤǤ
ͳͲʹͳǡ ͳͳͺͲ ƒ’’ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǢ —„Ǥ ƒ†• ‘—…‹Ž ˜Ǥ ƒ„„‹––ǡ ͷʹͻ ǤǤ ͹ʹͺǡ ͹͵͹ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǢ‡™ ‡”•‡› ˜Ǥ
‡™ ‘”ǡ ͷʹ͸ ǤǤ ͷͺͻǡ ͸Ͳʹ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǢ —– ˜Ǥ ”‘ƒ”–‹‡ǡ ͷʹ͸ ǤǤ ͷͶͳǡ ͷͷͶ ƒ’’Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǢ —Š‘
‹”‡ ‘Ǥ ˜Ǥ ƒ”‹…Šƒ‡Žǡ ͷʹ͸ ǤǤ ͳ͵͹ǡ ͳͶ͵ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǢ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ˜Ǥ ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ ͷʹͷ ǤǤ ͳǡ ͵ʹ ƒ’’Ǥ
ȋͳͻͻͺȌǢ‡™‡”•‡›˜Ǥ‡™‘”ǡͷʹ͵ǤǤ͹͸͹ǡͺʹͲȋͳͻͻͺȌǢ„”ƒ•˜Ǥ‘Š•‘ǡͷʹͳǤǤ͹ͶǡͳͲʹ
ƒ’’ǤǡͳʹͲȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǢ…Š‡…˜Ǥ”‘ǦŠ‘‹…‡‡–™‘”‘ˆǤǤǤǡͷͳͻǤǤ͵ͷ͹ǡͶͲͷǦͲ͹ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 33 Side A
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ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
͵͵ͷ
–‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ” –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ‘’‹‹‘• ™‹–Š
‹ƒ‰‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–™‘…ƒ•‡•–Š‡”‡™‡”‡–™‘Œ—•–‹…‡•™Š‘™”‘–‡•‡’ƒǦ
”ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ† ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘•Ǥͳ͸ Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡
…ƒ•‡ǡ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District
No. 1ǡͳ͹ ‹ ™Š‹…Š —•–‹…‡ ”‡›‡” ‹…Ž—†‡† ˆ‹˜‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ Š‹•
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–‡‡ƒ’•ǡͳͻ•‡˜‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•ǡʹͲ–Š”‡‡’Š‘–‘•ǡʹͳ‡‹‰Š–…Šƒ”–•‘”‰”ƒ’Š•ǡʹʹ
ƒ† ˆ‘—” †‹ƒ‰”ƒ•Ǥʹ͵ Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• ™Š‘ —•‡† ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘•
‹…Ž—†‡†—•–‹…‡”‡›‡”ȋ–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡‹ƒ‰‡•‹–™‡Ž˜‡‘’‹‹‘•ȌǡʹͶ—•Ǧ
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 33 Side A
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ͳ͸Ǥ SeeVanOrdenǡͷͶͷǤǤƒ–͹Ͳ͸ƒ’’ǤǦȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤǡ…‘…—””‹‰‹Œ—†‰‡–Ȍȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰
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Abrams,ͷʹͳǤǤƒ–ͳͲʹƒ’’Ǥȋ‡‡†›ǡǤǡƒŒ‘”‹–›‘’‹‹‘Ȍȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒˆ‘Ž†Ǧ‘—–ƒ’Ȍid.ƒ–ͳʹͲ
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ͳ͹Ǥ ͷͷͳǤǤƒ–͹ͲͳǤ
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ͳͻǤ See Burlington N.ǡ ͷͷ͸ ǤǤ ƒ– ͸ʹͲǢ Van Orden, ͷͶͷ ǤǤ ƒ– ͹Ͳ͸ ƒ’’Ǥ Ǣ Alaska v. United
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ʹ͹ͺƒ’’ǤǢNewHampshirev.Maineǡͷ͵ʹǤǤƒ–͹ͷ͸ƒ’’ǤǢEasleyǡͷ͵ʹǤǤƒ–ʹͷͺƒ’’ǤǦȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰
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Huntǡͷʹ͸ǤǤƒ–ͷͷͶƒ’’ǤǢUnitedStatesv.LouisianaǡͷʹͷǤǤƒ–͵ʹƒ’’ǤǢAbramsǡͷʹͳǤǤƒ–ͳͲʹ
ƒ’’ǤǢid.ƒ–ͳʹͲǤ
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ʹͳǤ SeeVanOrdenǡͷͶͷǤǤƒ–͹Ͳ͸ƒ’’ǤǢid.ƒ–͹͵͸Ǣ›ŽŽ‘˜Ǥ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡͷ͵͵ǤǤʹ͹ǡͷʹ
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͹ʹͺǡ͹͵͹ȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ
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ʹͶǤ See Parents Involved in Cmty. SchǤǡ ͷͷͳ ǤǤ ƒ– ͺͳͷ ȋ”‡›‡”ǡ Ǥǡ †‹••‡–‹‰Ȍ ȋ‡™•’ƒ’‡”
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ǤǤƒ–͹Ͳ͸ƒ’’ǤǦȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤǡ…‘…—””‹‰‹–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–Ȍȋ‘‡’Š‘–‘ƒ†‘‡ƒ’ȌǢNikeǡͷ͵ͻ
ǤǤ ƒ– ͸ͺͷǦͺ͸ ȋ”‡›‡”ǡ Ǥǡ †‹••‡–‹‰ ˆ”‘ †‹•‹••ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™”‹– ƒ• ‹’”‘˜‹†‡–Ž› ‰”ƒ–‡†Ȍ ȋ–™‘
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ȋ™ƒ””ƒ–ȌǢ United Foods, Inc.ǡ ͷ͵͵ ǤǤ ƒ– Ͷ͵Ͳ ƒ’’Ǥ ȋ”‡›‡”ǡ Ǥǡ †‹••‡–‹‰Ȍ ȋ—•Š”‘‘ ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡Ǧ
‡–ȌǢEasleyǡͷ͵ʹǤǤƒ–ʹͷͺƒ’’ǤǦȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤȌȋˆ‘—”ƒ’•ȌǢEgelhoffǡͷ͵ʹǤǤƒ–ͳ͸ͳȋ”‡›‡”ǡ
Ǥǡ†‹••‡–‹‰Ȍȋ„‡‡ˆ‹…‹ƒ”›ˆ‘”ȌǢPub.LandsCouncilǡͷʹͻǤǤƒ–͹͵͹ȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤȌȋ‰”ƒ’ŠȌǢKumho
Tireǡͷʹ͸ǤǤƒ–ͳͶ͵ȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤȌȋ†‹ƒ‰”ƒȌǢAbramsǡͷʹͳǤǤƒ–ͳʹͲȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰Ȍȋƒ’ȌǢ
Schenckǡ ͷͳͻ ǤǤ ƒ– ͶͲͷǦͲ͹ ȋ”‡›‡”ǡ Ǥǡ …‘…—””‹‰ ‹ ’ƒ”– ƒ† †‹••‡–‹‰ ‹ ’ƒ”–Ȍ ȋ–Š”‡‡ †‹ƒǦ
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ǤȌȋƒ’ȌǢVanOrdenǡͷͶͷǤǤƒ–͹͵͸ƒ’’Ǥȋ–‡˜‡•ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰Ȍȋ’Š‘–‘ȌǢ‹‡–Š˜Ǥ—„‡Ž‹”‡”ǡͷͶͳ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 33 Side B
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CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
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”‡…‡‹–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–ǡ͵ʹ‘‡…‘…—””‡…‡‹’ƒ”–ƒ††‹••‡–‹’ƒ”–ǡ͵͵
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 33 Side B
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ǤǤʹ͸͹ǡ͵ͶʹȋʹͲͲͶȌȋ–‡˜‡•ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰Ȍȋƒ’ȌǢKylloǡͷ͵͵ǤǤƒ–ͷʹȋ–‡˜‡•ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰Ȍ
ȋ’Š‘–‘ȌǢNewJerseyv.NewYorkǡͷʹ͵ǤǤƒ–ͺʹͲȋ–‡˜‡•ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰ȌȋŽƒ†‹‰…ƒ”†ȌǤ
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AbramsǡͷʹͳǤǤƒ–ͳͲʹȋ‡‡†›ǡǤȌȋƒ’ȌǤ
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ȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰ȌǢid.ƒ–ͺͳͷǢid.ƒ–ͺ͸ͻǢid.ƒ–ͺ͹ͲǢid.ƒ–ͺ͹ͳǢid.ƒ–ͺ͹ʹǢVanOrdenǡͷͶͷǤǤƒ–
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ƒ’’Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͳȌ ȋ”‡›‡”ǡ Ǥǡ †‹••‡–‹‰ȌǢ ›ŽŽ‘ ˜Ǥ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ǡ ͷ͵͵ ǤǤ ʹ͹ǡ ͷʹ ȋʹͲͲͳȌ ȋ–‡˜‡•ǡ Ǥǡ
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 34 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 34 Side A
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†‡–Ž› ‰”ƒ–‡†ȌǢ Williamsǡ ͷ͵ͷ ǤǤ ƒ– ͻʹʹ ƒ’’Ǥ Ǧ ȋ”‡›‡”ǡ Ǥǡ †‹••‡–‹‰ ˆ”‘ †‡‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ …‡”–ǤȌǢ
Overtonǡͷ͵ͶǤǤƒ–ͻͺ͸ȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘†‡‹ƒŽ‘ˆ…‡”–ǤȌǤ
͵ͻǤ —•–‹…‡ ”‡›‡” ™ƒ• ƒ Œ—†‰‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘—”– ‘ˆ ’’‡ƒŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹”•– ‹”…—‹– ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡™
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 34 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
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05/13/2013 14:40:30
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ʹͲͳ͵Ȍȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤȌȋ–™‘’Š‘–‘•ȌǢ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•˜ǤŽŽ‹‘‹•ǡ‘ǤͳͲǦͺͷͲͷǡ•Ž‹’‘’Ǥͳǡͳ͸ǦͳͺȋǤ–Ǥ—‡ͳͺǡ
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ȋ–Š”‡‡’Š‘–‘•ȌǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 34 Side B
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•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹…Ž—†‡ ƒ’• ‹ ”‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡– …ƒ•‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ‘ˆ–‡
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 35 Side A
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ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
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Karcher v. DaggettǡͶͺ ƒ ”‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡– …ƒ•‡ǡ ‹…Ž—†‡• ƒ ƒ’ ‘ˆ
‡™ ‡”•‡›ǯ• ”‡˜‹•‡† †‹•–”‹…–• –‘ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™
†‹•–”‹…–•™ƒ•ƒ…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•‹Š‹•…‘…—”Ǧ
”‹‰‘’‹‹‘Ͷͻƒ†—•–‹…‡‘™‡ŽŽ‹Š‹•†‹••‡–‹‰‘’‹‹‘ǡͷͲ™‡”‡™‹ŽŽǦ
‹‰ –‘ –ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ’ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ ‘—”–ǯ•
‘’‹‹‘Ǥͷͳ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ’™ƒ•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†
™ƒ•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹–Š‡–‡š–‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ
Mapfromƒ”…Š‡”˜Ǥƒ‰‰‡––
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 35 Side A
ͶͺǤ
ͶͻǤ
ͷͲǤ
ͷͳǤ
Ͷ͸ʹǤǤ͹ʹͷȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ
Id.ƒ–͹ͷͷǤ
Id.ƒ–͹ͺ͸Ǥ
Id.ƒ–͹ͶͶƒ’’Ǥ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 35 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵ͶͲ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͷʹǤ Id.ƒ–͹ʹ͹Ǥ
ͷ͵Ǥ Id.ƒ–͹ʹͺǤ
ͷͶǤ Id.ƒ–͹͵ʹǤ
ͷͷǤ Id.ƒ–͹ʹͺȋDzƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡–‹•ƒ’’‡†‡†infraǤdzȌǤ
ͷ͸Ǥ See ǡ supra ‘–‡ ͵͸ǡ ƒ– ͳͲ͵ ȋDz• ƒ ‰Žƒ…‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ’ ƒ––ƒ…Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ‘„˜‹‘—• ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”ǤdzȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹…‡ —”‰‡” ™ƒ• …‘…‡”‡†
ƒ„‘—––Š‡…‘•–‘ˆƒ††‹‰ƒƒ’–‘–Š‡‘’‹‹‘ǡ„—–—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‹–„›’‘‹–‹‰‘—––Šƒ–
Š‡Šƒ†‘Ž›–™‘Žƒ™…Ž‡”•ǡƒ†–Š—•ǡŠ‡•ƒ˜‡†–Š‡‘—”–‘‡›„›‘–Š‹”‹‰–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽƒŽŽ‘–‡–‘ˆ
–Š”‡‡Žƒ™…Ž‡”•ǤSeeƒ”‘Ž‡‡ǡReminiscencesofJusticeStevensbyHisLawClerks:ThreeMemoraǦ
ble Opinionsǡ ͻͶ ͻ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ȋDzŠ‡ …Š‹‡ˆ Œ—•–‹…‡ ‘„Œ‡…–‡† –Šƒ– ȏ–Š‡ ƒ’Ȑ ™‘—Ž† „‡ –‘‘
‡š’‡•‹˜‡Ǥ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•”‡•’‘†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡š–”ƒ’”‹–‹‰…‘•–™ƒ•Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ‘—––Šƒ–Š‡
•ƒ˜‡†–Š‡‘—”–„›Šƒ˜‹‰‘Ž›–™‘Žƒ™…Ž‡”•ǤdzȌǤ
ͷ͹Ǥ ƒ”…Š‡”˜Ǥƒ‰‰‡––ǡͶ͸ʹǤǤ͹ʹͷǡ͹ͷͺȋͳͻͺ͵ȌȋDz†”ƒ•–‹…†‡’ƒ”–—”‡•ˆ”‘…‘’ƒ…–‡••ƒ”‡
ƒ•‹‰ƒŽ–Šƒ–•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ›„‡ƒ‹••dzȌǤ
ͷͺǤ Id.ƒ–͹ͷͷǤ
ͷͻǤ Id.ƒ–͹͸ʹȋ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘•‘‹––‡†ȌǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 35 Side B
Š‡…ƒ•‡ƒ”‘•‡‹‡™‡”•‡›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ…‡•—•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ƒ†‡Ǧ
…”‡ƒ•‡‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒŽ‘••‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ‡™‡”•‡›ǯ••‡ƒ–•‹–Š‡
ǤǤ‘—•‡‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ǤͷʹŠ‡‡™‡”•‡›‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ‹™Š‹…Š
„‘–ŠŠ‘—•‡•™‡”‡…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†„›‡‘…”ƒ–•ǡƒ†–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•
ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‡‘…”ƒ–ǡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ƒ……‡’–‡† ƒ ’Žƒǡ ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡Ž†ƒ
Žƒǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹•–”‹…–• Šƒ† ƒ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ ‹ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥͷ͵ Š‡
˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡™ƒ•—†‡”‘‡’‡”…‡–ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒǯ•†‡ˆ‡†‡”•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–‹–
™ƒ• †‡ ‹‹‹•ǤͷͶ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‡™ ‡”•‡› ‡’—„Ž‹…ƒ
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǤǤ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‹
ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”–ǤŠ‡–Š”‡‡ǦŒ—†‰‡†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”–Š‡Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡’Žƒ
˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†–Š‡“—ƒŽ”‘–‡…–‹‘Žƒ—•‡ǡƒ†–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒˆˆ‹”‡†Ǥ
Š‡ ‘—”– ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’Žƒ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‡† –Š‡ “—ƒŽ ”‘–‡…–‹‘
Žƒ—•‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–’‡”‹––‡†˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡•ǡƒŽ„‡‹–•ƒŽŽǡ‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
•‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‡™ ‡”•‡› ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
™‹–Š‘—–Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‰‘‘†Ǧˆƒ‹–Š‡ˆˆ‘”–‘”ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡•–ƒ–‡‘„Œ‡…Ǧ
–‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ’Žƒ–Šƒ–’‡”‹––‡†‡˜‡ƒ•ƒŽŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡ƒǦ
Œ‘”‹–›‘’‹‹‘”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ǡ„—–†‘‡•‘–†‹•…—••ǡ–Š‡ƒ’–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ–
–Š‡‡†‘ˆ‹–•‘’‹‹‘ǡƒ†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡ˆ‘”‡—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ǯ…‘…—”Ǧ
”‹‰‘’‹‹‘Ǥͷͷ
—•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡• Šƒ† •‘—‰Š– –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ƒ’ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• ‹–‡Ǧ
‰”ƒŽ –‘ Š‹• ’‘‹– ƒ„‘—– ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰Ǥͷ͸ —•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡• Œ‘‹‡† –Š‡
ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǯ• Š‘Ž†‹‰ǡ „—– ™”‘–‡ ƒ …‘…—””‡…‡ –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ Š‹• ˜‹‡™•Ǥ ŽǦ
–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹—„‡”•™ƒ•‡›–‘ƒ”‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘Ǧ
‡– –Šƒ– ™ƒ• …‘•‹•–‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ “—ƒŽ ”‘–‡…–‹‘ Žƒ—•‡ǡ Š‡ ƒŽ•‘
•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–—„‡”•†‹†‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•–‡ŽŽ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡•–‘”›ǤŠ‡•Šƒ’‡•
‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–•…‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰Ǥͷ͹Š‹•˜‹‡™ǡDz†”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›‹”Ǧ
”‡‰—Žƒ”dzͷͺ ‘” Dz„‹œƒ””‡dzͷͻ …‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘• …‘—Ž† „‡ ‹†‹…‹ƒ ‘ˆ ‰‡””›ƒǦ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 36 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
͵Ͷͳ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
͸ͲǤ Id.ƒ–͹͸͵Ǥ
͸ͳǤ Id.ƒ–͹ͷͷȋ“—‘–‹‰—•–‹…‡–‡™ƒ”–‹ƒ…‘„‡ŽŽ‹•˜ǤŠ‹‘ǡ͵͹ͺǤǤͳͺͶǡͳͻ͹ȋͳͻ͸ͶȌȌǤ
͸ʹǤ Id.ƒ–͹͸ͷȋDz…ƒ‘–…‘…Ž—†‡™‹–Šƒ„•‘Ž—–‡…‡”–ƒ‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡‡™‡”•‡›’Žƒ™ƒ• ƒ
—…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹•ƒ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”ǤdzȌǤ
͸͵Ǥ Id.ƒ–͹ͺ͸Ǥ
͸ͶǤ Id.ƒ–͹ͺ͹ȋ“—‘–‹‰‡›‘Ž†•˜Ǥ‹•ǡ͵͹͹ǤǤͷ͵͵ǡͷ͸ͷȋͳͻ͸ͶȌȌǤ
͸ͷ. Id.
͸͸Ǥ Id. ƒ– ͹ͺͻ ȋ‘™‡ŽŽǡ Ǥǡ †‹••‡–‹‰Ȍ ȋ“—‘–‹‰ —†‰‡ ‹„„‘•ȌǢ id. ƒ– ͹͸Ͷ Ǥ͵͵ ȋ–‡˜‡•ǡ Ǥǡ
…‘…—””‹‰Ȍȋ“—‘–‹‰—†‰‡
‹„„‘•ȌǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 36 Side A
†‡”‹‰ǡ™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†”ƒ‹•‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–ƒ’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡–
’ŽƒǤ‡‹…Ž—†‡†–Š‡ƒ’‘ˆ‡™‡”•‡›–‘•Š‘™‹–••–”ƒ‰‡…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒǦ
–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Šǡ‹Š‹•˜‹‡™ǡDz’”‘’–ȏ‡†Ȑƒ‹“—‹”›‹–‘–Š‡’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–
Ž‡†–‘‹–•ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥdz͸Ͳ
Š‡ ƒ’ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ ˜‹•—ƒŽ †‡’‹…–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ†‡ ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰
‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‹•…‡”Ǥ
‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰™ƒ•Ž‹‡‘„•…‡‹–›‹–Š‹•”‡•’‡…–ǣ‹–
…‘—Ž†„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›•‹‰Š–ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‹–…‘—Ž†‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹
™‘”†•Ǥ —•–‹…‡ –‡™ƒ”– Šƒ† ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‹• †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–› ™‹–Š ‘„•…‡‹–›
™Š‡Š‡ˆƒ‘—•Ž›†‡…Žƒ”‡†ǣDz‘™‹–™Š‡•‡‡‹–Ǥdz͸ͳŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–Š‡
‡†—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•…‘—Ž†‘–…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡™‡”•‡›Žƒ™ƒ•ƒ
—…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”ǡ Š‡ …‘—Ž† ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› –Šƒ–
–Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ †‹† ‘– ‡‡– –Š‡ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› •–ƒ†ƒ”† ƒ† –Šƒ–
–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ Šƒ† ‘– ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ› ‡—–”ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ –‘ Œ—•–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹Ǧ
ƒ…‡Ǥ͸ʹ
—•–‹…‡ ‘™‡ŽŽǡ ™”‹–‹‰ ‹ †‹••‡–ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ Dzȏ–ȐŠ‡ ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹Ǧ
ƒ”›ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‡”•‡›…‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–•ǡdz͸͵–Šƒ–—•–‹…‡–‡Ǧ
˜‡•Šƒ†‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘—”–ǯ•‘’‹‹‘Ǥ—•–‹…‡‘™‡ŽŽǡŽ‹‡
—•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡•ǡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹…–• …‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡Ǧ
˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ• –‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰ Šƒ† ‘……—””‡†Ǥ —•–‹…‡ ‘™‡ŽŽǡ
Ž‹‡ —•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡•ǡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰ …‘—Ž† ”ƒ‹•‡ ƒ …‘•–‹–—Ǧ
–‹‘ƒŽ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ †‹•–”‹…–• …—– –Š”‘—‰Š …‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡‹” Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•
™‘—Ž†„‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‹”…‘•–‹–—‡–•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•
ƒ–‘††•™‹–ŠDz–Š‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡–‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆǮˆƒ‹”ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒǦ
–‹‘Ǥǯdz͸Ͷ—•–‹…‡‘™‡ŽŽ”‡Ž‹‡†‘–Š‡ƒ’ǡ™Š‹…Š‹Š‹•˜‹‡™Dz‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•
–Š‹• ˆƒ” „‡––‡” –Šƒ ™‘”†• †‡•…”‹„‡Ǥdz͸ͷ —•–‹…‡ ‘™‡ŽŽǡ Ž‹‡ —•–‹…‡ –‡Ǧ
˜‡•ǡ …‹–‡† —†‰‡ ‹„„‘•ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ† †‹••‡–‡† ‹ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ǦŒ—†‰‡ †‹•Ǧ
–”‹…–…‘—”–‘’‹‹‘„‡Ž‘™ƒ†™Š‘Šƒ††‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡”‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡–
ƒ’ƒ•…”‡ƒ–‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡Dzƒ›–Š‹‰„—–…‘’ƒ…–ǡƒ†
ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ †‹•–”‹…– ™Š‹…Š ‹• …‘–‹‰—‘—• ‘Ž› ˆ‘” ›ƒ…Š–•‡Ǥdz͸͸ —†‰‡
‹„„‘•Šƒ†ˆ‘—†–Š‡”‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–•–‘„‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 36 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵Ͷʹ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
͸͹Ǥ Id.ƒ–͹ͺͻǢid.ƒ–͹͸ͶǤ͵͵Ǥ
͸ͺǤ Id.ƒ–͹͸ʹǦ͸͵Ǥ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 36 Side B
‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹•ƒ’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–Šƒ†‘–”‡•’‡…–‡†…‘—‹–›‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†
–Šƒ–Šƒ†Ž‡ˆ–Š‹ǡDzƒ•ƒ…‹–‹œ‡‘ˆ‡™‡”•‡›ǡ†‹•–—”„‡†Ǥdz͸͹
Ž–Š‘—‰Š—•–‹…‡‘™‡ŽŽ…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•Šƒ’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–•
™‡”‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† ‘Ž› „› –Š‡ ‘•– ’ƒ”–‹•ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹…• ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’Žƒ
™ƒ• ƒ —…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”ǡ Š‡ †‹† ‘– ˆ‹† –Š‹• ‹••—‡ †‡…‹Ǧ
•‹˜‡‹–Š‹•…ƒ•‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”–Šƒ†‘–”‡ƒ…Š‡†‹–Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡ
—•–‹…‡ ‘™‡ŽŽ †‡…‹†‡† –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘
‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘’‡”‹––‡†•‘‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘
ˆ”‘ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
Š‡ ‹…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’ ‹ –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ ™ƒ• ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ –‘ —•–‹…‡ –‡Ǧ
˜‡•ǯƒ†—•–‹…‡‘™‡ŽŽǯ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ•„‘–ŠŒ—•–‹…‡•ƒ…‘™ŽǦ
‡†‰‡†ǡ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰…ƒ„‡†‹•…‡”‡†‘•–”‡ƒ†‹Ž›„›ƒ‹†‘ˆƒƒ’
™Š‹…Š •Š‘™• –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ™‘”†• …ƒ …‘˜‡›
–Š‡ •Šƒ’‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‘‡ …‘‡–ƒ–‘” ™Š‘ †‡•…”‹„‡† –Š‡ ‡™ ‹ˆ–Š
‹•–”‹…– ƒ• Dz–Š‡ ™ƒdz ™‹–Š Dzȏ‹Ȑ–• Ž‘‰ ‡… ƒ† –™‹•–‡† „‘†›
•–”‡–…Š‡†ȏ‡†Ȑˆ”‘–Š‡‡™‘”•—„—”„•–‘–Š‡”—”ƒŽ—’’‡””‡ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡Žƒ™ƒ”‡ ‹˜‡”dz ƒ† –Š‡ ‡™ ‡˜‡–Š ‹•–”‹…– ƒ• Dz–Š‡ ‹•ŠŠ‘‘dz
™‹–Š‹–•Dz…—”˜‹‰’ƒ”–‹•ƒ’ƒ–Š–Š”‘—‰Š‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ‹œƒ„‡–Šȏǡ ǤǤȐǡŽ‹„Ǧ
‡”ƒŽǡ ƒ…ƒ†‡‹… ”‹…‡–‘ ƒ† Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‡™‹•Š ƒ”Ž„‘”‘ ‹ ‘‘—–Š
‘—–›ǡdz͸ͺ–Š‡…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‘”†•ƒ†‹ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽǤŠ‡‡˜Ǧ
‡–Š‹•–”‹…–”‡ƒŽŽ›†‘‡•Ž‘‘Ž‹‡ƒˆ‹•ŠŠ‘‘Ǥ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ǯ‹…Ž—•‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ†‹•…—••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹Š‹•…‘…—””‹‰‘’‹Ǧ
‹‘ƒ†—•–‹…‡‘™‡ŽŽǯ•†‹•…—••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹Š‹•†‹••‡–‹‰‘’‹‹‘ǡ
ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ’‘‹– ‘”‡ ˆ‘”…‡ˆ—ŽŽ› –Šƒ ™‘”†• ƒŽ‘‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ……‘Ǧ
’Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ ‡”‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’ ™ƒ• ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ ƒ† Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†
–Š‡’‘‹–•„‡‹‰ƒ†‡ǤKarcherv.Daggett‹•ƒ‡ƒ•›…ƒ•‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹›
˜‹‡™ǡˆ‘”‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ’Ǥ
ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ”‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ™‹ŽŽ •‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ’ ƒ”‡ –Š‘•‡
™Š‘ ”‡ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ U.S. Reports ‘” Supreme Court ReporterǤ
Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ’‡”—•‡ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ ‘Ž‹‡ —•‹‰ ‘” †˜ƒ…‡
™‹ŽŽ •‡‡ ‘ ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ– ƒŽŽǢ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹• –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ —•‡
‡‹Ž‹‡Ǥ Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ”‡ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ ‘Ž‹‡ —•‹‰ ‡•–Žƒ™ ‘”
‡•–Žƒ™‡š–™‹ŽŽ•‡‡ ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‘Ž› ™Š‡–Š‡›’”‹––Š‡‘’‹‹‘ ƒ†
‡˜‡–Š‡”‡–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‹••ƒŽŽǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‹–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡”‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‡‘’‹‹‘‹•–‘‘‡ƒ”Ž›–‘„‡‹…Ž—†‡†‘–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ǯ•™‡„•‹–‡Ǥ
Š—•ǡ‘Ž‹‡”‡ƒ†‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–’ƒ”–™‹ŽŽ‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‡ƒ’ǡ
‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ‹– ‹• ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –™‘ Œ—•–‹…‡•ǯ ‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž›
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 37 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
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”‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Š‡ƒ’ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡™Š‘‰‘„ƒ…–‘–Š‡„‘—†˜‘ŽǦ
—‡‘ˆ–Š‡U.S.Reports‘”SupremeCourtReporterǤŽ›–Š‘•‡™Š‘‰‘
„ƒ…–‘U.S.Reports™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Š‡ƒ’‹…‘Ž‘”Ǥ•Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•…ƒ””›ˆ‡™‡”
˜‘Ž—‡• ƒ† ”‡ƒ†‡”• †‘ ‘”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘Ž‹‡ǡ͸ͻ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡•
‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘’‹‹‘•ǡ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡
‘’‹‹‘ǡƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡Ž‘•––‘‘Ž‹‡”‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŽ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•‡‡†
–‘‹…Ž—†‡‹ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‘Ž‹‡˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ—’”‡‡‘—”–‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ
B. TheTicketinƒ”‹˜ƒŽ”—‹•‡˜ǤŠ—–‡
05/13/2013 14:40:30
͸ͻǤ See,e.g.ǡŽŽ‹‡ƒ”‰‘Ž‹•Ƭ”‹•–‡Ǥ—””ƒ›ǡSayGoodbyetotheBooks:InformationLiterǦ
acy as the New Legal Research Paradigm ȋ‡’Ž‡ ‹˜Ǥ ‡ƒ•Ž‡› …ŠǤ ‘ˆ ƒ™ ‡‰ƒŽ –—†‹‡• ‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ”…Šƒ’‡”‡”‹‡•ǡƒ’‡”‘ǤʹͲͳʹǦ͵ͶȌǡavailableatŠ––’ǣȀȀ••”Ǥ…‘Ȁƒ„•–”ƒ…–αʹͳʹͷʹ͹ͺȋ‘–‹‰
–Šƒ–ƒʹͲͳͳ‡‰ƒŽ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›•—”˜‡›ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ͻͺΨ‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•…‘†—…–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š
‘Ž‹‡ǡƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–Dzȏ™ȐŠ‹Ž‡’”‹–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”dz–Š‡›ƒ”‡
Dz—•‡†Ž‡••ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›–‘†ƒ›dzȌǤ
͹ͲǤ ͶͻͻǤǤͷͺͷȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
͹ͳǤ Id.ƒ–ͷͻ͹ǡ͸Ͳͷƒ’’Ǥ
͹ʹǤ Id.ƒ–ͷͺ͹Ǥ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 37 Side A
”–‹ˆƒ…–• ƒ”‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹ ǤǤ —’”‡‡
‘—”–‘’‹‹‘•ƒ†–Šƒ– …‘˜‡›‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– ‹•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘…‘˜‡›
–Š”‘—‰Š™‘”†•ƒŽ‘‡ǤŠ‡Œ—•–‹…‡™Š‘‹…Ž—†‡•ƒƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–™‹ŽŽ—•—ƒŽŽ›
‡š’Žƒ‹™Š›Š‡‘”•Š‡Šƒ•†‘‡•‘Ǥƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–‹•‡‘—‰Š‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ǧ
†‹ƒ”›–Šƒ–‹–”‡“—‹”‡••‘‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡–‡š–Ǥƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–ǡŽ‹‡ƒ
ƒ’ǡ ‹• ƒ ‡ƒ•› …ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‹ › ˜‹‡™ǡ ˆ‘” ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‹ —’”‡‡
‘—”–‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ”–‹ˆƒ…–•„—––”‡••–Š‡’‘‹–„‡‹‰ƒ†‡‹–Š‡–‡š–ǡ„—–
–Š‡› ƒ†† ƒ †‹‡•‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹• †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– –‘ …‘˜‡› –Š”‘—‰Š ™‘”†• ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡™Š‘‹…Ž—†‡•ƒƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–Š‘’‡•–Šƒ–Dz•‡‡‹‰‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰Ǥdz
CarnivalCruiseLines,Inc.v.Shute͹Ͳ‹•ƒ‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒŒ—•–‹…‡
—•‹‰ ƒ ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…– ‹ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘’‹‹‘ –‘ …‘˜‡› ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ–
™‘”†•ƒŽ‘‡…ƒ‘–…‘˜‡›Ǥ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ǡ™”‹–‹‰‹ƒ†‹••‡–Œ‘‹‡†
„› —•–‹…‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ƒ ˆ‘Ž†Ǧ‘—–ǡ ƒ…–—ƒŽǦ•‹œ‡ ”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ
–‹…‡–‹••—‡†„›ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ”—‹•‡–‘’ƒ••‡‰‡”•‘‹–•…”—‹•‡•Š‹’•Ǥ͹ͳŠ‡
‹••—‡ ‹ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ™ƒ• ™Š‡–Š‡” ”•Ǥ Š—–‡ǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ‹Œ—”‡† ‹ ƒ •Ž‹’Ǧ
ƒ†ǦˆƒŽŽ ƒ……‹†‡– ƒ„‘ƒ”† ƒ ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ ”—‹•‡ •Š‹’ǡ …‘—Ž† •—‡ ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ
”—‹•‡‹Š‡”Š‘‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘”™Š‡–Š‡”•Š‡Šƒ†–‘•—‡ƒ”Ǧ
‹˜ƒŽ”—‹•‡‹Ž‘”‹†ƒƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘…Žƒ—•‡‘–Š‡”‡˜‡”•‡•‹†‡
‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǥ͹ʹ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•‹…Ž—†‡†–Š‡–‹…‡–ƒ––Š‡‡†
‘ˆŠ‹•‘’‹‹‘ƒ†”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹–ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆŠ‹•‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 37 Side B
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 37 Side B
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 38 Side A
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33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 38 Side A
—•–‹…‡Žƒ…—ǡ™”‹–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—”–ǡ„‡‰ƒŠ‹•‘’‹‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ …Žƒ—•‡ …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
–‹…‡–Ǥ ‡ ’”‡ˆƒ…‡† –Š‡ …Žƒ—•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ǡ „‘Ž† …ƒ’‹–ƒŽ Ž‡––‡”• –Šƒ–
ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‘– •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹…‡–ǣ DzǮ IMPORTANT!
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ͳǡʹǡ͵Ǥǯdz͹͵‡‹†‡–‡†–Š‹•™ƒ”‹‰‹Š‹•‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 38 Side B
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Id.
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Id.ƒ–ͷͻ͵ǦͻͶǤ
Id.ƒ–͸Ͳͷƒ’’Ǥ
Id.
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 38 Side B
‡ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡†–Š‡…Žƒ—•‡ȋ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š͵ƒȌ–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡”‡˜‡”•‡
•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–ǡ™Š‹…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–‡ƒ•
ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‹–• –‡”•Ǥ͹Ͷ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ Š‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘Ǧ
”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘…Žƒ—•‡ȋ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’ŠͺȌǣDzǮ–‹•ƒ‰”‡‡†„›ƒ†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
’ƒ••‡‰‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ””‹‡” –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ †‹•’—–‡• ƒ† ƒ––‡”• ™Šƒ–•‘‡˜‡”
ƒ”‹•‹‰—†‡”ǤǤǤ–Š‹•‘–”ƒ…–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‡†ǡ‹ˆƒ–ƒŽŽǡ‹ƒ†„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ
‘—”– Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡ ǤǤǤǡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—”–•‘ˆƒ›‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡‘”…‘—–”›Ǥǯdz͹ͷ
› ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Œ—•– –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡–‹…‡–ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹†‡–‡†ƒ†‹•–ƒ†ƒ”†–›’‡ˆƒ…‡
ƒ†ˆ‘–Ǧ•‹œ‡‹–Š‡–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‹‹‘ǡ–Š‡–‡”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘„‡…Ž‡ƒ”‡”
ƒ† ‘”‡ ’”‘‹‡– –Šƒ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹…‡–Ǥ Š‡
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ …Žƒ—•‡ ƒ† ‹–• ’Žƒ…‡‡– ƒ• ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†
–‡š–ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ—•–‹…‡Žƒ…—ǯ•‘’‹‹‘ƒ‡‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”–Šƒ–
”•ǤŠ—–‡•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘™™Šƒ–•Š‡Šƒ†ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒ†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•
”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” Š‡” –‘ „‡ „‘—† „› –Š‡ …Žƒ—•‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ —•–‹…‡
Žƒ…—‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ”—‹•‡–‘Šƒ˜‡
•—…Š ƒ …Žƒ—•‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ …”—‹•‡ Ž‹‡ …ƒ””‹‡• ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ˆ”‘ ƒ›
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’Žƒ…‡•Ǣ –Š‡ …Žƒ—•‡ ƒ‡• …Ž‡ƒ” ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ …‘’ƒ› …ƒ „‡
•—‡†Ǣ ƒ† –Š‹• …Žƒ”‹–› …‘—Ž† ”‡†—…‡ •‘‡ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡˜‡ Ž‡ƒ† –‘
Ž‘™‡”–‹…‡–’”‹…‡•ˆ‘”’ƒ••‡‰‡”•Ǥ͹͸
—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ǡ„›‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–‹…‡–‹‹–•‡–‹”‡–›ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ
Š‹•†‹••‡–ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡…‘–‡š–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘…Žƒ—•‡ǡƒ†‹
†‘‹‰•‘ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‡†–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”–‘seeŠ‘™–Š‡…Žƒ—•‡…‘–ƒ‹‡†‹’ƒ”ƒǦ
‰”ƒ’Š ‡‹‰Š– ™‘—Ž† ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ …‘•—‡”Ǥ –• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ†
’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ƒ‡ ‹–• ‡ƒ‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– ˆ‘” ƒ Žƒ›’‡”•‘ –‘ †‹•Ǧ
…‡”Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡’”‘†—…‡† ˆ‘Ž†Ǧ‘—– –‹…‡– ƒ‡• …Ž‡ƒ” ™Šƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹•
’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ”•Ǥ  –Š‡ ˆ”‘– •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
–‹…‡–‹•–Š‡…”—‹•‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣ–Š‡ƒ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”
–Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ†—Ž–• ‘” …Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ –Š‡‹” …ƒ„‹ —„‡”ǡ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ”‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
„‘‘‹‰ƒ‰‡–Ǥ͹͹–Š‡”‡˜‡”•‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–ƒ”‡–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡—Ǧ
„‡”‡† ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š• ‹ ˆ‹‡ ’”‹–Ǥ Š‡ –‹–Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡…‘† •‹†‡ ‹• Dz‡”•
ƒ† ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ‘–”ƒ…– ‹…‡–Ǥdz͹ͺ Šƒ– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• ‹• „‘‹Ž‡”Ǧ
’Žƒ–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–”‡™™‹–ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•DzŒ‘‹–Ž›ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽǦ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 39 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
͵Ͷ͹
͹ͻǤ
ͺͲǤ
ͺͳǤ
ͺʹǤ
ͺ͵Ǥ
Id.
Id.ƒ–ͷͻ͹Ǥ
Id.
Id.
Id.
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 39 Side A
Ž›ǡdzDzŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡdzƒ†Dzƒ‰‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‘Ž†‡”ǡdzƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ•—…Š
ƒ•Dz‹…Ž—†‹‰„—–‘–Ž‹‹–‡†–‘Ǥdz͹ͻƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–‡š–‹•Ž‡‰–Š›ȋ‡šǦ
–‡†‹‰–‘–Š”‡‡…‘–”ƒ…–’ƒ‰‡•Ȍƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘–Ǧ•‹œ‡‹•–‹›ǤŠ‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ˆˆǦ’—––‹‰ –‘ ƒ Žƒ›’‡”•‘Ǥ Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘† •‹†‡ ‹• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› ™Šƒ– ƒ Žƒ›’‡”•‘
™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Šƒ”† –‹‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
™‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‹‰‘”‡Ǥ
 ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ …‘•—‡” …‘—Ž† Šƒ”†Ž› „ƒ”‰ƒ‹ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡”• ‘ˆ
–Š‡…‘–”ƒ…–Ǥ•—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•’‘‹–‡†‘—–‹Š‹•†‹••‡–ǡ–Š‡…‘•—Ǧ
‡”™ƒ•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡…‡‹˜‡–Š‡–‹…‡–ǡ™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‘ˆ‹–•ˆ‹‡’”‹–ǡƒˆ–‡”Š‡‘”
•Š‡Šƒ†’—”…Šƒ•‡†‹–ǤͺͲ–™ƒ•ƒ–ƒ‡Ǧ‹–Ǧ‘”ǦŽ‡ƒ˜‡Ǧ‹–…‘–”ƒ…–ƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”
…Žƒ—•‡ ȋ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š ͳ͸ƒȌ †‹† ‘– ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡ˆ—†Ǥͺͳ ˆ –Š‡ …‘•—‡”
™‹•Š‡†–‘…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ƒ› ’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ –Š‹•…‘–”ƒ…–ǡŠ‡‘”•Š‡ ™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ
‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ ‰‘ ‘ –Š‡ –”‹’ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ƒ ”‡ˆ—† ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ ‘’–‹‘Ǥ ‹…‡
‘•– …”—‹•‡ Ž‹‡• ‡’Ž‘›‡† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹† ‘ˆ –‡”• ƒ† …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ‹ˆ
‘‡ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ …”—‹•‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ† –‘ ƒ……‡’– –Š‡ –‡”•Ǥ ˆ
…‘—”•‡ǡ‘‡†‹†‘–‡‡†–‘–ƒ‡ƒ…”—‹•‡ǡ„—–‡–‹”‡‹†—•–”‹‡•Ȅƒ›
’”‘˜‹†‹‰ „ƒ•‹… ‡…‡••‹–‹‡• ‹ –‘†ƒ›ǯ• ™‘”Ž†Ȅ—•‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹† ‘ˆ
…‘–”ƒ…–•Ǥ ‘•—‡”• †‘ ‘– ”‡ƒ† –Š‡ –‡”• „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‘
’‘™‡”–‘ƒŽ–‡”–Š‡ǤŠ‡‹”‘Ž›…Š‘‹…‡‹•–‘ˆ‘”‰‘–Š‡’—”…Šƒ•‡Ǥ
Š‹•†‹••‡–ǡ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•—•‡†–Š‡ˆ‘Ž†Ǧ‘—––‹…‡––‘•Š‘™Š‘™
…‘ˆ—•‹‰–Š‡–‡”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘–Š‡Žƒ›’‡”•‘Ǥ‡„‡‰ƒŠ‹•‘’‹‹‘„›
‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Šƒ– Š‡ ƒ’’‡†‡† ƒ ˆƒ…•‹‹Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹…‡– –‘ •Š‘™ ™Šƒ– ƒ
’ƒ••‡‰‡”™‘—Ž†•‡‡ǤͺʹŠ‡ˆ‘”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘…Žƒ—•‡‹•„—”‹‡†‹ƒ•‡ƒ‘ˆ
ˆ‹‡ ’”‹– ‘ –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹…‡–Ǥ ‡”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ –‹…‡–
Dz•’‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ‹–•‡Žˆdz ƒ† …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –Š‡ ‘—”–ǯ• ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘Ǧ
”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ …Žƒ—•‡ ƒ• …Ž‡ƒ” ƒ† ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ǥ • —•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡• ‘„Ǧ
•‡”˜‡†ǡ‘Ž›Dz–Š‡‘•–‡–‹…—Ž‘—•’ƒ••‡‰‡”dz™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†–Š‡…Žƒ—•‡‹ˆ
Š‡‘”•Š‡™‡”‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘‰‘–‘–Š‡”‡˜‡”•‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–ƒ†™ƒ†‡
–Š”‘—‰Š—‡”‘—•’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥͺ͵Š—•ǡ–Š‡…‘–‡š–‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡ˆ‘”—Ǧ
•‡Ž‡…–‹‘…Žƒ—•‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‹•
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘„›ƒ’’‡†‹‰–Š‡–‹…‡––‘Š‹•‘’‹‹‘Ǥƒ–‡”‹Š‹•†‹••‡–ǡ
Š‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– …‘–”ƒ…–• –Šƒ– Ž‹‹– ƒ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”ǯ• ”‹‰Š– –‘ –”‹ƒŽ Šƒ†
„‡‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†ƒ•…‘–”ƒ”›–‘’—„Ž‹…’‘Ž‹…›ǡƒ†ƒ—’”‡‡
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 39 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵Ͷͺ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͺͶǤ ͶͲ͹ǤǤͳȋͳͻ͹ʹȌǤ
ͺͷ. CarnivalCruiseLines,Inc.ǡͶͻͻǤǤƒ–͸ͲͳǤ
ͺ͸Ǥ Id.
ͺ͹Ǥ SeeCarnivalCruiseLines,Inc.ǡͳͳͳǤ–Ǥͳͷʹʹǡͳͷ͵ͶǦ͵ͺȋͳͻͻͳȌȋ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒš‡”‘š‘ˆ–Š‡
–‹…‡–ȌǤ
ͺͺǤ See Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc.ǡ ͳͳ͵ Ǥ †Ǥ ʹ† ͸ʹʹǡ ͸ͶͲ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ȋ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ š‡”‘š ‘ˆ –Š‡
–‹…‡–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡——„‡”‡†ȌǤ
ͺͻǤ SeeCarnivalCruiseLines,IncǤǡͶͻͻǤǤƒ–͸ͲͷǡͳͻͻͳǤǤʹʹʹͳȋ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ǡ„—–‘–
’”‘˜‹†‹‰ǡ–Š‡‡šŠ‹„‹–ȌǤ
ͻͲǤ SeeCarnivalCruiseLines,IncǤǡ‘ǤͺͻǦͳ͸Ͷ͹ȋ’”‹Žͳ͹ǡͳͻͻͳȌȋ‡•–Žƒ™Žƒ••‹…ǡǤ–Ǥ†ƒ–ƒǦ
„ƒ•‡ȌǢCarnivalCruiseLines,Inc.,‘ǤͺͻǦͳ͸Ͷ͹ȋ’”‹Žͳ͹ǡͳͻͻͳȌȋ‡•–Žƒ™‡š–ǡǤǤ—’”‡‡‘—”–
…ƒ•‡•ȌǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 39 Side B
‘—”–‘’‹‹‘ǡTheBremenv.ZapataOffǦShoreCo.ǡͺͶ™Š‹…Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Dzƒ
ˆ”‡‡Ž›‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡–„‡–™‡‡–™‘Žƒ”‰‡…‘”’‘”ƒǦ
–‹‘•ǡdzͺͷ•Š‘—Ž†‘–…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”—Ž‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹Š‹•˜‹‡™Ǥͺ͸
—•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡•ǯ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹…‡– ‹• ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ –‘ Š‹• ƒ”‰—‡–ǡ ƒ†
›‡–‘Ž›”‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡U.S.Reports™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–Š‡
„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ•‡‡‹‰–Š‡–‹…‡–Ǥ˜‡–Š‘•‡”‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘’‡”—•‡ƒš‡”‘š‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ U.S. Reports ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡ –‹…‡–Ǣ
™Š‡–Š‡–‹…‡–‹•š‡”‘š‡†‹–‹•ˆƒ‹”Ž›‹ŽŽ‡‰‹„Ž‡Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡’‘”–‡”•ŠƒǦ
†Ž‡ –Š‡ –‹…‡– ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›•Ǥ  „‘–Š –Š‡ Supreme Court Reporterͺ͹
ƒ† –Š‡ Lawyers’ Editionǡͺͺ –Š‡ –‹…‡– ‹• š‡”‘š‡† ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ ’ƒ‰‡• …‘–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ”‘– •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹…‡– ƒ† –Š”‡‡
’ƒ‰‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡—„‡”‡†’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•™‹–Š–Š‡–‡”•ƒ†…‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•Ǥ‘”‘Ž‹‡”‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ™Šƒ–‘‡•‡‡•†‡’‡†•‘™Š‹…Š•‡”˜‹…‡‘‡
—•‡•ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘”‡ƒ†–Š‡‘’‹‹‘‘‘”†˜ƒ…‡™‹ŽŽ‘–
•‡‡ ƒ –‹…‡–Ǥ ƒ–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ •‡‡ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ Dzȏ‡‡ šŠ‹„‹– ‹
”‹‰‹ƒŽȐǤdzͺͻ Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ”‡ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ ‘ ‡•–Žƒ™ ‘”
‡•–Žƒ™‡š–ͻͲ ™‹ŽŽ •‡‡ …‘’‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹…‡– –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ™Šƒ–
”‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Supreme Court Reporter ƒ† –Š‡ Lawyers’ Edition •‡‡ǣ
–™‘’ƒ‰‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ…‘’›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–ƒ†–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡
’ƒ‰‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ…‘’›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”•ƒ†…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–Ǥ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž‹‡ ‡•–Žƒ™‡š– ˜‡”•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –‹…‡– ‹• …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› —Ǧ
”‡ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǣ‹–Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡Š‹‡”‘‰Ž›’Š‹…•Ǥ
•ƒ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽƒ––‡”ǡ–Š‡ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹•
‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–‘ƒƒ”‰—‡–ǡ†‘‡•‘–”‡ƒ…ŠƒŽŽ”‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡
–‹…‡–‘Ž‹‡™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†”‡ƒ†‡”•–‘‹••ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ǧ
‰—‡–ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‘ˆ…‘—”•‡‹–‹•‘Ž›‘‡‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•–Šƒ–—•Ǧ
–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ƒ‡•‹Š‹•†‹••‡–Ǥ
Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–Ȃ–Š‡…”—‹•‡–‹…‡–Ȃ‹–Š‹•‘’‹‹‘…‘˜‡›•–‘
–Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– –‘ ƒ…“—‹”‡ ƒ› ‘–Š‡”
™ƒ›Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‡ š‡”‘š‡† …‘’›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ˆŽƒ– ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ‰‡ǡ ˆƒŽŽ• •Š‘”– „‡Ǧ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 40 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
͵Ͷͻ
…ƒ—•‡‹–†‘‡•‘–”‡‹†–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”–Šƒ––Š‡–‡”•ƒ†…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ’Ǧ
’‡ƒ” ‘ –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡ •‹†‡ǡ ƒ •‹†‡ ‘•– …‘•—‡”• ™‘—Ž† ‘– „‘–Š‡” –‘
…‘•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡™ƒ”‹‰‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰Ǥˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•…‘—Ž†
Šƒ˜‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† –Š‡ –‹…‡– ‹ ™‘”†•ǡ „—– ƒ› †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ǡ ‡˜‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆǦ
ˆ‡”‡†„›ƒ•…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ™”‹–‡”ƒ•—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ǡ…ƒ‘–…ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡—ƒ…Ǧ
‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–ƒ•™‡ŽŽ‘”ƒ•‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ž›ƒ••‡‡‹‰–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹–•‡ŽˆǤ–‹•
‘Ž›™Š‡‘‡Ž‘‘•ƒ––Š‡–‹…‡–ǡ–—”•‹–‘˜‡”ǡƒ†•‡‡•ƒ„Ž—”‘ˆ–‡š–
‹ˆ‹‡’”‹–ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽŒƒ”‰‘–Šƒ–‘‡…ƒˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘
‘ˆ…‘•—‡”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•”•ǤŠ—–‡ǡƒ†Š‘™‹•…”—–ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡–‡”•™‘—Ž†
Šƒ˜‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘Š‡”‹ˆ•Š‡Šƒ†ƒƒ‰‡†–‘”‡ƒ†–Š‡Ǥ
C.
ThePhotosin”‘™˜ǤŽƒ–ƒ
ͻͳǤ ͳ͵ͳǤ–ǤͳͻͳͲȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 40 Side A
Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’Š‘–‘•‹ƒ‘’‹‹‘‹•‘–ƒ•‡ƒ•›ƒ…ƒŽŽƒ•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ
ƒ’• ƒ† ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•Ǥ Š‘–‘•ǡ Ž‹‡ ƒ’• ƒ† ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•ǡ ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‡šǦ
’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ „—– –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• †‘ ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ› ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡›
•‡‡–‘–Š‹–Šƒ––Š‡’Š‘–‘Dz•’‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‹–•‡Žˆdzƒ†…ƒ‘Ž›„‡‹–‡”Ǧ
’”‡–‡† ‹ ‘‡ ™ƒ›Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ‘– –Š‡ …ƒ•‡Ǥ Š‘–‘• ‡‡† –‘ „‡
‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•™Š‘‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ƒ†…”‹–‹“—‡†„›–Š‡Œ—•–‹…Ǧ
‡•™Š‘–ƒ‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ•‡ǤŠ‘–‘•‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ†‡’ƒ”–
‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ Œ—•– ƒ• ˆ‘‘–‘–‡• ƒ† ’”‡…‡†‡–• ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ’Š‘–‘•
’”‡•‡–ƒ——•—ƒŽ”‹•ǣ–Š‡›…ƒ„‡˜‡”›’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ†–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”…ƒ
Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘•–ƒ˜‹•…‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‘–Š‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•–Š‡‡‡†–‘•–‡’„ƒ…ǡ
–‘ •–—†› –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ǡ ƒ† –‘ …‘•‹†‡” ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‹…Ž—†‡† ƒ† ™Šƒ– ™ƒ•
‡š…Ž—†‡† „› –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡ƒ•› ‡š‡”…‹•‡• ƒ† –Š‡
Œ—•–‹…‡• ‡‡† –‘ •‡– ˆ‘”–Š –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ˆ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ‹Ǧ
…Ž—†‡’Š‘–‘•‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ
 Brown v. Plataͻͳǡ ƒ ’”‹•‘ …ƒ•‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ …‘—”–Ǧ
ƒ†ƒ–‡† ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ Ž‹‹– ™ƒ• ‡…‡••ƒ”› –‘ ”‡‡†› –Š‡ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
’”‹•‘‡”•ǯ…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ǡ–Š‡‘—”–ǯ•‘’‹‹‘ǡ™”‹––‡„›—•–‹…‡
‡‡†›ǡ …‘…Ž—†‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ’’‡†‹š …‘–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ
–Š‡”‹•‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‡ˆ‘”…–‘ˆͳͻͻͷȋȌƒ†–Š”‡‡„Žƒ…Ǧƒ†Ǧ
™Š‹–‡ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥ ™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š• †‡’‹…– ‘˜‡”…”‘™†‡†
”‘‘•‹–™‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ’”‹•‘•ƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”†’Š‘–‘†‡’‹…–•–™‘•ƒŽŽ
™‹”‡Ǧ‡•Š…ƒ‰‡•‹™Š‹…Š’”‹•‘‡”•‹–Š‡‹†•–‘ˆ‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š…”‹Ǧ
•‡•™‡”‡Š‡Ž†Ǥ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 40 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
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CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
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Photosfrom”‘™˜ǤŽƒ–ƒ
MuleCreekStatePrison,Aug.1,2008
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 40 Side B
CaliforniaInstitutionforMen,Aug.7,2006
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 41 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
͵ͷͳ
SalinasValleyStatePrison,July29,2008
CorrectionalTreatmentCenter(drycages/holdingcellsforpeople
waitingformentalhealthcrisisbed)
Š‡’Š‘–‘•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ—•–‹…‡‡‡†›ǯ•‘’‹‹‘ǡƒ†Š‡
”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆŠ‹•‘’‹‹‘Ǥ‡–ǡ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡†‹••‡–
„›—•–‹…‡…ƒŽ‹ƒͻʹȋŒ‘‹‡†„›—•–‹…‡Š‘ƒ•Ȍ‘”–Š‡†‹••‡–„›—•–‹…‡
Ž‹–‘ͻ͵ȋŒ‘‹‡†„›Š‹‡ˆ—•–‹…‡‘„‡”–•ȌƒŽŽ—†‡•–‘–Š‡’Š‘–‘•Ǥ‘‡Ǧ
–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‘–‘•‹•ƒ†‡‹–Š‡–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹••‡–•‘”‹ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
ˆ‘‘–‘–‡•ǤŠ‡’Š‘–‘•ˆ—…–‹‘Ž‹‡ƒ‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘’‘‹–ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ
ͻʹǤ Id.ƒ–ͳͻͷͲǤ
ͻ͵Ǥ Id.ƒ–ͳͻͷͻǤ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 41 Side A
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 41 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
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ͻ͸Ǥ
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ͻͺǤ
Id.ƒ–ͳͻʹʹǡͳͻʹ͸Ǥ
ǤǤǤƒ‡†ǤȋDz‘”…”—‡Žƒ†——•—ƒŽ’—‹•Š‡–‹ˆŽ‹…–‡†dzȌǤ
ͳ͵ͳǤ–Ǥƒ–ͳͻʹͺǤ
Id.ƒ–ͳͻʹ͵Ǥ
Id.ƒ–ͳͻʹ͵ǦʹͶǤ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 41 Side B
—•–‹…‡‡‡†›ǯ•‘’‹‹‘ǤŠ‡›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡’‘‹–•Š‡Šƒ•ƒ†‡‹
Š‹•‘’‹‹‘•ǡ„—––Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‹•‹‰‘”‡†„›–Š‡†‹••‡–‹‰Œ—•–‹…‡•Ǥ
Brown v. Plata ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† –Š‡ •›•–‡‹… ‹•–”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ ’”‹•‘‡”•
™‹–Š •‡”‹‘—• ‡†‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š …‘†‹–‹‘• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ Š‡Ž† ‹
ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ’”‹•‘•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‘‰‘‹‰ ƒ† Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”ǡ ƒ† ™ƒ•
…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† „› –™‘ …Žƒ•• ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ Plata v. Brown ƒ† Coleman v.
BrownǡͻͶ™Š‹…Š™‡”‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†ǤPlataǡ‹™Š‹…Š’Žƒ‹Ǧ
–‹ˆˆ• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ‡†‹…ƒŽ …ƒ”‡ ˆ‘” •–ƒ–‡ ’”‹•‘‡”• ‹ –Š‡ …—•–‘†› ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘””‡…–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡–ƒ–‡…‘…‡†‡†‹ƒ•–‹’—Žƒ–Ǧ
‡†‹Œ—…–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡ǯ•Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ…ƒ”‡™ƒ•…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ†Ǧ
‡“—ƒ–‡ ƒ† †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† Dz†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ ‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥdz  Colemanǡ ‹
™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹–‹ˆˆ• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š –”‡ƒ–Ǧ
‡– ‘ˆ ’”‹•‘‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡ Œ—†‰‡ ˆ‘—†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‹•–”‹…– …‘—”–
Œ—†‰‡ƒ‰”‡‡†ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ’”‹•‘•›•–‡‹’‘•‡†…”—‡Žƒ†—Ǧ
—•—ƒŽ’—‹•Š‡–‹˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š–Š‡†‡–Ǥͻͷ
Š‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‹„‘–Š–Š‡•‡…ƒ•‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡”‡‘–”‡‡†‹‡†‹
ƒ–‹‡Ž›ˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–Š‡–™‘†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”–Œ—†‰‡•…‘…Ž—†‡†
–Šƒ––Š‡’Žƒ‹–‹ˆˆ•Šƒ†ƒ†‡–Š‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡•Š‘™‹‰–‘…‘˜‡‡ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ
Œ—†‰‡ †‹•–”‹…– …‘—”–Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ —†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–Š ‹”…—‹–ǡ ƒ”›
…Š”‘‡†‡”ǡ …‘˜‡‡† ƒ –Š”‡‡ǦŒ—†‰‡ †‹•–”‹…– …‘—”–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹…Ž—†‡† –Š‡
–™‘†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”–Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†—†‰‡–‡’Š‡‡‹Šƒ”†–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–Š
‹”…—‹–ǤŠ‡–Š”‡‡ǦŒ—†‰‡†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”––”‹‡†–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•”‡ƒ…Šƒ
‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†•‡––Ž‡‡–ǡ„—–™Š‡–Šƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž‡†ǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”–‘”†‡”‡†ƒ
”‡†—…–‹‘‹–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’”‹•‘‡”•Š‡Ž†‹–Š‡•‡’”‹•‘••‘–Šƒ––Š‡›
†‹†‘–‡š…‡‡†–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›„›‘”‡–Šƒͳ͵͹ǤͷΨǤͻ͸Š‡‘”†‡”
Ž‡ˆ–•–ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ•–‘†‡…‹†‡Š‘™–‘”‡†—…‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’”‹•‘‡”•ǤŠ‡
•–ƒ–‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† –Š‡ ‘”†‡”ǡ „—– –Š‡ ǤǤ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– –Š‡
‘”†‡” ™ƒ• ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡† —†‡” –Š‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”…”‘™†‹‰ Šƒ†
Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‹Š—ƒ‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ’”‹•‘‡”•ǡ™Š‘•‡‡–ƒŽƒ†‡†‹…ƒŽ
‡‡†•Šƒ†‰‘‡—‡–ƒ†Šƒ†‘ˆ–‡–‹‡•Ž‡†–‘†‡ƒ–ŠǤͻ͹
—•–‹…‡‡‡†›ǯ•‘’‹‹‘‹•”‡’Ž‡–‡™‹–Š•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡ‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǡƒ†
‡š’‡”––‡•–‹‘›ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡…‘”†Ǥ–‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†‹–‘‡ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š
‹– †‡•…”‹„‡• Dz…”—‡Ž ƒ† ——•—ƒŽdz –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ Š‡
—„‡”•ƒ”‡•Š‘…‹‰ǣƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•’”‹•‘•™‡”‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ–ʹͲͲΨ‘ˆ
†‡•‹‰…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‡Ž‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥͻͺ”‹•‘‡”•™‡”‡Dz…”ƒ‡†dz
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 42 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
͵ͷ͵
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͻͻǤ Id.ƒ–ͳͻʹͶǤ
ͳͲͲǤ Id.
ͳͲͳǤ Id.ȋ…‹–‹‰ǡ„—–‘–†‡•…”‹„‹‰ǡƒ’’ǤȌǤ
ͳͲʹǤ Id.ƒ–ͳͻʹͶǤ
ͳͲ͵Ǥ Id.ȋ…‹–‹‰ƒ’’ǤȌǤ
ͳͲͶǤ Id.ƒ–ͳͻ͵͵Ǥ
ͳͲͷǤ —•–‹…‡‡‡†›ǯ•”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•–‘Dz–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡Ǧ„‘‘–Š•‹œ‡†…ƒ‰‡•ǡdzid.ƒ–ͳͻʹͶǡƒ†Žƒ–‡”–‘
Dz’Š‘‡Ǧ„‘‘–Š•‹œ‡†…ƒ‰‡•ǡdzid.ƒ–ͳͻ͵͵ǡ™‘—Ž†…‘Œ—”‡ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‘Ž›–‘”‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆƒ…‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
‘—‰ ”‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ ‰”‡™ —’ ™‹–Š …‡ŽŽ ’Š‘‡•ǡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ —ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š ’Š‘‡ „‘‘–Š•ǡ ™Š‹…Š
•‡”˜‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ’—”’‘•‡ –‘†ƒ› ƒ† ƒ”‡ Šƒ”† –‘ ˆ‹†Ǥ Š—•ǡ —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†›ǯ• ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ –‘ ƒ Dz’Š‘‡Ǧ
„‘‘–Š •‹œ‡†dz …ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‘—‰Š †‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ –‘ •‘‡ ”‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ™‘—Ž† ƒ†‹––‡†Ž› ’”‘˜‹†‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘–‘‘–Š‡””‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
ͳͲ͸Ǥ ƒ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘ƒ•‘ƒœœ‘‡™Š‘’‘‹–‡†–Š‹•‘—––‘‡ƒ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ†–Š‡
—„Ž‹…›’‘•‹—ǡŠ‡Ž†ƒ–Š‹…ƒ‰‘Ǧ‡–‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆƒ™‘‘˜Ǥͳ͸ǡʹͲͳʹǤ
ͳͲ͹Ǥ ͳ͵ͳǤ–Ǥƒ–ͳͻʹͶǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 42 Side A
‹–‘ •’ƒ…‡•Ǥͻͻ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‘‡ ‰›ƒ•‹— Š‡Ž† ʹͲͲ ’”‹•‘‡”•ǤͳͲͲ
—•–‹…‡ ‡‡†› ”‡ˆ‡”• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡” –‘ ’’‡†‹š ǡͳͲͳ ™Š‹…Š …‘–ƒ‹•
–™‘’Š‘–‘••Š‘™‹‰‘˜‡”…”‘™†‡†”‘‘•Ǥ”‹•‘‡”•™‹–Š‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š
’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ •—‹…‹†ƒŽ ‹ƒ–‡•ǡ ™‡”‡ ‡’– ‹ Dz–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡Ǧ„‘‘–Š
•‹œ‡† …ƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š‘—– –‘‹Ž‡–•ǤdzͳͲʹ —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†› ”‡ˆ‡”• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡” –‘
’’‡†‹šǡͳͲ͵™Š‹…Š…‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡’Š‘–‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽ…ƒ‰‡•ǤƒǦ
–‡”‹Š‹•‘’‹‹‘ǡŠ‡”‡ˆ‡”•–‘‡–ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‹ŽŽ’”‹•‘‡”•ƒ™ƒ‹–‹‰…ƒ”‡ǡ™Š‘
Dzƒ”‡Š‡Ž†‹–‹›ǡ’Š‘‡Ǧ„‘‘–Š•‹œ‡†…ƒ‰‡•ǤdzͳͲͶ‡†‘‡•‘–…‹–‡’’‡Ǧ
†‹šƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ„—––Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘Dz’Š‘‡Ǧ„‘‘–Š•‹œ‡†…ƒ‰‡•dz”‡…ƒŽŽ•–Š‡
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘Dz–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡Ǧ„‘‘–Š•‹œ‡†…ƒ‰‡•ǤdzͳͲͷ
Šƒ–’—”’‘•‡†‘–Š‡–Š”‡‡’Š‘–‘•ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ—•–‹…‡‡‡†›ǯ•
‘’‹‹‘•‡”˜‡ǫ‡’—”’‘•‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›‹–”‘†—…‡ƒŠ—ƒ‡Ž‡‡––‘
ƒ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ƒŽ‘•– …Ž‹‹…ƒŽ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹•‘‡”•ǯ ’Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ Š‡
–™‘’Š‘–‘•‹’’‡†‹š•‡”˜‡–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡’”‹•‘‡”•‹–Š‡’Š‘–‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„•…—”‡†ǡ’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›–‘’”‘–‡…–
–Š‡‹”’”‹˜ƒ…›ǤŠ‡„Ž—””‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ‡•–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”
Ž‡••Š—ƒƒ†‘”‡†ƒ‰‡”‘—•–Šƒ‹ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•Šƒ†„‡‡•Š‘™ǤͳͲ͸
 ƒ ‘’‹‹‘ ”‡’Ž‡–‡ ™‹–Š •–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡ –Š‡ –™‘ ’Š‘–‘• …‘˜‡› Œ—•– Š‘™
…”ƒ’‡†–Š‡’”‹•‘‡”•ǯŽ‹˜‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡…‘‡Ǥ‘–Š’Š‘–‘••Š‘™
›”‹ƒ†’”‹•‘‡”•ǡ•–ƒ†‹‰‹…”‘™†‡†ƒ‹•Ž‡•‘”•‹––‹‰‘–‘’‘ˆ„—
„‡†•ǤŠ‡˜‹‡™‡”‰‡–•ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆŒ—•–Š‘™…”‘™†‡†–Š‡”‘‘‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡
„—„‡†•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ǡƒŽ‘•–Š‡Ž–‡”Ǧ•‡Ž–‡”Ǥ†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡”‘‘
Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡‹–…‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒˆ‘”‡”‰›ƒ•‹—ǡƒ†—•–‹…‡‡‡†›
”‡ˆ‡”•–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”–‘–Š‡’Š‘–‘ƒˆ–‡”’‘‹–‹‰‘—–‹–Š‡–‡š–‘ˆŠ‹•‘’‹Ǧ
‹‘ –Šƒ– DzȏƒȐ• ƒ› ƒ• ʹͲͲ ’”‹•‘‡”• ƒ› Ž‹˜‡ ‹ ƒ ‰›ƒ•‹—ǡ ‘‹Ǧ
–‘”‡†„›ƒ•ˆ‡™ƒ•–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡…‘””‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹…‡”•ǤdzͳͲ͹‡‘’Ž‡•‡‡
–‘„‡‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–Ǣ…Ž‘–Š‹‰‹•†”ƒ’‡†‘˜‡”„‡†ˆ”ƒ‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–’Š‘–‘
‰‹˜‡•–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆŠ‘™ƒ›„—„‡†•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‹ƒ•‡…–‹‘
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 42 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
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͵ͷͶ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͳͲͺǤ Id.ƒ–ͳͻͶͻǤ
ͳͲͻǤ Id.
ͳͳͲǤ Id.ƒ–ͳͻͷͲǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 42 Side B
‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘ƒ†–Š‡•‡…‘†’Š‘–‘‰‹˜‡•–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘Ǧ
’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡Ž‹˜‹‰‡ƒ••‡Ǥ
Š‡’”‘„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡–™‘’Š‘–‘•‹’’‡†‹š‹•–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹‡™‡”
‹•‘–“—‹–‡•—”‡™Šƒ–Š‡‘”•Š‡‹•Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–ǡƒ†—ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ•…ƒ–
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†ǤŠ‡…ƒ’–‹‘—†‡”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’Š‘–‘”‡ƒ†•ǣDz—Ž‡
”‡‡ –ƒ–‡ ”‹•‘ǡ —‰Ǥ ͳǡ ʹͲͲͺǤdzͳͲͺ Š‡ …ƒ’–‹‘ —†‡” –Š‡ •‡…‘†
’Š‘–‘ ”‡ƒ†•ǣ DzƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ǡ —‰Ǥ ͹ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ǤdzͳͲͻ ‘–Š
’Š‘–‘• •Š‘™ „‡†• ™‹–Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ …‘†‹–‹‘• –Šƒ– Ž‘‘ ˜‡”›
…”‘™†‡†Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ …Šƒ‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• …‘‡•
–Š”‘—‰Šǡ –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘• †‘ ‘– ”‡ƒŽŽ› •Š‘™ Š‘™ –Š‡ ’”‹•‘ ‹• ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰ –‘
‡‡––Š‡‡†‹…ƒŽƒ†‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‡‡†•‘ˆ‹–•’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡
–™‘ ’Š‘–‘• ”ƒ‹•‡ ‘”‡ “—‡•–‹‘• –Šƒ –Š‡› ƒ•™‡”ǣ ”‡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘
•Š‘–• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹•‘• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ –™‘ Žƒ™•—‹–•ǫ ”‡
–Š‡•‡ –™‘ ’Š‘–‘• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ’Š‘–‘• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •—„‹––‡†
ƒ•‡˜‹†‡…‡ǫŠ›ƒ”‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–ǫŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡›‰‘‹‰ƒ†
™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡›†‘‹‰ǫŠƒ––‹‡‘ˆ†ƒ›‹•‹–ǫŠ›†‘‡•–Š‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘
„‡‘•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘ǫ”‡–Š‡•‡’”‹•‘‡”•™‹–Š‡†‹…ƒŽ‘”‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š
‡‡†•ǫŠ‘‹•–Š‡’”‹•‘‡”‹–Š‡™Š‡‡Ž…Šƒ‹”ƒ†™Šƒ–ƒ”‡Š‹•‡†‹…ƒŽ
‡‡†•ǫ‘™„‹‰ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡”‘‘•ǫŠ‡”‡™‡”‡–Š‡•Š‘–•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘ǫ–
™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘•‡‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡”‘‘ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒ˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡
’‘‹–ˆ”‘™Š‹…Š•—…Šƒ’Š‘–‘…‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–ƒ‡Ǥ
…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡–Š‹”†’Š‘–‘ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹’’‡†‹šǡ•’‡ƒ•
‡Ž‘“—‡–Ž› ‘…‡ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™‡” Šƒ• „‡‡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•
’Š‘–‘ ‹• ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ …ƒ’–‹‘ǣ DzƒŽ‹ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡› –ƒ–‡
”‹•‘ǡ —Ž› ʹͻǡ ʹͲͲͺǡ ‘””‡…–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ–‡– ‡–‡” ȋ†”› …ƒ‰Ǧ
‡•ȀŠ‘Ž†‹‰ …‡ŽŽ• ˆ‘” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™ƒ‹–‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š …”‹•‹• „‡†ȌǤdzͳͳͲ
Š‡’Š‘–‘‹••–ƒ”ƒ†…Š‹ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ–•Š‘™•–™‘‡–ƒŽ…ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†ƒ•ƒŽŽ
’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ –Š‹”† …ƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ…Š …ƒ‰‡ Šƒ• –™‘ Ž‘…•ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹† –Šƒ– ‘‡
™‘—Ž† —•‡ –‘ •‡…—”‡ ƒ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ Ž‘…‡”Ǥ Š‡ …ƒ‰‡• …‘–ƒ‹ ‘–Š‹‰ǡ
–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”…ƒ‘–•‡‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡…ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘
„‡ “—‹–‡ •ƒŽŽ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ …‡‹Ž‹‰ ‹• —…Š Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡
…ƒ‰‡ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”…ƒ‘–•‡‡–Š‡„ƒ…‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”
…ƒ •‡‡ –Š‡ „ƒ… ™ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ‡• –Š‡ …ƒ‰‡• •‡‡ Ž‹‡
–Š‡›†‘‘– Šƒ˜‡—…Š †‡’–ŠǤ—•–‹…‡‡‡†›ǯ• †‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ–‡Ž‡Ǧ
’Š‘‡„‘‘–Šȋˆ‘”–Š‘•‡‘ˆ—•™Š‘…ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡„‘‘–Š•Ȍ•‡‡•
“—‹–‡ ƒ’–Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˜‹‡™‡” …ƒ‘– •‡‡ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ”‘‘ǡ –Š‡ …—–‘ˆˆ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 43 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
͵ͷͷ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͳͳͳǤ Cf.ƒ”‘ŽǤŽ‘˜‡”ǡMovieJuriesǡͶͺ Ǥ Ǥ͵ͺͻǡ͵ͻͲǦͻͻȋͳͻͻͺȌȋ†‡•…”‹„‹‰‡ƒ”Ž›
ˆ‹Ž’‘”–”ƒ›ƒŽ•‘ˆŒ—”‹‡•ƒ••‹Ž‡–•‘–Šƒ–˜‹‡™‡”•…‘—Ž†’—––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹–Š‡’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—”‘”•
ƒ†…‘•‹†‡”Š‘™–Š‡›™‘—Ž††‡…‹†‡–Š‡…ƒ•‡ȌǤ
ͳͳʹǤ ͳ͵ͳǤ–Ǥƒ–ͳͻʹͶǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 43 Side A
–Š‹”†…ƒ‰‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡”‘‘…‘–ƒ‹•ƒŽ‘‰Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‘Ž‹–ƒ”›
…ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Šƒ–‹••–”‹‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡’Š‘–‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡…ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡‡’–›ǤŠ‹•
’”‡•‡–•ƒ…‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡’”‡…‡†‹‰–™‘’Š‘–‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š•Š‘™‡†’‡‘’Ž‡
‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ‘ǡ‹–Š‹•’Š‘–‘–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”…‘ˆ”‘–•™Šƒ–
‹–™‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹‡–‘„‡Ž‘…‡†‹–Š‡–‹›ǡ‡–ƒŽ…ƒ‰‡Ǥˆƒ’”‹•‘‡”Šƒ†
„‡‡•Š‘™‹–Š‡…ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒŽ‡••‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡’Š‘–‘Ǥ‹–Š
–Š‡ ‡’–›ǡ Ž‘…‡† …ƒ‰‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™‡” …ƒ ‹ƒ‰‹‡ Š‹•‡Žˆ ‘”
Š‡”•‡Žˆ‹•‹†‡–Š‡…ƒ‰‡ǡ™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š…”‹•‹•„‡†–‘„‡…‘‡
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥͳͳͳ
—––‹‰ ƒ’‡”•‘‹•‹†‡•—…Šƒ…ƒ‰‡•‡‡•‹Š—ƒ‡Ȅƒƒˆˆ”‘–
–‘ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• †‹‰‹–›Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ ’Žƒ…‡ –‘ ‘˜‡ ƒ† ‘
’Žƒ…‡ ˆ‘” ’”‹˜ƒ…›Ǣ ‘‡ ™‘—Ž† Œ—•– „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ •‹– ‘ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘” ‘” •–ƒ†
—’”‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ—„‡”ȋDzʹdzȌ–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡…ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•
ƒ—„‡”ȋDzͳͲʹdzȌ–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡‡–”›™ƒ›–‘–Š‡”‘‘–Šƒ–Š‘Ž†•
–Š‡…ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†‹†‡‡†ǡ‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ–™Š‡ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•’Žƒ…‡†‹–Š‡
…ƒ‰‡ǡŠ‡„‡…‘‡•ƒ—„‡”ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤŠ‡–Š‡˜‹‡™Ǧ
‡”…‘•‹†‡”•–Šƒ––Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–‘„‡’Žƒ…‡†‹–Šƒ–…ƒ‰‡‹•‘‡™Š‘‹•
‹–Š‡‹†•–‘ˆƒDz‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š…”‹•‹•ǡdz‹–‹•‘–•—”’”‹•‹‰–‘Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–
•—‹…‹†‡‹•ƒ…‘‘‘……—””‡…‡Ǥ
Š‹•’Š‘–‘‹•˜‡”›’‘™‡”ˆ—Žǡƒ†ƒ††•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†‘ˆ•—’’‘”–Ȃ
„‡›‘† –Š‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹…• ƒ† –Š‡ ™‘”†• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”–•Ȃ–‘ —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†›ǯ•
‘’‹‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ƒ‡• …Ž‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‹Š—ƒ‡ …‘†‹–‹‘• ‹ ™Š‹…Š
’”‹•‘‡”• ‹ –Š‡ –Š”‘‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š …”‹•‹• ƒ”‡ Š‡Ž† —–‹Ž ƒ „‡†
„‡…‘‡• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  –Š‡ –‡š– ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘’‹‹‘ǡ —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†› ‡Ǧ
–‹‘‡† –Šƒ– ‘‡ ’”‹•‘‡” ™ƒ• Š‡Ž† ‹ •—…Š ƒ …ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽ‘•– –™‡–›Ǧ
ˆ‘—”Š‘—”•ǡƒ†‡‡”‰‡†ǡƒˆ–‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹ƒ’‘‘Ž‘ˆŠ‹•‘™—”‹‡ǡ—Ǧ
”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž› …ƒ–ƒ–‘‹…Ǥͳͳʹ Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ƒ††• ƒ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹ƒ‰‡
–‘Š‹•–‡š–ǤŠ‡˜‹‡™‡”‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡‡„‡”–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹›ǡ™‹”‡
…ƒ‰‡ Ž‘‰ ƒˆ–‡” Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ ˆ‘”‰‡–• Š‘™ ƒ› ’”‹•‘‡”• ™‡”‡ Š‡Ž† ‹
–Š‡•‡…ƒ‰‡•‘”ˆ‘”Š‘™Ž‘‰–Š‡›™‡”‡Š‡Ž†Ǥ
Š› †‘ –Š‡ †‹••‡–‹‰ Œ—•–‹…‡• ‘– †‹•…—•• –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ƒ† –”› –‘
†‹•‹••‹–ǡ–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡›™‘—Ž†ƒˆ‘‘–‘–‡™‹–Š™Š‹…Š–Š‡›†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡†ǫ
‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Š–„‡–Šƒ––Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡™Š‘ƒ††‡†
–Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ –‘ Š‹• ‘’‹‹‘ǡ ‹‰Š– –Š‹ –Šƒ– ƒ ’Š‘–‘ †‘‡• ‘– ‡‡† ƒ›
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– •’‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ —– ƒ• ƒ™ ƒ† ‹Ž •…Š‘Žƒ”
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 43 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵ͷ͸
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͳͳ͵Ǥ ‡••‹…ƒ‹Ž„‡›ǡImagesin/ofLawǡͷ͹ǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹ͳǡͳ͹ʹȋʹͲͳʹǦͳ͵ȌǤ
ͳͳͶǤ Š‹•™ƒ•…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡™Š‡™ƒ•ƒŽƒ™…Ž‡”–‘—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ȋͳͻͻͲǦͳͻͻʹȌǤ
Š‡‘—”–Šƒ†‡††‘™CarnivalCruise†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–›‡ƒ”‘ˆ›…Ž‡”•Š‹’ǡ™Š‡–Š‡‘—”–•–‹ŽŽ
—•‡† ƒ ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ‡ …‘’—–‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‘—”– •™‹–…Š‡† –‘ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘’—–‡”• –Š‡ ‡š– ›‡ƒ” ȋͳͻͻͳǦ
ͳͻͻʹȌǤ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ǯƒ––ƒ…Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–™ƒ•‘–ƒ††‡†—–‹ŽŽƒ–‡‹–Š‡’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•
ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‹ ͳͻͻ͸ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ Dz‘ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ”‡“—‹”‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ––ƒ…Š‡–•
ƒ……‘’ƒ›…‹”…—Žƒ–‡†‘’‹‹‘•Ǥdz‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ͳǡƒ–ͳ͹ͷͳȋ…‹–‹‰‡Ž‡’Š‘‡–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š
”ƒ…‹• Ǥ ‘”•‘ǡ Š‹‡ˆ ‡’—–› Ž‡”ǡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ȋ‘˜Ǥ ʹ͹ǡ ͳͻͻ͸ȌȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‹‰Š– ‘
Ž‘‰‡”„‡–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡–‘†ƒ›„‡…ƒ—•‡–‘†ƒ›ǯ••‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ†–‡š–
–Šƒ‹–Šƒ†„‡‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ
ͳͳͷǤ See”‘™˜ǤŽƒ–ƒǡͳ͵ͳǤ–ǤͳͻͳͲǡͳͻͶͻǡʹͲͳͳǤǤͶͲͳʹǤ
ͳͳ͸Ǥ See”‘™˜ǤŽƒ–ƒǡͳ͵ͳǤ–ǤͳͻͳͲǡͳͻͷͲǦͷͳǡʹͲͳͳͳͻ͵͸Ͳ͹ͶǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 43 Side B
‡••‹…ƒ ‹Ž„‡› Šƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ Dzȏ‹Ȑƒ‰‡• †‘ ‘– •’‡ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ
†˜‘…ƒ–‡•ȋƒ†ƒ—†‹‡…‡•ǡ„‡–Š‡›Œ—”‹‡•‘”Œ—†‰‡•Ȍ•’‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥdzͳͳ͵
‘–Š‡””‡ƒ•‘‹‰Š–„‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡†‹••‡–‹‰Œ—•–‹…‡•†‡Ǧ
…‹†‡†‘––‘…‘‡–‘–Š‡’Š‘–‘„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›™‹•Š–‘ƒ˜‘‹††”ƒ™Ǧ
‹‰ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘‹–Ǥˆ–Š‡›™‡”‡–‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡’Š‘–‘ƒ†–‘…ŠƒŽǦ
…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ™Šƒ– ‹– •Š‘™‡†ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™‡” ™‘—Ž† ”‡–—” –‘ –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘
ƒ†•–—†›‹–‘”‡…Ž‘•‡Ž›ƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•ˆ‹†‹–‡˜‡‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–Šƒ
–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‹‡™‹‰‘ˆ‹–Ǥ
 ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ –Š‡ †‹••‡–‹‰ Œ—•–‹…‡• ‹‰Š– ‘– ”‡•’‘† –‘
–Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ƒ† •‡‡ –‘ “—‡•–‹‘ ™Šƒ– ‹– •Š‘™‡† „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘
‹‰Š– ‘– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ™Š‡ —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†›ǯ• †”ƒˆ– ‘’‹‹‘
Šƒ† „‡‡ …‹”…—Žƒ–‡† ƒ‘‰•– –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ‘Ž›
„‡‡ƒ††‡†Žƒ–‡”‘ǡ…Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡–‹‡™Š‡–Š‡‘’‹‹‘™ƒ•„‡‹‰’”‡Ǧ
’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‰‘ –‘ ’”‹–Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š Žƒ™ …Ž‡”• ƒ† Œ—•–‹…‡• Šƒ˜‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ
…‘’—–‡”•ƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ȃ—Ž‹‡–Š‡†ƒ›•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ‡ …‘’—–‡” ™Š‡ ƒ ’”‹– •Š‘’ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘
ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ȃ‹–•–‹ŽŽ‹‰Š–„‡–Šƒ–ƒ’Š‘–‘‘”‘–Š‡”ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–‰‡–•ƒ††Ǧ
‡†–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰Ž‹––Ž‡–‹‡ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”Œ—•–‹…‡•–‘
”‡•’‘†–‘‹ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‘’‹‹‘•ǤͳͳͶ
 ƒ‘–Š‡” ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž‹‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ ‹…‘Ǧ
•‹•–‡–‹Š‘™™‡ŽŽ–Š‡›”‡’”‘†—…‡–Š‡•‡’Š‘–‘•ǤŠƒ•…Ž‡ƒ”’Š‘Ǧ
–‘•ǡ„—–Šƒ•‘Ž›‹…Ž—†‡†–™‘’Š‘–‘•ƒ†—•‡†–Š‡™”‘‰…ƒ’–‹‘ˆ‘”
‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’Š‘–‘•Ǥͳͳͷ Š‡ –Š‹”† ’Š‘–‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž
‘‡ǡ‹•‘‹––‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’‹‹‘ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡–Š‹”†’Š‘–‘ǯ•
…ƒ’–‹‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• —†‡”‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ •‡…‘† ’Š‘–‘ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ƒ†
…ƒ’–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‹•ƒ–…Š‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡•–Žƒ™ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ Šƒ• ƒŽŽ
–Š”‡‡’Š‘–‘•ǡͳͳ͸„—––Š‡›ƒ”‡†ƒ”ƒ†‰”ƒ‹›ƒ††‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘†‡…‹’Š‡”Ǥ
…‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‘Ž‹‡”‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ™Š‘…‘•–‹–—–‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡•‡‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ†Ǧ
‡”•Š‹’ǡ…ƒ‘–”‡Ž›‘–Š‡’Š‘–‘•–Š‡›•‡‡ǡƒ†‡˜‡™Š‡–Š‡’Š‘–‘•
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 44 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
͵ͷ͹
ƒ”‡ ‹…Ž—†‡†ǡ –Š‡› †‘ ‘– ƒ’’‡ƒ” ™‹–Š •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– …Žƒ”‹–› ˆ‘” ƒ ‘Ž‹‡
”‡ƒ†‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ•–”‘‰•‡•‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–Š‡‘”•Š‡‹••‡‡‹‰Ǥ
Ǥ –Š‹•ƒ”–ǡ‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•ƒ†Šƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•ǯ—•‡‘ˆ
‹ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ„ƒŽƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘—–™‡‹‰Š–Š‡Šƒ”•Ǥ
 –Š‹• ”‡•’‡…–ǡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” …‘‡–ƒ–‘”ǡ ƒ’–‘
‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”ǡ ™Š‘ …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ‹ƒ‰‡• ƒ†† Ž‹––Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ†
‘’‡ –Š‡ †‘‘” –‘ ‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥͳͳ͹ ‡ …‘—•‡Ž‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡‹”
—•‡Ǥͳͳͺ  …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ …‘—•‡Ž ‹ ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” —•‡ǡ „—– ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ –Šƒ–
–Š‡›‡‡†–‘„‡—•‡†™‹–Š…ƒ”‡Ǥ
›˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠƒ”‹•–Š‡’Š‘Ǧ
–‘‰”ƒ’Šǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡˜‡”›’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ†…ƒ‡Ž‹…‹–ƒ•–”‘‰‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡•’‘•‡ ˆ”‘ ˜‹‡™‡”•Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ› –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‹• ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡
Œ—•–‹…‡•–‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ•–‘™Š›–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ’ƒ”Ǧ
–‹…—Žƒ” ’Š‘–‘ ƒ† ™Šƒ– –Š‡› –Š‹ ‹– •Š‘™•Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– •ƒˆ‡Ǧ
‰—ƒ”†ǡ –Š‘—‰Šǡ ‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• –‘ …Š‘‘•‡ …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ™Š‹…Š ’Š‘–‘• –‘
‹…Ž—†‡Ǥ Š‡› •Š‘—Ž† —•‡ ‘Ž› ’Š‘–‘• –Šƒ– ƒ†† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– ƒ†
†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†’Š‘–‘•–Šƒ–‡Ž‹…‹–ƒ•–”‘‰˜‹•…‡”ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡
˜‹‡™‡”Ǥ
A. TheBenefits
ͳǤ –”‡‰–Š‡‹‰–Š‡”‰—‡–
ͳͳ͹Ǥ
ͳͳͺǤ
ͳͳͻǤ
ͳʹͲǤ
‡ŽŽ‹‰‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ͳǡƒ–ͳ͹ͳͲǤ
Id.
Ͷ͸ʹǤǤ͹ʹͷǡ͹ͶͶƒ’’Ǥȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ
ͶͻͻǤǤͷͺͷǡ͸Ͳͷƒ’’ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 44 Side A
Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• —•‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘• …ƒ „‡ •‡‡ ƒ•
ƒ‘–Š‡”–‘‘Ž–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”ƒ”‰—‡–‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ǧ
Ž›Ǥ • ‘–‡† ‹ ƒ”– ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• ™‘” „‡•– ™Š‡ –Š‡› …‘˜‡› ‹Ǧ
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™‘”†•ƒŽ‘‡…ƒ‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž›…‘˜‡›Ǥ
Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•…ƒ–”›–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”’‘‹–—•‹‰™‘”†•ǡ„—––Š‡‹Ǧ
ƒ‰‡ ƒ††• ƒ‘–Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
–Š‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›Ǧ•Šƒ’‡††‹•–”‹…–•„‡…‘‡‘”‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–™Š‡–Š‡”‡ƒ†Ǧ
‡”Ž‘‘•ƒ––Š‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡–ƒ’‹Karcherv.DaggettǤͳͳͻ‘ǡ–‘‘ǡ–Š‡
ƒ––ƒ…Š‡†–‹…‡–‹CarnivalCruise,Inc.v.ShuteͳʹͲƒ‡•…Ž‡ƒ”Œ—•–Š‘™
Š‹††‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ …Žƒ—•‡ ‹•Ǥ  •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …Ž‡ƒ” ™‘”†‹‰ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‘”—Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘…Žƒ—•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”•‡‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡…Žƒ—•‡‹•’Žƒ…‡†
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 44 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵ͷͺ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
‹ –Š‡ …‘–”ƒ…– ƒ† Š‘™ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– ‹– ‹• ˆ‘” ƒ …‘•—‡” –‘ ˆ‹† ‹– ‘ –Š‡
”‡˜‡”•‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹…‡–‹ƒ•‡ƒ‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ’”‹–Ǥ„‘–Š…ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡Œ—•Ǧ
–‹…‡•™Š‘—•‡†–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†™Šƒ––Š‡›•ƒ™™Š‡–Š‡›Ž‘‘‡†
ƒ– –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• •–”‡‰–Š‡‡† –Š‡‹” ƒ”‰—‡– ƒ† …‘—–‡”‡† ‘”
“—‡•–‹‘‡†ƒƒ”‰—‡–ƒ†‡„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹› ™‹”‡ …ƒ‰‡ ‹ Brown v. Plataͳʹͳ •Š‘™• –Šƒ–
™Š‡–‡š–ƒ†‹ƒ‰‡™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡›…ƒ„‡ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž…‘„‹ƒǦ
–‹‘ǤŠ‡’Š‘–‘‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹••–ƒ”ƒ†•’ƒ”‡ǡŠƒ•ƒ…ƒ’–‹‘–Šƒ–
‡š’Žƒ‹•‹–•—•‡Ǥ–Š‡–‡š–‘ˆŠ‹•‘’‹‹‘ǡ—•–‹…‡‡‡†›‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–Š‡
’‘‹‰ƒ–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‘‡’”‹•‘‡”™Š‘™ƒ•’Žƒ…‡†‹•—…Šƒ…ƒ‰‡‹
–Š‡ ‹†•– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š …”‹•‹•ǣ –Š‡ ’”‹•‘‡” ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† ƒŽ‘•–
–™‡–›Ǧˆ‘—” Š‘—”• Žƒ–‡” ‹ ƒ ‡ƒ” …ƒ–ƒ–‘‹… •–ƒ–‡Ǥͳʹʹ ‘–Š †‡•…”‹’–‹‘
ƒ†’Š‘–‘ƒ”‡Šƒ—–‹‰ǡƒ†‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž›ˆ‘”‰‘––‡Ǥ
ʹǤ ‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ•‘‹‰”‘…‡••
͵Ǥ ƒ‹‰’‹‹‘•‘”‡……‡••‹„Ž‡
ƒ‰‡• ƒŽ•‘ …‘—Ž† ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘• ‘”‡ ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ –‘ –‘†ƒ›ǯ•
Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ƒ†›‘—‰Žƒ™›‡”•ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡†‘‹Ǧ
ƒ‰‡•ƒ†‹…‘•Ǥ‡Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ˜‹•—ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ•‹…Šƒ”†Š‡”™‹Šƒ•‘„Ǧ
•‡”˜‡†ǡ DzȏȐ‘ ™ƒŽ ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‘ ƒ––‡” Š‘™ ˆƒ” ˆŽ—‰ ‘” ‡•‘–‡”‹…ǡ ‹•
‹—‡–‘–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›˜‹•—ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥdzͳʹͷ”‘–Š‡
ƒ’’•‘•ƒ”–’Š‘‡•–‘ –Š‡˜‹†‡‘•–Šƒ–‰‘ ˜‹”ƒŽ ‘‘——„‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•
ͳʹͳǤ
ͳʹʹǤ
ͳʹ͵Ǥ
ͳʹͶǤ
ͳʹͷǤ
ͳ͵ͳǤ–ǤͳͻͳͲǡͳͻͷͲȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
Id.ƒ–ͳͻʹͶǡͳͻͷͲǤ
Ͷ͸ʹǤǤƒ–͹ͷͷǤ
Id.ƒ–͹ͺ͹Ǥ
‹…Šƒ”†ǤŠ‡”™‹ǡVisualJurisprudenceǡͷ͹ǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳǡͳͺȋʹͲͳʹǦͳ͵ȌǤ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 44 Side B
Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ–™Š‡–Š‡›”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•ǯ”‡ƒǦ
•‘‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥˆ—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ˆ‘—†‹–—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ’’‘”Ǧ
–‹‘‡– ƒ’ ‹ Karcher v. Daggettͳʹ͵ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ …‘•‹†‡” ™Š‡–Š‡”
–Š‡”‡Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ—…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆŠ‡†‹†‘–
—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› †‡…‹†‡ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ –Šƒ– ‰”‘—†ǡ –Š‡ ‹– ‹• —•‡ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” Š‹ –‘
ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ’ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ•—•–‹…‡‘™‡ŽŽ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ–Š‡
ƒ’ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡”‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ ‰‡””›ƒ†‡”‹‰ Dzˆƒ” „‡––‡”
–Šƒ™‘”†•†‡•…”‹„‡ǤdzͳʹͶŠ‡‹ƒ‰‡•™‡”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡…‘”†„‡Ž‘™ƒ†
™‡”‡ˆ‹Ž‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘—”–ǤŠ‡›‹ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•ǯ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡…ƒ•‡ǡŒ—•–ƒ•–Š‡„”‹‡ˆ•ƒ†‘”ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–†‹†ǤŠ‡Œ—•–‹…‡•…‹–‡…ƒ•Ǧ
‡•‘”ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ƒ”‰—‡–•–Šƒ––Š‡›”‡Ž›‘–‘”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡‹””‡•—Ž–Ǣ•‘–‘‘
•Š‘—Ž†–Š‡›‹…Ž—†‡‹ƒ‰‡•™Š‡–Š‡›”‡Ž›‘–Š‡Ǥ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 45 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
͵ͷͻ
ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Ǥˆƒ‹ƒ‰‡Š‡Ž’•–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”–‘ˆ‘…—•‘ƒŒ—•Ǧ
–‹…‡ǯ•ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ†–‘‰”ƒ•’‹–‘”‡–Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›ǡ–Š‡‹–•‡”˜‡•ƒ—•‡ˆ—Ž
’—”’‘•‡Ǥ Š‡ Œ—†‹…‹ƒ”›ǡ ƒ• —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†› ‘…‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ —•‡• –Š‡
™”‹––‡™‘”†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•‘—†„‹–‡–‘†‘‹–•Œ‘„Ǥͳʹ͸Ž–Š‘—‰Š‹Ǧ
ƒ‰‡• ƒ”‡ ‘ •—„•–‹–—–‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ™”‹––‡ ™‘”†ǡ –Š‡› …ƒ ™‘” Šƒ† ‹
Šƒ† ™‹–Š ‹–Ǥ ƒ‰‡• …ƒ ‰”ƒ„ ƒ ”‡ƒ†‡”ǯ• ƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ‡ …Ž‡ƒ” ƒ
ƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ–‹‰Š–‘–Š‡”™‹•‡”‡ƒ‹‡Ž—•‹˜‡Ǥ
ƒ‰‡• ‹ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘’‹‹‘• ƒŽ•‘ …ƒ ƒ‡ ‘’‹‹‘• ‘”‡
ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹…ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ”‡ƒ’’‘”–‹‘‡–ƒ’‘”ƒ
…”—‹•‡Ǧ•Š‹’–‹…‡–‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡„”‘ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‹Š‘‡ƒ’’ǡ
ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‹ƒ—’”‡‡‘—”–‘’‹‹‘…‘—Ž††”ƒ™‘”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡
’—„Ž‹…–‘–Š‡‘’‹‹‘–Šƒ‹‰Š–‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡–Š‡…ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡‹ƒ‰‡…ƒ
•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒƒ‹†ƒ†Š‡Ž’–‘…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–ˆ‘”Žƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŽǦ
–Š‘—‰Š —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ”‡ ™”‹––‡ ˆ‘” ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ—†‹‡…‡ ƒ†
ƒ”‡—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ƒ––”ƒ…–ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ—†‹‡…‡ǡ‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡‘‡™ƒ›–‘”‡ƒ…Š
”‡ƒ†‡”• —ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‹ƒ‰‡
‹‰Š–•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰–Š‡‘’‹‹‘‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ
„”‘ƒ†‡”ƒ—†‹‡…‡–ŠƒŽƒ™›‡”•Ǥ
ͶǤ ”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡’‘•‹–‘”›
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͳʹ͸Ǥ See, e.g.ǡ ‹†ƒ ”‡‡Š‘—•‡ǡ 2 Justices Indicate Supreme Court Is Unlikely To Televise
SessionsǡǤǤǡ’”ǤͷǡʹͲͲ͸ǡƒ–ͳ͸ȋƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘—•‡’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘••—„…‘‹–Ǧ
–‡‡ǡ —•–‹…‡ –Š‘› ‡‡†› ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ„•‡…‡ ‘ˆ …ƒ‡”ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ǤǤ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–
™ƒ•ƒDz’‘•‹–‹˜‡dz„‡…ƒ—•‡Dzȏ™Ȑ‡–‡ƒ…Š–Šƒ–‘—”„”ƒ…ŠŠƒ•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†›ƒ‹…ǤǤǤǤ‡–‡ƒ…Š–Šƒ–
™‡ƒ”‡Œ—†‰‡†„›™Šƒ–™‡™”‹–‡ǤdzȌǤ
ͳʹ͹Ǥ ͷʹ͵ǤǤ͹͸͹ǡͺʹͲȋͳͻͻͺȌȋ–‡˜‡•ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰ȌǤ
ͳʹͺǤ ͵ͺͳǤǤͷ͵ʹǡͷͺ͸ƒ’’Ǥ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ͳǦ͹ȋͳͻ͸ͷȌȋƒ””‡ǡǤǤǡ…‘…—””‹‰ȌǤ
ͳʹͻǤ ͷ͵͵ǤǤʹ͹ǡͷʹȋʹͲͲͳȌȋ–‡˜‡•ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰ȌǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 45 Side A
Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–Œ—•–‹…‡•…Š‘‘•‡–‘‹…Ž—†‡‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ
…—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡’‘•‹–‘”›ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘
„‡ƒ‹–‡†‡†’—”’‘•‡‘ˆƒ›Œ—•–‹…‡ǡ‹–‹•ƒ—‹–‡†‡†…‘•‡“—‡…‡Ǥ
Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘•Ȃˆ”‘ –Š‡ ŽŽ‹•
•Žƒ† Žƒ†‹‰ …ƒ”† ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› —•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡• ‹ New Jersey v. New
Yorkͳʹ͹ –‘ –Š‡ •‡˜‡ ’ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ „Žƒ…Ǧƒ†Ǧ™Š‹–‡ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š• †‡Ǧ
’‹…–‹‰‡ƒ”Ž›…ƒ‡”ƒ•‹–Š‡…‘—”–”‘‘ƒ’’‡†‡†„›Š‹‡ˆ—•–‹…‡ƒ”Ǧ
”‡ ‹ Estes v. TexasͳʹͺȄ‘ˆˆ‡” ˆƒ•…‹ƒ–‹‰ ‰Ž‹’•‡• ‹–‘ ‘—” ’ƒ•–Ǥ ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’Š‘–‘•‹Estes•Š‘™ƒ…‘—”–”‘‘•…‡‡‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡‘Ž›
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ™Š‹–‡ ‡ǡ •‘‹‰ ™ƒ• ’‡”‹––‡† ‹ –Š‡ …‘—”–Ǧ
”‘‘ǡ ƒ† …ƒ‡”ƒ• ™‡”‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ† ”‡“—‹”‡† „”‹‰Š– Ž‹‰Š–• ƒ† ™‹”‡•
‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ • “—ƒ‹– ƒ• –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘• ˆ”‘ Estes Ž‘‘ –‘ —• –‘†ƒ›ǡ –Š‡
‹ˆ”ƒ”‡† ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ Kyllo v. United Statesͳʹͻ ƒ† –Š‡ —•Š”‘‘ ƒ†˜‡”Ǧ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 45 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵͸Ͳ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
–‹•‡‡–•ƒ†”‡…‹’‡•‹UnitedStatesv.UnitedFoods,Inc.ͳ͵Ͳƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›
–‘Ž‘‘–‘ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡Œ—•–‹…‡•ǯ†‡…‹•‹‘–‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒ‹ƒ‰‡
‹ƒ‘’‹‹‘ǡ–Š‘—‰Š—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡„ƒ•‡†‘…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‘”›‘ˆ
…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•ǡ‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡…–Ǥ›˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ‹†‹Ǧ
”‡…–„‡‡ˆ‹–ǡ„—–ƒ„‡‡ˆ‹–‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••Ǥ
B. TheHarms
ͳǤ ƒ…‘ˆš’Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‹–‹“—‡
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͳ͵ͲǤ ͷ͵͵ǤǤͶͲͷǡͶ͵Ͳƒ’’ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰ȌǤ
ͳ͵ͳǤ ͳ͵ͳǤ–ǤͳͻͳͲǡͳͻͶͻȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
ͳ͵ʹǤ Seesupraƒ”–ǤǤ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 45 Side B
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ Šƒ” ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ”‹•‡•
™Š‡–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•‹…Ž—†‡‹ƒ‰‡•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›†‘–Š‹•
„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›–Š‹‘‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹•‡‡†‡†Ǥ•—…Š…ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡›•‡‡
–‘ –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡…– Dz•’‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ‹–•‡Žˆdz ƒ† –Šƒ– ‘Ž› ‘‡
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‡Œ—•–‹…‡••‡‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›’”‘‡–‘–Š‹•
˜‹‡™™Š‡‹…Ž—†‹‰’Š‘–‘•‘”˜‹†‡‘Ž‹•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ•‡•‡–Šƒ–Dz‘—”
‡›‡•†‘‘–†‡…‡‹˜‡—•Ǥdz‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ’Š‘–‘‘”˜‹†‡‘”‡“—‹”‡•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒǦ
–‹‘„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡™ƒ›•‘ˆ˜‹‡™‹‰‹–Ǥ–‹•‘–ƒ••–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ǧ
ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ƒ•–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•–Š‹Ǥ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‘–‘•‹Brownv.Plataͳ͵ͳƒ”‡ƒ’’‡†‡†
–‘–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘’‹‹‘™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›–‡š–—ƒŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ•‡–‹‘‡†
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡͳ͵ʹ —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†› †‹† ‘– ‡š’Žƒ‹ ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘’‹‹‘
™Š›Š‡‹…Ž—†‡†–Š‡•‡’Š‘–‘•ƒ†™Šƒ–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š––Š‡›•Š‘™‡†ǤŠ‡
…ƒ’–‹‘•ǡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹•‘ ƒ† –Š‡ †ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’Š‘–‘ǡ ƒ†† Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• —•–‹…‡ ‡‡†› ƒ••—‡† –Šƒ–
–Š‡’Š‘–‘•ƒ‡…Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡…”‘™†‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•‹™Š‹…Š’”‹•‘‡”•™‡”‡
Š‡Ž†‹–™‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ’”‹•‘•ǡ„—–‹–‹•—…Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‡
’Š‘–‘•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”’”‹•‘•ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡’Š‘–‘•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡
‡†‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡
ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ„—„‡†•‹‘‡Žƒ”‰‡”‘‘†‘‡•‘–…‘˜‡›ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‡š–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”…”‘™†‹‰Ǥ ‘” †‘‡• ‹– …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ „‡––‡” —†‡”Ǧ
•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‡– ‡†‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š …ƒ”‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥˆƒ”‘”‡—•‡ˆ—Ž’Š‘–‘™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹…ƒŽ
…Ž‹‹…‹–Š‡’”‹•‘Ǥ
ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’Š‘–‘•†‘‘–‡Ž‹…‹–ƒ›”‡•’‘•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡†‹••‡–Ǥ
Š‡’Š‘–‘•‡‡†–‘„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›ƒ†–Š‡
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 46 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
͵͸ͳ
†‹••‡–ǡŒ—•–ƒ•ƒ’”‡…‡†‡–™‘—Ž†„‡Ǥͳ͵͵ˆ–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•ƒ”‡‘–‰‘‹‰–‘
‡š’Žƒ‹ ™Š› –Š‡› ‹…Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ƒ† ™Šƒ– –Š‡› •‡‡ ‹ ‹–ǡ ƒ† ‹ˆ
–Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ †‘ ‘– …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ ƒ† ƒ› …‘…‘‹–ƒ–
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‡’Š‘–‘ˆ—…–‹‘•‘”‡ƒ•ƒ†‹•–”ƒ…–‹‘–Šƒƒ•ƒ
‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
‹†‡‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‰— –‘
—•‡„›‹…Ž—†‹‰Ž‹•–‘–Š‡˜‹†‡‘‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘Ǥͳ͵ͶŠ‡Œ—•–‹…‡•ƒ”‡
Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ ˜‹†‡‘• ‘”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ˜‹†‡‘• Šƒ˜‡
„‡…‘‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡– ‹ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› Ž‹ˆ‡Ȅˆ”‘ •—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ…‡
…ƒ‡”ƒ•–‘…‹–‹œ‡ǦŒ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–•ǯ˜‹†‡‘•Ȅƒ†‹–Š‡…‘—”–”‘‘Ǥͳ͵ͷ‹†‡Ǧ
‘•ǡŽ‹‡’Š‘–‘•ǡ”‡“—‹”‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‡‘’‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹–‡”’”‡Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹Scottv.Harrisǡͳ͵͸–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘’‹‹‘‹…Ž—†‡†
ƒŽ‹–‘–Š‡˜‹†‡‘‘ˆƒ…ƒ”…Šƒ•‡ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ’–—”‡†ƒ’‘Ž‹…‡‘ˆˆ‹…‡”‹’—”Ǧ
•—‹–‘ˆƒ†”‹˜‡”™Š‘Šƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘•–‘’™Š‡•—‘‡†–‘†‘•‘ǤŠ‡
˜‹†‡‘™ƒ•ƒ”…Š‹˜‡†‘–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ǯ•™‡„•‹–‡ƒ†‹•ƒŽ•‘‘ˆ‹Ž‡
ƒ––Š‡‘ˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡”‘ˆ‘—”–Ǥͳ͵͹—•–‹…‡…ƒŽ‹ƒǡ™”‹–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒǦ
Œ‘”‹–›ǡƒ†‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ǯ†‹••‡–ǡ…Š‘•‡–‘‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡
Ž‹–‘–Š‡…ƒ”…Šƒ•‡ǣDz‡ƒ”‡Šƒ’’›–‘ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡–‘•’‡ƒˆ‘”
‹–•‡ŽˆǤdzͳ͵ͺ—•–‹…‡…ƒŽ‹ƒǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š•‡˜‡‘–Š‡”Œ—•–‹…‡•ǡ•ƒ™ƒ…ƒ”…Šƒ•‡
–Šƒ– Dz”‡•‡„Ž‡• ƒ ‘ŽŽ›™‘‘†Ǧ•–›Ž‡ …ƒ” …Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ”‹‰Š–‡‹‰
•‘”–ǡ’Žƒ…‹‰’‘Ž‹…‡‘ˆˆ‹…‡”•ƒ†‹‘…‡–„›•–ƒ†‡”•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‰”‡ƒ–”‹•
‘ˆ •‡”‹‘—• ‹Œ—”›Ǥdzͳ͵ͻ —•–‹…‡ ”‡›‡”ǡ ™”‹–‹‰ ƒ …‘…—””‡…‡ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡Ǧ
ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‹‹–Š‡‘—”–‘’‹‹‘ƒ†—”‰‡†”‡ƒ†‡”•–‘™ƒ–…Š–Š‡
˜‹†‡‘ǤͳͶͲ‡†‹†‘––Š‹–Šƒ–ƒ›‘‡™Š‘™ƒ–…Š‡†‹–ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǦ
•‘ƒ„Ž‡ Œ—”›ǡ …‘—Ž† ˆ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹…‡” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ …ƒ” …Šƒ•‡ Šƒ†
—•‡†‡š…‡••‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†ƒ…–‡†‹˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤͳͶͳ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͳ͵͵Ǥ • ‡„‡……ƒ —•Š‡– ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ DzŒ—†‹…‹ƒŽ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡• …ƒ „‡ ‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ ‘—”–•
…‘—Ž† …‘•‹†‡” ‹ƒ‰‡• ƒ• ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ‹‡ˆˆƒ„Ž‡ ‘” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥdz ‡„‡……ƒ
—•Š‡–ǡWorthaThousandWords:TheImagesofCopyrightǡͳʹͷǤǤǤ͸ͺͶǡ͹ͲͻȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ
ͳ͵ͶǤ Š‡…ƒ•‡•…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†‹ƒ”–†‘‘–‹…Ž—†‡Ž‹•–‘˜‹†‡‘ǡ™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡ƒ‘Ž‹‡
•‡ƒ”…Š”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•‡ƒ”…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ U.S.ReportsǤŽ‡ƒ˜‡‹––‘ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–ǤǤ—Ǧ
’”‡‡‘—”–…ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡Ž‹•–‘‘Ž‹‡˜‹†‡‘•Ǥ
ͳ͵ͷǤ See, e.g.ǡ Ƭ ǡ ǣ Ƭ
š‹ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ
ͳ͵͸Ǥ ͷͷͲǤǤ͵͹ʹȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ
ͳ͵͹Ǥ Id.ƒ–͵͹ͺǤͷȋDz‡‡‡…‘”†͵͸ǡšŠǤǡavailableat
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•—’”‡‡…‘—”–—•Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁ‘’‹‹‘•Ȁ˜‹†‡‘Ȁ•…‘––̴˜̴Šƒ””‹•ǤŠ–Ž ƒ† ‹ Ž‡” ‘ˆ ‘—”–ǯ•
…ƒ•‡ˆ‹Ž‡ǤdzȌǤ
ͳ͵ͺǤ Id.
ͳ͵ͻǤ Id.ƒ–͵ͺͲǤ
ͳͶͲǤ Id.ƒ–͵ͺ͹ȋ”‡›‡”ǡǤǡ…‘…—””‹‰ȌǤ
ͳͶͳǤ Id.
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 46 Side A
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 46 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵͸ʹ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
†‡”Ž›‹‰ —•–‹…‡ ”‡›‡”ǯ• ™‘”†• ‹• –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘Ž›
‘‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹†‡‘ƒ†–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›‘‡™Š‘™ƒ–…Š‡•‹–™‹ŽŽ
•‡‡‹–‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•‘––Š‡…ƒ•‡ǡ‡˜‡™‹–Š–Š‡
Œ—•–‹…‡•ǡƒ•—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•ˆ‹Ž‡†ƒ†‹••‡–„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹–‡”’”‡Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘ǤͳͶʹ —•–‹…‡ –‡˜‡• •ƒ™ ƒ …ƒ” …Šƒ•‡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡
Š‡ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–• ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ƒ• „—”•–• ‘ˆ Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ ‡ •—”‹•‡† –Šƒ– ‹ˆ Š‹• ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™
Œ—•–‹…‡•Šƒ†DzŽ‡ƒ”‡†–‘†”‹˜‡™Š‡‘•–Š‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡††”‹˜‹‰–‘‘’Žƒ…‡
‘ –™‘ǦŽƒ‡ ”‘ƒ†• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘ •—’‡”Š‹‰Š™ƒ›•Ȃ™Š‡ •’Ž‹–Ǧ•‡…‘†
Œ—†‰‡–•ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‹•‘ˆ’ƒ••‹‰ƒ•Ž‘™’‘‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ‘…‘‹‰
–”ƒˆˆ‹… ™‡”‡ ”‘—–‹‡Ȃ–Š‡› ‹‰Š– ™‡ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ…–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡
‘”‡†‹•’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡Ž›ǤdzͳͶ͵•—•–‹…‡–‡˜‡•’‘‹–‡†‘—–‹Š‹•†‹••‡–ǡ
‡˜‡–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–…‘—”–Œ—†‰‡ƒ†–Š‡–Š”‡‡Œ—†‰‡•‘–Š‡‘—”–‘ˆ’Ǧ
’‡ƒŽ•Šƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‡†–Š‡˜‹†‡‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›–Šƒ–Š‡‘—”–ǡͳͶͶ•—‰‰‡•–Ǧ
‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —•– ƒ• ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡
Œ—†‰‡• …‘—Ž† †‹ˆˆ‡” ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘ –‘‘ǡ …‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡
Œ—”‘”•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡˜‹†‡‘•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‰‘‡–‘–Š‡Œ—”›ǤͳͶͷ
ʹǤ Š‡‡‡†–‘š‡”…‹•‡‡•–”ƒ‹–
ͳͶʹǤ
ͳͶ͵Ǥ
ͳͶͶǤ
ͳͶͷǤ
Id.ƒ–͵ͺͻȋ–‡˜‡•ǡǤǡ†‹••‡–‹‰ȌǤ
Id.ƒ–͵ͻͲǤͳ
Id.ƒ–͵ͻͷǤ
Id.ƒ–͵ͻ͸Ǥ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 46 Side B
ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ’Š‘–‘•ǡ …ƒ „‡ ˜‡”› ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ƒ† –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡•
‡‡†–‘‡š‡”…‹•‡”‡•–”ƒ‹–‹†‡…‹†‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”–‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒ’Š‘–‘‹ƒ
Š‹‰ŠŽ›…‘–‡•–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǤŠ‡‘•–•‡”‹‘—•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠƒ”™‹–Š
’Š‘–‘•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›…‘—Ž†ƒ”‘—•‡ƒ•–”‘‰ǡ˜‹•…‡”ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡‹˜‹‡™‡”•
‹ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ–Šƒ–‹•…‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ‘”‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ›…Šƒ”‰‡†Ǥ•—…Š…ƒ•‡•ǡ
–Š‡’Š‘–‘•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ††‹‰–‘”‡ƒ•‘ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–ǡ™‹ŽŽ—†‡”‹‡
–Š‡Ǥ
Š‡’Š‘–‘‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ‰‡‹Brownv.Plata™ƒ•‘˜‹‰ǡ‘–„‡…ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‹–•‡ŽˆȄƒ•ƒŽŽǡ’ƒ†Ž‘…‡†ǡ™‹”‡Ǧ‡•Š…ƒ‰‡Ȅ„—–„‡…ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”ƒ•–‘™Š‡”‡ƒ’”‹•‘‡”‹–Š‡‹†•–‘ˆƒ
‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š…”‹•‹•™‘—Ž†„‡‡’–ǤŠ‡’Š‘–‘†‹†‘–…”‘••–Š‡Ž‹‡Ȃ‘”
ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š‡†‹••‡–†‹†‘–…Šƒ”‰‡–Šƒ–‹–†‹†Ȅ„—–‘‡…‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž›‹Ǧ
ƒ‰‹‡ ’Š‘–‘• –Šƒ– †‘ …”‘•• –Š‡ Ž‹‡Ǥ  •‘‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ǡ •—…Š ƒ•
ƒ„‘”–‹‘ ‘” †‡ƒ–Š ’‡ƒŽ–›ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ †‡‡’ •‘…‹‡–ƒŽ †‹˜‹†‡ ƒ†
’‡‘’Ž‡‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡ˆ‡‡Ž•–”‘‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡‹…Ž—•‹‘‘ˆƒ’Š‘–‘
…‘—Ž†„‡†‡‡’Ž›†‹˜‹•‹˜‡Ǥ‡…ƒ‹ƒ‰‹‡ƒ’Š‘–‘‘ˆƒˆ‡–—•‘”ƒ’Š‘–‘
‘ˆ ƒ ‡š‡…—–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‘—Ž† ‡Ž‹…‹– ƒ ”‡•’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‘– „‡
•Šƒ’‡† „› ”‡ƒ•‘ ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡– „—– „› ‡‘–‹‘ ƒ† ‘—–”ƒ‰‡Ǥ  –Š‹•
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 47 Side A
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
IMAGESANDARTIFACTSINSUPREMECOURTOPINIONS
͵͸͵
ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–‰‘˜‹”ƒŽǡ–Š‹••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”…‘…‡”–‘–Š‡
‘—”–Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹– ”‡ƒ‹• —’ –‘ –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• –‘ ‡š‡”…‹•‡ ”‡•–”ƒ‹– ƒ† –‘
…Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡‹” ’Š‘–‘• ™‹•‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ’Š‘–‘ •Š‘—Ž† ƒ†† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰
’”‘…‡••ǡ‘–‘„•…—”‡‹–ǡƒ†•Š‘—Ž†ˆ‘•–‡”†‹•…—••‹‘ǡ‘–†”‘™‹–‘—–Ǥ
—•– ƒ• –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• …Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘• …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› „‡Ǧ
…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ™”‹–‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‰‡•ǡ •‘ –‘‘ •Š‘—Ž† –Š‡› …Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡‹”
’Š‘–‘•…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ǡ–‘‘ǡƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
͵Ǥ ”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ”‘„Ž‡•
—•–‹…‡•™Š‘™ƒ––‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•Š‘—Ž††‘
•‘ǡ „—– –Š‡› •Š‘—Ž† –Š‹ …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ„‘—– ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ††•Ǥ ˆ ‹–
•–”‡‰–Š‡• –Š‡‹” ƒ”‰—‡– ‘” ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Š‡‹” ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ‹–’Žƒ›• ƒ
—•‡ˆ—Ž”‘Ž‡ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡‘’‹‹‘Ǥ˜‡”›–‹‡–Š‡Œ—•Ǧ
–‹…‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ ƒ ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡› •Š‘—Ž† ‡š’Žƒ‹ ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ™Š› –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡
‹…Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– –Š‡› –Š‹ ‹– •Š‘™•Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š •‘‡
ͳͶ͸Ǥ ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ”—‹•‡‹‡•ǡ…Ǥ˜ǤŠ—–‡ǡͶͻͻǤǤͷͺͷǡ͸Ͳͷǡͳͻͻͳʹʹʹͳȋ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ǡ„—–
‘–’”‘˜‹†‹‰ǡ–Š‡‡šŠ‹„‹–ȌǤ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 47 Side A
‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡•ǯ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹”
‘’‹‹‘•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‘Ž‹‡˜‡”•‹‘•†‘‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡•‡‹ƒ‰Ǧ
‡•ǡ‘”‹ˆ–Š‡›†‘ǡ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘†‡…‹’Š‡”Ǥˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•
ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡› ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž‹‡
‘’‹‹‘•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘Ž‹‡•‡”˜‹…‡•‹‰Š–‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘
”‡’”‘†—…‡ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• ™Š‡ –Š‡› ˆ‹”•– •–ƒ”–‡† ƒ‹‰ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–
‘’‹‹‘• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ž‹‡ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” –Š‡ …ƒ•‡Ǥ  ˆƒ…–ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡š– ƒ† ‹ƒ‰‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ‡„ǡ ”‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‹‡
‘’‹‹‘••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‡‡‹ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒƒœ‹‰…Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ—…Š
…Žƒ”‹–› •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘™ –Šƒ– ‘’‹‹‘• …ƒ „‡ ”‡ƒ† ‘– Œ—•– ‘
…‘’—–‡” •…”‡‡•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‘ ‘„‹Ž‡ †‡˜‹…‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• •ƒ”–’Š‘‡•
ƒ† –ƒ„Ž‡– •Ǥ –‘—…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…”‡‡ •Š‘—Ž† „”‹‰ —’ ƒ ‹ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š
‰”‡ƒ– ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘Ž‹‡ ˜‹‡™‡” •‡‡‹‰ ƒ ‹…‘’Ž‡–‡
‘”ƒ‹ˆ‡”‹‘”˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‹‹‘ǡŠ‡‘”•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†•‡‡ƒ‡Šƒ…‡†
˜‡”•‹‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘Ž‹‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡••–‹ŽŽ†‘‘–’”‘˜‹†‡•—…Š•‡”˜‹…‡ǡ‹–
‹•‘–†—‡–‘ƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹’‡†‹‡–Ǥ‹‰Š–‘…‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
Ž‹‹–‡†„›–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹…Ž—†‡‹ƒ‰‡•‹–‡š–ǡ„—––Š‹•‘
Ž‘‰‡” Š‘Ž†• –”—‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› †ƒ›•ǡ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† ‘ …Š‘‹…‡
„—––‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡ƒ‹ƒ‰‡„›–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡Dzȏ‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‹”‹‰‹ƒŽȐǡdz„—–
–Š‘•‡†ƒ›•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‰•‹…‡’ƒ••‡†ǤͳͶ͸
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 47 Side B
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͲͶǦǦǤȋȌ
͵͸Ͷ
ͷȀ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵ͻǣʹ͵
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣʹ
33531-ckt_88-2 Sheet No. 47 Side B
Œ—•–‹…‡• –Š‹ –Šƒ– ‹ƒ‰‡• •’‡ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ‘– –Š‡ …ƒ•‡Ǥ
Š‘–‘•ƒ†˜‹†‡‘•ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”—Ž–‹’Ž‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡
Œ—•–‹…‡•‡‡†–‘‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ––Š‡›•‡‡ƒ†™Š›–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‹…Ž—†‡†–Š‡
’Š‘–‘‘”–Š‡˜‹†‡‘Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‘•‡Œ—•–‹…‡•™‹–Šƒ…‘–”ƒ”›˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡
…ƒ•‡ ‡‡† –‘ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ Œ—•– Ž‹‡ –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ƒ”‰—Ǧ
‡–• ƒ† ’”‡…‡†‡–•Ǥ Š‡› ‡‡† –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ ™Š› ƒ ‹ƒ‰‡ ”ƒ‹•‡• ƒ
“—‡•–‹‘‘”ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡ƒ‹••—‡ǤŠ‡›‡‡†–‘’‘‹–‘—––Š‡†‹•–‘”Ǧ
–‹‘•‹‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡‘‹––‡†ƒ†™Šƒ–‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ
†‡…‹•‹‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡‹…”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ—•–ƒ•Œ—•–‹…‡•‡‡†–‘
…”‹–‹“—‡ ‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ ™‡ ƒ• ˜‹‡™‡”• ‡‡† –‘ „‡…‘‡ ‘”‡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ‹ ‘—”
ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– –‘ ’Š‘–‘• ƒ† ˜‹†‡‘•Ǥ
‡ ‡‡† –‘ “—‡•–‹‘ ™Šƒ– ™‡ •‡‡Ȃ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹ ƒ ‰”ƒ’Šǡ ƒ ’Š‘–‘ǡ ‘” ƒ
˜‹†‡‘Ȃƒ†‡˜‡‘”‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ǡ™‡‡‡†–‘“—‡•–‹‘™Šƒ–™‡†‘‘–
•‡‡Ǥ•—ǡ™‡‡‡†–‘ƒ…“—‹”‡™Šƒ–‹…Šƒ”†Š‡”™‹Šƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ•
Dz˜‹•—ƒŽ’”—†‡…‡ǤdzͳͶ͹
• ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ƒ––‡”ǡ ‹ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡• ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ‘’‹‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡›
‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ ‘Ž‹‡ ˜‡”•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹• …”‹–‹…ƒŽ
„‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘”‡ ”‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’‹‹‘• ‘Ž‹‡ –Šƒ ‡˜‡” „‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ
‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹‰Š–‘–Šƒ˜‡’‡”‹––‡†‹ƒ‰‡•‹‘Ž‹‡‘’‹‹‘•‘”‹‰‹Ǧ
ƒŽŽ›ǡ „—– –Š‹• ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ –‘†ƒ›Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ”‡’‘”–‡”• ƒ†
‘Ž‹‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹ƒ‰‡•
™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•‡ƒ†ƒ–Ž‹––Ž‡…‘•–ǡ–Š‹••Š‘—Ž†‘–‹•’‹”‡–Š‡Œ—•–‹…‡•–‘
—•‡‹ƒ‰‡•™‹–Šƒ„ƒ†‘Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡›‡‡†–‘’”‘…‡‡†™‹–Š…ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡›
•Š‘—Ž†—•‡‹ƒ‰‡•‘Ž›™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ‡ƒ’‘‹––Šƒ–‹•Šƒ”†–‘…‘˜‡›
™‹–Š™‘”†•ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ Œ—•– ƒ• –Š‡ Œ—•–‹…‡• –Š‹ …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
™‘”†•–Š‡›—•‡‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘ƒ†”‡…‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘‘…‡
’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹… †‘ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡› ‡‡† –‘ –Š‹ …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡• –Š‡› —•‡Ǥ Š‡› ‡‡† –‘ ƒ‡ •—”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡•
–Š‡› …Š‘‘•‡ ƒ”‡ ‘‡• –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ ‡Šƒ…‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ †‹‹‹•Šǡ ’—„Ž‹…
†‡„ƒ–‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ™Š‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ƒ––‡” ‡Ž‹…‹–• •–”‘‰Ž›ǦŠ‡Ž† ƒ†
†‡‡’Ž›Ǧ…‘–‡•–‡†’‘‹–•‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥ
05/13/2013 14:40:30
ͳͶ͹Ǥ ‹…Šƒ”† Ǥ Š‡”™‹ǡ ”‘ˆǤǡ ǤǤ ƒ™ …Š‘‘Žǡ ƒ‡Ž ‘ ‘†‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ™ǣ ‡ƒŽǡ ‹”–—ƒŽǡ ƒ†
›–Š‹…ǡ ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –—†› ‘ˆ ƒ™ǡ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ —ƒ‹–‹‡• ͳ͸–Š —ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡
ȋƒ”ǤʹʹǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍȋ‘–‡•‘ˆ‹Ž‡™‹–Šƒ—–Š‘”ȌǤ