Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change

.
Social networks help New Zealanders
deal with change
1
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Citation
Statistics New Zealand (2015). Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change.
Available from www.stats.govt.nz
ISBN 978-0-908350-21-6 (online)
Published in November 2015 by
Statistics New Zealand
Tatauranga Aotearoa
Wellington, New Zealand
Contact
Statistics New Zealand Information Centre: [email protected]
Phone toll-free 0508 525 525
Phone international +64 4 931 4610
www.stats.govt.nz
2
Contents
List of tables and figures ...................................................................................................4
1 Purpose and key findings .............................................................................................5
Purpose............................................................................................................................5
Key findings .....................................................................................................................5
2 Social networks an important source of support ......................................................6
About social networks ......................................................................................................6
Types of life changes .......................................................................................................6
Data is from New Zealand General Social Survey ..........................................................7
3 Life changes experienced in past 12 months.............................................................8
Most New Zealanders experienced major change ..........................................................8
Changes in health and finances most common ..............................................................8
Change of greatest impact varies by life stage ...............................................................9
More types of change perceived as negative rather than positive ................................10
4 Social network sources of support ...........................................................................12
Family the main source of first help or support .............................................................12
Support from professionals more common for health-related changes ........................13
Social networks provide varied types of help ................................................................14
5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................16
Appendix 1: Data tables ...................................................................................................17
3
List of tables and figures
List of tables
1. Number of changes experienced in last 12 months, by life stage ............................17
2. Type of change experienced, by life stage ................................................................17
3. Change of greatest impact, by life stage ...................................................................18
4. Perception of different life changes, by life stage .....................................................19
5. Source of first support for people who went through a change, by life stage ...........20
6. Source of first support, by change of greatest impact...............................................20
7. Type of support received, by life stage......................................................................20
8. Source of first help, by type of support received .......................................................21
List of figures
1. People with at least one major life change in last 12 months, by life stage................8
2. People with at least one major life change in last 12 months, by type of change ......9
3. Life change of greatest impact, by type of change ...................................................10
4. Perception of different life changes, by type of change ............................................11
5. Source of first help/support, by life stage ..................................................................13
6. Source of first help/support, by change of greatest impact .......................................14
7. Type of help/support received, by life stage..............................................................14
8. Source of first help/support, by type of support received ..........................................15
4
1 Purpose and key findings
Purpose
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change describes how people use their
social networks to help get through periods of major change in their life. The report looks
at the changes people experienced during the previous 12 months, their impacts, and
who they reached out to for support.
Data is sourced from the 2014 New Zealand General Social Survey, and covers New
Zealand adults at four broad life stages: young people (aged 15–24), prime working age
(25–44), middle age (45–64), and older people (65 years and over).
Key findings

7 in 10 New Zealand adults experienced at least one change that had a major
impact on their lives in the last 12 months.

Changes in health circumstances were the most commonly reported life change,
followed by changes in finances and relationships.

45 percent of people perceived the change as mostly negative, compared with 33
percent who perceived it as mostly positive. The remaining 22 percent viewed the
change more neutrally.

3 in 5 of those who experienced a major life change used family for support.
People were over four times more likely to turn to family for support first than
either friends or professionals.

Young people (15–24) and prime working age people (25–44) were more likely to
turn to family for support in a time of change than those aged 45 years and over.

1 in 5 people did not access any support during a period of change in their life.
Older people (65 years and over) were more likely to not get help during a life
change than young people.

People were most likely to use the support of professionals for changes that
involved the care of a sick or disabled person (27 percent), and changes in their
health status or the health of someone close to them (30 percent).

Emotional support was the most common type of support that people received,
regardless of age.
5
2 Social networks an important source of support
This chapter describes what we mean by social networks, and how we categorise major
life changes. See:



About social networks
Types of life changes
Data is from New Zealand General Social Survey
About social networks
A person's social network may include family, friends, neighbours, or other contacts. A
support network consists of the people that individuals can turn to for practical, emotional,
or financial support.
Based on data from the latest New Zealand General Social Survey (2014):

Nearly all (97 percent) New Zealand adults (people aged 15 years and over) had
one or more family members who provided them with help and support. They
were most likely to get help and support from immediate family members.

The majority (88 percent) of people had at least one friend who provided them
with help and support, while almost half (47 percent) had five or more supportive
friends.

Long-term residents (21 or more years living in New Zealand) were more likely to
have five or more supportive neighbours (13 percent) than those living in the
same neighbourhood for less than a year (2 percent).
People may not draw on their social network for support until a significant event occurs in
their life. It is at this time that social networks are most useful for helping people deal with
change.
Types of life changes
People may experience change in different areas of their life, which we categorise as the
following life situations:








Health (their own, or the health of someone close to them)
Finances
Personal or family relationships
Living arrangements
Employment
Death of someone close
Care of a sick or disabled person
Other
Changes in different life situations can be perceived as positive (eg getting married,
securing a better job, or having a successful surgical operation), negative (eg marriage
breakdown or divorce, losing their job, or getting badly into debt), or more neutrally. Also,
a person’s state of mind or natural optimism may shape the way they see change.
Information about major changes in people’s lives and the support they use and need
during these times is relevant to government agencies. This is because people who are
unable to access help from their social network may need to draw on government
support. Knowing who people go to for support (especially the first tier/level of support)
and the support they receive is important for understanding how support and care
6
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
responsibilities can be most effectively shared between government and civil society.
Also, whether some population groups are better, or less able to be, supported through
their social networks during a time of change.
Data is from New Zealand General Social Survey
We sourced the data in this report from the 2014 New Zealand General Social Survey
(NZGSS). This survey collected well-being information from 8,800 New Zealanders aged
15 years and over between April 2014 and March 2015.
The 2014 NZGSS included a supplementary questionnaire on the topic of social networks
and support, which collected the following information:



Characteristics of social networks – tells us about the make-up of people’s familial
and wider social networks
Strength of social networks – tells us whether people think they would be able to
access support, if they needed it, across different scenarios
Effectiveness of social networks – tells us whether people received support from
their social networks during a time of need.
See New Zealand General Social Survey: 2014 for more information.
7
3 Life changes experienced in past 12 months
This chapter describes the major life changes that respondents experienced in the last 12
months, including the change that most affected them. It also looks at whether people
perceived the change in positive or negative terms. See:




Most New Zealanders experienced major change
Changes in health and finances most common
Change of greatest impact varies by life stage
More types of change perceived as negative rather than positive
Most New Zealanders experienced major change
Change is a frequent occurrence in New Zealanders’ lives. In 2014, almost 7 in 10 (69
percent) people aged 15 years and over experienced at least one major change that had
a significant impact on their lives in the last 12 months. Regardless of how old they were,
the proportion who experienced major life change was similar.
Figure 1
1. People with at least one major life change in last 12 months, by life stage
People who experienced at least one major life change in last 12
months
80
Percent
By life stage
April 2014–March 2015
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Young people
(15–24)
Prime working age
(25–44)
Middle-age
(45–64)
Older people
(65+)
All ages
Life stage
Note: Error bars show the 95 percent confidence interval.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
Almost half (47 percent) of respondents experienced more than one major life change in
the past 12 months. More frequent change was more common among young people than
older people. For example, those aged 15–24 were more than twice as likely to report
three or more major changes than people aged 65 and over (36 percent and 16 percent,
respectively).
Changes in health and finances most common
Two in five (42 percent) respondents experienced a change in health (either their own
health, or the health of someone close) in the last 12 months. The next most common life
change was a change in finances, affecting 29 percent of people.
8
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Figure 2
2. People with at least one major life change in last 12 months, by type of change
People who experienced at least one major life change in last 12 months(1)
By type of change
April 2014–March 2015
Percent
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Health
Finances
Personal/family
Living
Employment
relationships arrangements
Death
Care of sick or
disabled
person
Other
Type of change
1. Multiple response possible
Note: Error bars show the 95 percent confidence interval.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
People aged 45–64 (44 percent) and those aged 65 years and over (48 percent) were
more likely to have experienced health changes than those aged 15–24 (37 percent).
This reflects the general decline in physical health as we age.
Younger people (aged 15–44 years) were more likely than those at older ages to
experience changes in their finances, personal or family relationships, living
arrangements, and employment. This is not surprising given the many and varied
transitions that occur at younger ages, such as leaving the family home, starting work,
and starting relationships.
Change of greatest impact varies by life stage
Respondents who experienced more than one major life change were asked to identify
the change that most affected them. This report will now focus on that one change, which
varies considerably by life stage.
Figure 3 shows that a change in health was most commonly identified as having the
greatest impact, at 31 percent.
While the death of someone close was experienced less often than most other reported
changes, it had the greatest impact on people’s lives, after health changes. A change in
finances was the second most common change experienced in the last 12 months, but
ranked fifth in terms of impact.
Among young people (aged 15–24), the changes of greatest impact were health, death of
someone close to them, living arrangements, personal or family relationships, and
employment. While the impact of health changes increase with advancing age, the impact
of changes in personal or family relationships and living arrangements decrease.
For those of prime working age (25–44 years), changes in health had the greatest impact,
followed by changes in personal or family relationships, finances, living arrangements,
and the death of someone close to them.
9
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Figure 3
3. Life change of greatest impact, by type of change
Life change of greatest impact
By type of change
April 2014–March 2015
Percent
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Health
Death
Personal/family
Living
relationships arrangements
Finances
Employment
Other
Care of sick or
disabled
person
Type of change
Note: Error bars show the 95 percent confidence interval.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
More types of change perceived as negative rather
than positive
Changes in different life situations can be perceived positively or negatively. In 2014, 2 in
5 (45 percent) New Zealanders perceived the change as mostly negative. Only 33
percent perceived the change as mostly positive. The other 22 percent viewed the
change more neutrally. Age had minimal effect on perception, although prime working
age people were more likely to view change positively than middle-aged and older
people.
Some life changes were perceived as mostly negative, including health changes (58
percent) and the death of someone close to them (57 percent). However, older people
were less likely to see a death as negative, with 50 percent viewing it that way compared
with 71 percent of young people. Older people were also less likely than younger people
to see changes in employment and living arrangements as negative. But they were more
likely to see changes in finances as negative, with 59 percent viewing it this way
compared with 39 percent of young people.
The changes that were perceived more positively than others were changes in living
arrangements (61 percent), and employment (58 percent).
10
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Figure 4
4. Perception of different life changes, by type of change
Perception of different life changes
April 2014–March 2015
Type of change
All changes
Health
Personal/family relationships
Mostly positive
Living arrangements
Neither positive nor negative
Finances
Mostly negative
Employment
Care of sick or disabled person
Death
Other
0
20
40
Percent
Source: Statistics New Zealand
11
60
80
100
4 Social network sources of support
This chapter describes who respondents turned to first for help getting through the
change that most affected them in the last 12 months. It also describes the type of
support they received. See:



Family the main source of first help or support
Support from professionals more common for health-related changes
Social networks provide varied types of help
Family the main source of first help or support
We often need to reach out for help when coping with change, especially support from
our social networks.
Family is an important source of support, with 61 percent of those who experienced a
major life change in the last 12 months getting help from their family. We are over four
times more likely to turn to family for support first than either friends or professionals. This
shows the importance of the family unit in New Zealand society, and recognising it
alongside more formal avenues of support. Partners and parents were the family
members that respondents most commonly turned to for support.
While family was the most commonly accessed support across all life stages, the
proportion of young people citing family as the source of first help or support was higher
than for other life stages. Middle-aged and older people were least likely to call on family
support first.
Support from professionals, such as doctors and lawyers, was more popular in later life.
One in five (21 percent) older New Zealanders (65 years and over) used professionals as
the first source of support, compared with 8 percent of young people and 14 percent of
prime working age people.
One in five (21 percent) people who experienced a life change in the last 12 months did
not get help during that change. People might not get help for a number of reasons,
including feeling that they did not need support to get through that change or because
they did not have a support network. But in many cases a lack of support can make it
harder for people to deal with change.
Older people (23 percent) were more likely to not get help during a life change compared
with young people (17 percent).
12
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Figure 5
5. Source of first help/support, by life stage
Source of first help/support(1)
By life stage
April 2014–March 2015
Percent
80
70
60
Family
50
Friends
40
Professionals
30
Others
20
No help
10
0
Young people
(15–24)
Prime working age
(25–44)
Middle-age
(45–64)
Older people
(65+)
All ages
Life stage
1. Respondents were able to select more than one type of support received during a life change, therefore percentages do
not add to 100.
Note: Error bars show the 95 percent confidence interval.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
Support from professionals more common for healthrelated changes
Regardless of the change that most affected New Zealanders in the last 12 months,
family was always the most common source of first help or support, especially for support
coping with the death of someone close (72 percent), and changes to personal or family
relationships (62 percent), and living arrangements (61 percent). People were less likely
to use family support for changes involving finances (44 percent) and the care of a sick or
disabled person (46 percent).
People were more likely to use professional sources for support during changes that
involved the care of a sick or disabled person (27 percent), and changes to their health
status or the health of someone close to them (30 percent).
Situations when people were more likely not to get help were during financial changes
(40 percent), employment changes (27 percent), and living arrangement changes (24
percent).
13
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Figure 6
6. Source of first help/support, by change of greatest impact
Source of first help/support(1)
By change of greatest impact
April 2014–March 2015
80
Percent
70
60
50
Family
Friends
40
Professionals
30
Others
20
No help
10
0
Health
Personal/family
Living
relationships arrangements
Finances
Employment
Care of sick or
disabled
person
Death
Other
Change of greatest impact
1. Respondents were able to select more than one type of support received during a life change, therefore percentages do not add
to 100.
Note: Error bars show the 95 percent confidence interval.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
Social networks provide varied types of help
Family, friends, professionals, or clubs and organisations may all be called on to deal with
change, but what kind of help do they provide? Support can be classified into three broad
types: emotional, instrumental (eg financial or practical support such as transportation or
housekeeping), and informational (eg informal advice, information, training, or referrals).
Emotional support was the most commonly accessed form of support across all age
groups, but older people were less likely to access it than younger people. Young people
and prime working age people were more likely to access financial support than older
people.
Figure 7
7. Type of help/support received, by life stage
Type of help/support received(1)
By life stage
April 2014–March 2015
Percent
70
60
Emotional
50
Information or
advice
40
Financial
30
Practical
support
20
Other
10
0
Young people
(15–24)
Prime working age
(25–44)
Middle-age
(45–64)
Older people
(65+)
All ages
Life stage
1. Respondents were able to select more than one type of support received during a life change, therefore percentages
do not add to 100.
Note: Error bars show the 95 percent confidence interval.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
14
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Family was the most commonly used source of first help or support regardless of the type
of support they provided. But family was much more likely to be the first source of
emotional support than for information or advice, financial, or practical support.
Information or advice was more likely to be sought from professionals than from friends.
Figure 8
8. Source of first help/support, by type of support received
Source of first help/support
By type of support received
April 2014–March 2015
Percent
90
80
70
Family
60
50
Friends
40
Professionals
30
Other
20
10
0
Emotional
Information or advice
Financial
Type of support
Note: Error bars show the 95 percent confidence interval.
Source: Statistics New Zealand
15
Practical
5 Conclusions
People may not draw on their social networks for support until a significant event occurs
in their life. It is at this time that social networks are most useful for helping people deal
with change.
Change is a constant in our lives, with 7 in 10 New Zealand adults (people aged 15 years
and over) experiencing at least one change that had a major impact on their lives in the
last 12 months. A change in their health status, or the health of someone close to them,
was the most commonly reported life change, followed by changes in finances and
relationships. Around 45 percent of people perceived the change as mostly negative,
while 33 percent perceived the change as mostly positive. The other 22 percent viewed
the change more neutrally.
Family is an important source of support, with 61 percent of those who experienced a life
change in the last 12 months getting help from their family. We are over four times more
likely to turn to family for support first than either friends or professionals. While family
was the most commonly accessed source of social support across all life stages, the
proportion of young people (aged 15–24) who reached out to family for first help or
support was higher than for other life stages.
Support from professionals, such as doctors and lawyers, was more popular in later life.
However, 1 in 5 (21 percent) people who experienced a life change in the last 12 months
did not get help during that change. Older people (65 years and over) were more likely to
not get help during a change than young people.
People were more likely to seek support from family during changes involving the death
of someone close, personal or family relationships, and living arrangements. However,
we were more likely to use the support of professional sources for changes that involved
the care of a sick or disabled person, and health-related changes.
Emotional support was the most commonly accessed form of support across all age
groups, but older people were less likely to seek it. Young people and prime working age
people (aged 25–44) were more likely to access financial support than older people.
16
Appendix 1: Data tables
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change uses the following data from the
2014 New Zealand General Social Survey.
Table 1
1. Number of changes experienced in last 12 months, by life stage
Number of changes experienced in last 12 months, by life stage
Number of
changes
0
1
2
3 or more
All ages
Life stage
Prime
working age
(25–44)
Percentage
28.7
18.0
17.4
35.9
Young
people
(15–24)+
31.1
21.5
16.7
30.7
31.0
18.2
14.6
36.2
Middle-age
(45–64)
32.4
21.2
16.0
30.4*
Older people
(65+)
33.1
31.9*
18.9*
16.1*
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
Table 2
2. Type of change experienced, by life stage
Type of change experienced, by life stage
Type of change
experienced(1)
Health
Personal or family
relationships
Living
arrangements
Finances
Employment
Care of a sick or
disabled person
Death
Other
All ages
Young
people
(15–24)+
Life stage
Prime
Middle-age
working age
(45–64)
(25–44)
Percentage
38.5
44.2*
Older people
(65+)
41.7
36.8
24.3
29.4
27.5
23.5*
14.9*
22.9
28.5
22.0
33.3
33.2
27.9
29.3
37.2*
29.4
18.5*
26.0*
19.9*
9.0*
12.0*
6.5*
11.4
21.8
7.0
9.6
21.5
7.0
9.2
19.4
10.0*
15.3*
22.4
5.3
10.1
25.4
4.5*
1. Multiple response possible
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
17
48.1*
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Table 3
3. Change of greatest impact, by life stage
Change of greatest impact, by life stage
Change of
greatest impact
Health
Personal or family
relationships
Living
arrangements
Finances
Employment
Care of a sick or
disabled person
Death
Other
All ages
Young
people
(15–24)+
Life stage
Prime
Middle-age
working age
(45–64)
(25–44)
Percentage
23.0
33.5*
Older people
(65+)
30.6
20.7
11.3
15.4
14.5
8.6*
6.1*
11.2
10.5
9.2
18.0
9.5
11.0
13.1*
14.6*
9.9
8.5*
10.7
9.8
5.4*
3.1*
4.6*
2.5
18.5
6.2
1.9
18.6
4.8
1.3
13.6*
10.0*
4.1*
20.9
3.9
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
18
50.3*
2.8
23.3
4.4
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Table 4
4. Perception of different life changes, by life stage
Perception of different life changes, by life stage
Perception of
change
All changes(1)
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Health
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Personal/family
relationships
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Living
arrangements
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Finances
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Employment
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Care of a sick or
disabled person
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Death
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
Other
Mostly positive
Neither + nor Mostly negative
All ages
Young
people
(15–24)+
Life stage
Prime
Middle-age
working age
(45–64)
(25–44)
Percentage
Older people
(65+)
32.8
22.3
44.9
34.3
23.3
42.4
39.8*
21.2
38.9
27.4*
22.1
50.4*
27.5*
23.4
49.2*
19.6
22.3
58.1
16.7
23.6
59.7
19.7
22.7
57.6
17.8
23.3
58.9
22.9
20.1
56.9
34.4
22.7
42.9
32.2
21.6
46.2
41.1
21.5
37.4
29.0
25.8
45.1
22.6
23.3
54.1
61.4
24.4
14.1
62.4
25.4
12.1
63.3
21.6
15.1
57.0
25.4
17.6
61.7
31.9
6.4
29.4
22.0
48.6
27.2
34.3
38.5
33.4
20.5
46.1
26.5
17.7
55.8
17.4
24.0
58.6
58.2
17.2
24.5
68.2
14.7
17.1
61.4
15.6
23.1
47.1*
18.7
34.1*
64.8
24.6
10.6
42.4
26.2
31.3
36.1
42.0
21.9
38.5
28.5
33.0
41.1
23.2
35.7
54.1
21.1
24.8
15.4
27.6
56.9
7.5
21.5
71.1
18.2*
33.3*
48.5*
15.2*
24.5
60.4
19.1*
31.2
49.6*
58.8
7.6
33.6
48.6
17.1
34.2
71.3*
6.2
22.5
44.4
4.6
51.0
38.3
8.4
53.4
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
19
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Table 5
5. Source of first support for people who went through a change, by life stage
Source of first support for people who went through a change, by life stage
Source of first
help or support(1)
Family
Friends
Professionals
Others
No help
All ages
Young
people
(15–24)+
60.6
13.0
15.0
9.5
20.5
68.2
14.6
8.3
6.5
17.2
Life stage
Prime
Middle-age
working age
(45–64)
(25–44)
Percentage
63.4
57.2*
14.0
13.3
14.2*
16.4*
9.9*
11.0*
19.1
22.3*
Older people
(65+)
53.5*
8.9*
20.7*
9.1*
23.4*
1. Multiple response possible
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
Table 6
6. Source of first support, by change of greatest impact
Source of first support, by change of greatest impact
Source of first
help or
support(1)
Health+
Personal or
family
relationships
Family
Friends
Professionals
Others
No help
59.4
11.1
29.8
10.7
16.4
61.7
21.2*
7.9
6.0
18.1
Change of greatest impact
Living
Finances Employment
arrangements
61.1
16.4*
6.1
7.6
23.8
Percentage
43.5*
7.9
6.9
9.5
40.0
Care of
a sick or
disabled
person
Death
Other
46.2*
9.5
26.9
20.6
14.4
72.0*
12.6
4.2
6.4
15.9
68.5*
14.7
22.1
14.4
14.0
58.0
11.6
7.8
12.3
26.6
1. Multiple response possible
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
Table 7
7. Type of support received, by life stage
Type of support received, by life stage
Type of help or
support
received(1)
Emotional
Information or
advice
Financial
Practical support
Other
All ages
Young
people
(15–24)+
60.2
62.9
30.9
12.1
23.4
2.3
32.7
15.8
19.2
1.8
Life stage
Prime
Middle-age
working age
(45–64)
(25–44)
Percentage
61.4
60.3
33.4
16.2
27.1*
1.5
1.Multiple response
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
20
29.7
10.0*
20.9
3.0
Older people
(65+)
54.7*
26.2*
4.0*
25.3*
3.2
Social networks help New Zealanders deal with change
Table 8
8. Source of first help, by type of support received
Source of first help, by type of support received
Source of first help or support
Emotional+
Family
Friends
Professionals
Other
83.2
12.0
2.4
2.4
Type of support received
Information Financial
or advice
Percentage
41.1*
58.2*
13.6
5.2*
35.4*
5.7*
9.9*
30.9*
Symbols:
+ Reference group
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p < 0.05
Source: Statistics New Zealand
21
Practical
66.2*
14.0
10.2*
9.5*