WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Govindu et al.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
SJIF Impact Factor 2.786
Volume 4, Issue 03, 925-940.
Research Article
ISSN 2278 – 4357
ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION ON IRON (III) IN PRESENCE OF
SURFACE SOILS, BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, FOOD MATERIALS AND
PHARMACEUITICAL SAMPLES USING 2-HYDROXY-3-METHOXY
BENZALDEHYDE-p- HYDROXY BENZOIC HYDRAZONE
(HMBAHBH)
G. Govindu1*, V. Krishna Reddy1 and P. Raveendra Reddy1
1
Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, A.P, India.
Article Received on
22 Dec 2014,
Revised on 17 Jan 2015,
Accepted on 10 Feb 2015
ABSTRACT
A
new
novel
chromogenic
reagent
2-hydroxy-3-methoxy
benzaldehyde-p-hydroxy benzoic hydrazone (HMBAHBH) has been
used for the direct spectrophotometric determination of Iron (III) in
acidic surfactant of Triton X-100. HMBAHBH react with Fe(III) to
*Correspondence for
Author
G. Govindu
form brown coloured [Fe(III)-HMBAHBH] water soluble complex.
The maximum absorbance was observed at 390 nm at pH 3.0. Beer’s
Department of Chemistry,
law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.14 – 4.19 µg mL-1. The
Sri Krishnadevaraya
molar sensitivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of the coloured complex was
University,
found to be 1.87 x 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 2.9x10-3 µg cm-2. The
Anantapuramu, A.P,
India.
stoichiometric studies of the Fe (III) complex is determined as 1:2 with
formation of stability constant 1.02x1011. The analytical results of the
complex is subjected for treatment by statistical methods and statistical data is obtained as
0.3580 (slope), -0.0091(Y-intercept), 0.012(relative standard deviation) and 0.9997
correlation coefficient. The interference effect of various diverse ions has been studied. All
the proposed methods are successively employed in the analysis of various surface soil
samples, biological, food materials and pharmaceutical samples for the determination of Iron
(III) content.
KEYWORDS: Iron (III), HMBAHBH, Triton X-100, surface soils, biological, food
materials and pharmaceutical samples, UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
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INTRODUCTION
Iron is one of the most important and essential elements for living beings. It is abundantly
used both in industry and as a biological constituent. We can’t imagine advancement of
human civilization without the use of iron. From primitive man to the present civilized
human being iron has been employed as important component of tools, weapons, industrial
reactors, space crafts and as a main constituent of oxygen transporter in human beings.
Iron exists in many of its natural constituents as Fe (II) or Fe (III). Among these two
oxidation states Fe (III) compounds are more stable due to their half field d-orbital
configuration in their valence shell. Iron is an important constituent of several plant enzymes
like peroxidise, catalyse and cytochrome oxidase. Its function in photosynthesis and in
fixation of nitrogen is well understood.
Traister and Schitt[1] have reviewed the spectrophotometric methods proposed for the
determination of iron employing a variety of organic reagents. Most of the
spectrophotometric methods proposed for the determination of iron are based on the
formation of intensely coloured complexes between the metal ion and the selected reagent
[2-
7]
. Black[8] has stated that numerous methods have been employed to assess the available
states of iron in soils. The analytical results evaluated in some of the recently proposed
spectrophotometric methods for iron are reviewed and shows in Table 1
A various spectrophotometric methods are available for the determination of iron, every
method has its own limitations either in its sensitivity or selectivity or stringent experimental
conditions. Hence there is a need to propose simple sensitive and selective methods for the
determination of iron in various complex materials.
We are now proposing simple selective and sensitive direct spectrophotometric method for
the determination of iron (III) using 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde-p-hydroxy
benzoichydrazone as an easily synthesizable, less carcinogenic and as a good analytical
chromogenic reagent for the determination of iron (III) in a variety of its complex materials.
EXPERIMENTAL
Apparatus
Model LI-120 Elico digital pH meter, manufactured by M/S Elico private limited,
Hyderabad, was used for measure the pH of different buffer solutions.
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Synthesis of reagent
HMBAHBH was prepared by mixing equal amounts of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde
and p-hydroxy benzoichydrazide in hot ethanol was refluxing on water bath for two hours[9].
On cooling, light yellow coloured product was crystallized. The solid was filtered, washed
and dried. It was recrystallized from aqueous ethanol using norit. The recrystallized product,
2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-p-hydroxybenzoichydrazone (HMBAHBH), showed a
melting point 208-210oC which is different from that of the reactants. The melting point
obtained has coinsided with the reported value indicating the formation of the hydrazone
whose structure is shown in scheme I.
Scheme-1
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Table 1:Analytical characteristics of reported spectrophotometric methods for the determination of iron
λmax
pH/
medium
Aqueous/
extraction
Beer’s law
μg ml-1
εx104
L mol-1cm-1
Interference
Ref
505
2-7.5
Extraction
Up to 0.84
5.83
-
10
465
-
Extraction
Up to 3.2
-
-
11
400
5.5
Aqueous
-
1.5
-
12
425
-
Aqueous
0.2-0.5
2.24
-
13
360
5.0
Aqueous
-
4.88
-
14
430
8.8
Aqueous
Up to
13ppm
3.2
-
15
613
-
Extraction
-
5.048
-
16
5-Chloro salicylic acid
510
-
-
18.5-40.2
-
17
2-[2-(3,5-di bromo) pyridil azo]-5 dimethyl
amino benzoic acid
615
2.0-7.0
Extraction
0-5.5
9.36
1,10 phenanthroline and picrate
510
2.0-9.0
Extraction
0.1-3.6
13
336
2.0-2.5
-
-
2.77
Ti(I), Zn(II), Cr(III),
W(VI), Co(II), Cu(II),
Ni(II) and Pb(II)
EDTA, CN-, Ni(II),
Cu(II) and Pb(II)
Ag(I), Bi(III),
W(IV),Co(II), Sn(II),
Ti(IV), Zr(IV), Fe(III)
and EDTA
505
6.0-7.5
Extraction
0-2.0
6
EDTA
21
Reagent
Di-2-pyridyl methanone-2-(5-nitro)- pyridyl
hydrazone
Ferron
3-hydroxy picolinic acid
3-hydroxy-2-picolinamide
2-hydroxy nicotinic acid
5-methyl salicilaldehyde guanyl hydrazone
Cyanese-301
2,6 diacetyl pyridine Bis (benzoyl hydrazone)
and 2,6 Di acetyl pyridine bis(2-hydroxy
benzoyl hydrazone)
4-(2-pyridyl azo) resorsinol
18
19
20
Contd…
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Reagent
1,10 phenanthroline tetra phenyl borate
1,3 diphenyl- 4- carboethoxy pyrazole -5one
Di formyl hydrazide
4,7-di phenyl 1,10 phenanthrolene and
tetraphnyl borate
Thio cynate phenanthroline
λmax
pH/
medium
Aqueous/
extraction
Beer’s law
μg ml-1
εx104
L mol-1cm-1
Interference
Ref
515
4.25
Aqueous
2.24-37.29
1.2
-
22
525
3.5-4.0
Aqueous
0.5-10
1.156
Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II),
Mo(VI) and EDTA
23
470
7.3-9.3
Aqueous
0.25-13
0.334
-
24
534
-
Extraction
0-20.0
2
-
25
520
-
Aqueous
0-24
1.87
-
26
-
Thiocyanate acetone
Salicylaldehyde acetic acid hydrazone
2,4 di hydoxy benzaldehyde Isonicotinyl
{(E)-N1-(2,4 di hydroxy benzeledine)
hydrazone
4-hydoxy 3,5-di methoxy benzaldehyde
4hydroxy benzoyl hydrazone
2 hydroxy-1 napthaldehyde-p-hydroxy
benzoic hydrazone
Diacetyl monoxime Isonicotinyl
hydrazone
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NO2 ,
S2O32-H2PO42C2O42-
and
480
HClO4
Aqueous
-
2.1
395
3.0
-
0.027-0.27
6.1
-
28
395
7.0
-
0.1-1.5
3.5
Co(II),V(V), Al(III) and
Pb(II)
29
380
1.0-6.0
Aqueous
0.279-2.79
1.71
405
5.0
Aqueous
0.05-1.37
5.6
355
9.0
-
0.54-5.4
3.83
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Cu(II) and masked with
thiourea
Sn(II), CO(II), Ni(II),
zn(II), Al(III) and Cu(II)
Cu(II), Cr(IV), Ni(II),
Zr(IV)and Pd(II)
27
30
31
32
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PREPARATION OF EXPERIMENTAL SOLUTIONS
2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-p-hydroxybenzoichydrazone
(HMBAHBH) stock solution
0.01M (1x10-2M) solution of the reagent were prepared by dissolving 0.2860gm of
HMBAHBH in 100ml of dimethyl formamide (DMF). Lower concentrations were prepared
freshly by diluting the stock solution with DMF to carry out the analysis.
Preparation of Fe (III) solution
0.01M (1x10-2 M) solution of Fe(III) solution ware prepared by dissolving 0.4828gm
of ferric ammonium sulphate (MERK) in distilled water containing few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid and made up to the mark 100ml volumetric flask with distilled water. The
stock solution was standardized[33] and diluted suitably with distilled water to get the working
solutions.
Preparation of Triton-X-100 solution
Triton-X-100 (1%) solution were prepared by mixing 1mL of concentrated compound
(Sigma-Aldrich) with boiled distilled water and diluting to 100ml with distilled water after
cooling.
Preparation of various diverse ions solutions
Different inorganic salt (diverse ions) solutions used in interference studies, were prepared by
dissolving various amounts of the corresponding inorganic salts in distilled water. To prevent
hydrolysis, few drops of suitable acids were added before dilution wherever necessary.
Preparation of buffer solutions
Buffer solutions of different pH values (pH-1-10) were prepared by using appropriate
mixtures of 1M Hydrochloric acid + 1M Sodium acetate for pH 1.0 – 3.0, 0.2M Sodium
acetate + 0.2M Acetic acid for pH 3.2 - 6.0, 1M Sodium acetate + 0.2M Acetic acid for pH
7.0 and 2M Ammonium hydroxide + 2MAmmonium Chloride for pH 7.5 – 10.0.
PREPARATION OF APPLICATION SAMPLE SOLUTIONS
Preparation of surface soil sample solution[34]
The soil sample (5.0g) was weighed into a 250ml Teflon high pressure microwave acid
digestion bomb and 50ml of aquaregia were added. The bomb was sealed tightly and then
positioned in the carousel of a microwave oven. The system was operated at full power for
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30 minutes. The digested material was evaporated to incipient dryness. Then, 50ml of 5%
hydrochloric acid were added and heated close to boiling to leach the residue. After cooling,
the solution was filtered and the residue was washed two times with small volumes of 5%
hydrochloric acid. The filtrate was quantitatively collected in 250ml volumetric flask and
diluted to the mark with distilled water.
Preparation of Biological and food sample solution[35-38]
A wet ash method was employed in the preparation of the sample solutions. 0.5g of the
sample was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of nitric acid and perchloric acid. The solution was
evaporated to dryness, and the residue was ashed at 300˚ C. The ash was dissolved in 2mL of
1M sulphuric acid and made up to the volume in a 25mL standard flask with distilled water.
Preparation of Pharmaceutical sample solutions[39]
Finely ground iron tablets of known weight were treated with 5ml of concentrated nitric acid
and the resulting mixture were evaporated to dryness. The residue was leached with 5ml of
0.5 M sulphuric acid. The solution was boiled with dilute H2O2 for 10minutes.The heating
was continued for further 5minutes to boil off any excess H2O2. The solution was cooled,
neutralized with dilute ammonia and diluted to known volume with distilled water
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
Direct determination of Iron (III)
2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-p-hydroxy benzoic hydrazone (HMBAHBH) was easily
synthesised simple sensitive chromogenic analytical reagent for the determination metal
complexes. HMBAHBH reacts with iron (III) ion forming a brown coloured [FeHMBAHBH] soluble complex. The colour formation with maximum intensity can be
achieved
within 2 minutes in the presence of 0.5% CPC. The colour of the complex was
stable for more than 24 hours. The absorption spectrum of complex [Fe-HMBAHBH] shows
maximum absorbance at 390 nm. The preliminary investigation indicates that the absorbance
of the complex is maximum and stable in pH range 2.5-3.5. Hence pH 3.0 was chosen for
further studies (Figure 1&2). Studies on reagent (HMBAHBH) concentration effect revealed
that a minimum of 10 fold excess reagent is required to get maximum and stable absorbance
for the complex.From the absorption spectra of [Fe-HMBAHBH] the molar absorptivity
1.87 x 104L mol-1 cm-1. Variable amounts of Fe (III) were treated with suitable amounts of
reagent, surfactant and buffer and the validity of Beer’s law was tested by plotting the
measured absorbance values of the prepared solutions against concentration of Fe(III). The
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calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.14 – 4.19 µg mL-1(Figure 3). The
composition of the complex [Fe-HMBAHBH] was determined 1:2 by Job’s continuous
variation method and the stability constant of the complex was calculated as 1.02x1011
(Figure 4). Other analytical results are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Total analytical characteristics of [Fe (III) – HMBAHBH]
Parameters
λmax (nm)
pH
Beer’s law ( µg mL-1 )
Molar absorptivity (L mol-1 cm-1)
Sandell’s Sensitivity (µg cm-2)
Regression equation
Angular coefficient (m)
Y – intercept (b)
Correlation Coefficient (r)
RSD (%)
LOD ( µg mL-1 )
LOQ ( µg mL-1 )
Composition
Stability constant
390
3.0
0.14 – 4.19
1.87 x 104
2.9x10-3
0.3580
-0.0091
0.9997
0.012
0.028
0.084
1:2
1.02x1011
1.2
1.0
b
Absorbance
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
a
0.0
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
Wavelength(nm)
Figure 1 Absorption spectra of (a) HMBAHBH Vs Buffer blank(b) [Fe (III) –
HMBAHBH] Vs reagent blank, Fe(III)] = 5x10-5 M, [HMBAHBH] =5x10-4 M, λmax =
390nm, [CPC] = 0.05%.
1.0
Absorbance
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
pH
Figure 2: Effect of pH on the absorption of [Fe (III) – HMBAHBH] system [Fe(III)] =
5x105 M, [HMBAHBH] = 5x10-4 M, λmax = 390nm, [CPC] = 0.05%
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1.6
A390= 0.3580C -0.0091
1.4
Absorbance
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
-1
Amount of Fe(III) (µg mL )
Figure 3 Calibration plot [HMBAHBH] = 7.5 x 10-4 M, [CPC] = 0.05%, pH = 3.0, λmax
= 390 nm
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
Absorbance
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Volume of Fe(III) (ml)
Figure 4
Jobs curve [Fe(III)]=[HMBAHBH] = 1x10-3 M,[CPC] = 0.05%, pH = 3.0,
λmax = 390 nm
Effect of diverse ions in the determination of Iron by direct method (III)
Various cations and anions were added individually to the experimental solution containing
1.167 µg mL-1 of iron and the influence was examined in Table 3. Among the anions, except
EDTA and oxalate, all the anions are tolerable in more than fifty fold excess.
APPLICATIONS
The present method was employed for the determination of the amount of iron present in
some surface soil, biological, food and pharmaceutical samples. Sample solutions were
prepared by adopting the given erlier procedure. Different aliquots of sample solutions were
treated with known and required volume of HMBAHBH, surfactant and DMF at pH 3.0 with
distilled water. The absorbance of the resultant solutions was measured at 390nm and the
amount of iron present was computed from the predetermined calibration plot. The surface
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soil samples, biological samples and food samples were further analyzed by atomic
absorption spectrophotometric method. The results of the proposed method were compared
with those obtained by AAS method and are represented in Table 4&5. The results relating to
the analysis of pharmaceutical samples were compared with the certified values and
presented in Table 6.
Table 3 Tolerance limits of foreign ions
Amount of Fe(III) taken = 1.167 µg mL-1 ; pH : 3.0, CPC : 0.05%, λmax :390nm
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Foreign ion
Tolerancelimit
(µg mL-1)
Foreign
ion
Iodide
Phosphate
Tartrate
Thiocyanate
Sulphate
Citrate
Thiourea
Nitrate
Acetate
Bromide
Carbonate
Fluoride
Chloride
Thiosulphate
EDTA
Oxalate
520
470
295
286
279
225
210
180
154
136
118
104
76
48
10
<1
Hg(II)
Ti(IV)
Y(III)
Ru(III)
Pb(II)
Co(II)
La(III)
Se(IV)
Li(I)
Ag(I)
Ni(II)
Cu(II)
Pd(II)
Ga(III)
Zn(II)
U(VI)
Ca(II)
Bi(III)
Cr(VI)
Ce(IV)
Mn(II)
V(V)
In(III)
W(VI)
Mo(VI)
Al(III)
Th(IV)
Zr(IV)
Cd(II)
Ba(II)
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Tolerance
limit
(µg mL-1)
208
102
100
71
62
48
25
22
22
19
15
14
11
12
11
9
9
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
1
1
<1
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Table 4: Determination of iron in surface soils
Iron found (mg Kg -1)
Sample
S1
S2
S3
S4
Source of the Sample
Sweet lemon cultivation soil, Garladinne, Anantapuramu
district
Paddy cultivation soil Garladinne, Anantapuramu district
Groundnut cultivation soil Akuthotapalli, Anantapuramu
district
Cotton cultivation soil Singanamala, Anantapuramu
district
Present method
± S.D (n=5)
AAS method
± S.D (n=5)
41.68 ± 1.12
42.24 ± 0.58
21.36 ± 0.94
20.89 ± 0.44
40.88 ± 1.02
41.10 ± 0.34
26.69 ± 0.79
26.28 ± 0.83
Table 5:Determination of iron in biological and food samples
Sample
Prostate gland
Enlarged prostate gland (Benign)
Banana
Tomato
Orange
Rice
Wheat
*Average of four determinations.
Amount of iron found* (µg mL-1) ± S.D
Present method
AAS method
2.84 ± 0.34
2.52 ± 0.11
11.62 ± 1.12
12.04 ± 0.99
10.85 ± 1.18
11.44 ± 1.15
12.46 ± 0.78
12.66 ± 0.36
19.06 ± 0.66
18.75 ± 0.89
15.74 ± 1.06
16.68 ± 1.14
7.48 ± 0.75
7.36 ± 0.48
Table 6 :Analysis of pharmaceutical samples for iron content
Sample
Composition (w/tablet )
Dried ferrous sulphate IP 200mg
Iron and folic acid
(approximately equivalent to
tablets (Micro Labs
ferrous iron 60mg) folic acid IP
Ltd., India)
0.5mg(0.35g)
ToFe,
chewable Iron (III) hydroxide poly sucrose
iron tablet (Alkem complex equivalent to elemental
Laboratories Ltd., iron 100mg, folic acid IP 1mg
India
(0.350g)
Ferium, chewable Iron (III) hydroxide poly maltose
tablet
(Emcure complex equivalent to elemental
Pharmaceuticals
iron 100mg, folic acid IP 350µg
Ltd., India)
(0.400g)
Ferrous flumarate IP 350mg
Irex-12
(Micro equivalent element iron 115mg,
Labs Ltd., India )
folic acid 1.5mg, cyanocobalamin
15µg (as cyanocobalamin 0.1% in
gelatine (0.450g )
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Amount of iron (mg/tablet)
certified value
found (n=4)
60.0
61.55 ± 0.16
100.0
101.28 ± 0.95
100.0
99.44 ± 0.65
115.0
115.34 ± 0.49
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CONCLISIONS
The present direct spectrophotometric method is simple, fast, and sensitive for the
determination of Fe(III). The metal ion reacts with 2-hydrox-3-methoxy benzaldehyde-phydroxy benzoichydrazone (HMBAHBH) forming brown coloured water soluble complex
[Fe(III)- HMBAHBH] in acidic pH condition. The brown colour was stable for more than 24
hours. However in the presence of cetyl perydinium chloride (CPC), a cationic surfactant, the
intensity of brown colour was increased and the colour was stable for more than 48 hours.
The absorption spectrum of [Fe(III)- HMBAHBH] complex showed maximum absorbance at
390nm. The reagent absorbance was negligible at this wavelength.
The complex system was found to obey Beer’s law in the range 0.14- 4.19 µg mL-1 with molar
absorptivity 1.87×104 Lmol-1cm-1, Sandell’s Sensitivity 2.9x10-3 µg cm-2. The analytical
parameters of the present method are: angular coefficient (m)=0.3580,
Y-intercept (b)=
-0.0091 and correlation coefficient (r) 0.9997.
The stoichiometric studies on the
brown coloured water soluble complex
showed a 1:2
composition between the metal and the ligand. The formation constant of the complex was
calculated as 1.02x1011.
The results of the present method were compared with those of some of the reported
spectrophotometric methods and presented in Table 7. Analytical reagent 2-hydroxy-3methoxy benzaldehyde-p-hydroxy benzoichydrazone40 as a reagent is also used for the
spectrophotometric determination of Al(III), Ga(III), In(III),V(V), La(III) and Ya(III) were
summarized in Table 8.
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Table 7:Comparison of the analytical results of the proposed method with already reported methods for iron
λmax
pH/
medium
Aqueous/
extraction
Beer’s law
μg ml-1
εx104
L mol-1cm-1
Interference
Ref
400
5.5
Aqueous
-
1.5
-
12
425
-
Aqueous
0.2-0.5
0.224
-
13
510
2.0-9.0
Extraction
0.1-3.6
13
EDTA, CN-, Ni(II),
Cu(II) and Pb(II)
19
515
4.25
Aqueous
2.24-37.29
1.2
-
22
525
3.5-4.0
Aqueous
0.5-10
1.16
Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II),
Mo(VI) and EDTA
23
470
7.3-9.3
Aqueous
0.25-13
0.3258
-
24
520
-
Aqueous
0-24
1.87
-
26
Thiocyanate acetone
480
HClO4
Aqueous
-
2.1
27
2,4 di hydoxy benzaldehyde Isonicotinyl {(E)-N1(2,4 di hydroxy benzeledine) hydrazone
NO2-, S2O32-H2PO42and C2O42-
395
7.0
-
0.1-1.5
3.5
Co(II),V(V), Al(II)
and Pb(II)
29
4-hydoxy 3,5-di methoxy benzaldehyde 4hydroxy
benzoyl hydrazone
380
1.0-6.0
Aqueous
0.279-2.79
1.71
-
30
2 hydroxy-1 napthaldehyde-p-hydroxy benzoic
hydrazone
405
5.0
Aqueous
0.05-1.37
5.6
2 hydroxy 3 methoxy benzoyl hydrazone-Phydroxy benzoic hydrazone
390
3.0
Aqueos
0.14 – 4.19
1.87
Reagent
3-hydroxy picolinic acid
3-hydroxy-2-picolinamide
1,10 phenanthroline and picrate
1,10 phenanthroline tetra phenyl borate
1,3 diphenyl- 4- carboethoxy pyrazole -5- one
Di formyl hydrazide
Thio cynate phenanthroline
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Sn(II), Co(II), Ni(II),
Zn(II), Al(III) and
Cu(II)
Zr(IV), Cd(II) and
Ba(III)
31
Present
method
937
Govindu et al.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Table 8:Analytical characteristics of HMBAHBH
parameters
λmax (nm)
pH
Beer’s law
(µg mL-1 )
Molar
absorptivity
(L mol-1 cm-1)
Sandell’s
Sensitivity
(µg cm-2)
Stability
constant
metal ions
In(III)
V(V)
395
400
6.5
6.0
0.1150.102-4.094
1.7220
Al(III)
410
5.0
0.0271.079
Ga(III)
410
6.0
0.1401.0790
La(III)
390
8.0
Y(III)
390
8.0
0.1389-9.723
0.088-7.122
41900
23000
44900
16750
19250
22700
0.0064
0.0030
0.0026
0.0030
0.0072
0.0039
4.433x1019
6.1809x1017
6.092x1010
2.66x1011
3.39x1018
2.22x1016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author (G.GOVINDU) thanks to Department of Chemistry S.K. University for providing
facilities to my research work. I express my sincere thanks to my Research Supervisor Prof.
V. Krishna Reddy for his valuable guidance. I express my sincere thanks to
Prof. P. Raveendra Reddy, who is giving valuable suggestions during my research.
DISCLOSURE OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest concerning this article.
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