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onitoring House Regime Ref No. 8 9 4 5 5 Power source electric Calgon Dosing Trial Building use Make Model A Indigenous Household Hardie Dux 50V1-36B B Non-Indigenous household Hardie Dux HDE 80V C Non-Indigenous household Ha die Dux Forte 125F1-36 D Indigenous household Ha die Dux Proflo 50V1-38C E Community facility Har ie Dux Proflo 160F-136 F Community facility H rdie Dux Forte 50V1-36B G Indigenous household Solahart unreadable H Indigenous household Solahart 31748 electric electric electric electric solar Additional systems monitored under ‘Control’ Trial James Hardie 160F-136 J Indigenous Household Solahart Not recorded K Indigenous Household James Hardie Not recorded L Indigenous Household James Hardie Not recorded M Indigenous Household Rheem 101 Series N Indigenous Household Solahart Not recorded 01 solar 3.6 50 3.6 80 3.6 125 3.6 55 3.6 164 3.6 50 2.4 200 2.4 200 3.6 160 3.6 200 3.6 25 3.6 25 3.6 50 3.6 200 electric Non-Indigenous temporary accom # element Capacity kW rating (L) electric I >& 4 # solar electric electric electric solar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algon, 5 weeks Calgon, 2 years 140 mass (g) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 electric, 50L electric, 80L electric, 55L electric, 164L electric, 50L electric, 50L solar, 200L solar, 200L solar, 200L solar, 200L Type of hot water system and capacity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verage hot water use (L/day) 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 el ec tr ic ,5 0L el ec tr ic ,8 0L el ec tr ic ,5 el 5L ec tr ic ,1 64 el L ec tr ic ,5 el 0L ec tr ic ,5 0L so * la r, 20 0L so * la r, 20 0L * so la r, 20 0L so la r, 20 0L 0 !4 5 -; 6 *5 5 8 5 98 5 8 8 5 49<?5 " + @ ?5 " - % 8 A< 8 6 5 47 4 7 0 # 9 =4 9 4 8 # 7 9> & # $ > & 01 # ( # & 0 # # - $ & # $ @ # # > & D$ % & # $ 1 # & # # # # # $ ' # # # & & & & ## $ " & # # E< 65 # & # 4 65 < 65 )6 @ " # & 3E.6 $ CD(6 & *$ # , 3< 65 # # Average water use in electric hot water systems (L/day) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jun05-Dec05 Dec05-Apr06 Apr06-Nov06 Dec06-May07 May07June07* Period !4 5 7 4 .; < 54 # 6 8 8 8 8 5 4 4 4 & # # ( # # $ 57 9 # # , $ $ & # # ( & *) # A ) $ $ 0 & # <*$ > # & # $ & # & $ & & # $ " ) *# # $ 4 # # & A # & )& 54 7 4 ")B & "+B ,B" " B +B" B" , .B )B" " - 85 8 , 74 + 4 .B "B" 9 5 + 57 154 4 & B ,B" ); $ 5 & ! & 7 & A > % 1 J residential M residential N residential )) 6 ) 9 ( # * 4 # # ( # ( & $ & $ ' 5 (6 # # # # # # ? # $ & & $ - # > # 3 $ 7 > C 01 $ @ & # & & # # ? ## 4# 1 ( 01 $ & $ 01 $ 7 . # , )> 33*$ ' 01 # ( 3D & # $ 60 6 40 4 2 20 0 0 60 6 40 4 2 20 0 0 14 100 80 8 60 6 40 4 2 20 0 0 7 44 4 8 5 120 12 Cumulative hot water use (kL) Household D 10 8 Household E Ew 60 6 40 4 2 20 0 0 Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 8 29 100 80 Es Date 54 100 80 Date Ds 0; Bs Date Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 Date !4 5 8 Household B Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 Dw 10 Bw Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 120 12 10 Cumulative scale accretion (g) 80 Ascale 14 Cumulative hot water use (kL) 12 120 4 4 <8 5 8 2 = 4 > Cumulative scale accretion (g) 8 100 Cumulative hot water use (kL) 10 Household A Awater 14 Cumulative scale accretion (g) 12 120 Cumulative scale accretion (g) Cumulative hot water use (kL) 14 10 Fs 8 6 4 2 0 120 12 10 Mw 8 Ms Household M 40 4 2 20 0 0 Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 Date Date 7 44 4 8 C54 84 8 :4 5 5 5 4 5 6 5 8 8 5 8 5 8 4 80 60 6 Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun05 05 05 06 06 06 06 07 07 !4 5 ; 85 8 ! 9 5 100 Cumulative scale accretion (g) Household F Fw 14 Cumulative hot water use (kL) 12 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10 -10 Cumulative scale accretion (g) Cumulative hot water use (k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total scale mass deposited (g) 180 160 140 R2 = 0.5654 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 total water consumption (kL) !4 5 ; 4 84 7 8 8 )$ $ # & 5 74 7 4 8 9 8 # & 48 * $ ! )+ 5 5 ! "# $# # # %& ' ( 4 " %& # - & $ > 3 # # # # # $ # # # # $ : # # & # $ 0 # # - # $ 180 A B D E F G (solar) H (solar) M 160 cumulative scale deposition (g) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 cumulative hot water use (kL) !4 5 9 "; 5 5 4 4 6 8 7 44 4 "9 8 5 4 88 4 # " # # # $ " ( )3 6* # & # 01 & $ & # # $ 01 ! "# $# # # %& > ' ( & ,# # )> 3E # # # , ( 01 *$ & # # # & # # & 01 # & # # # $ 01 & 01 )> 3<*$ & # # 3C 5 (6 )07O3D # 3 5 (6 )07OE. 3 65 )07OC O O 01 *$ & O.*$ @ * # 01 3 65 ; )07O3D $ & # & $ 1 # & & + # # # 01 $ O.* ! "# $# # # %& ' ( 60 H 140 Dosing 50 Control hot w ater use, Dosing 120 hot w ater use, Control H 40 H denotes 100 statistical significance 80 H 30 H 60 20 Hot water use (kL) scale accumulation rate per kilolitre of water heated (g/kL) 160 40 10 20 el ec tri c, 50 L L el ec tri c ,1 64 el ec tri c, 55 L el ec tri c, 80 L el ec tri c, 50 L 0 el ec tri c, 50 L 0 Hot water system type and capacity !4 5 &; 6 9 5 5 4 5 5 4 = B '> 8 48 4 62 9 6 4 4 7 8 498 8 5 29 8 4 7 4 4 8 rate of scale accumulation (g/kL) and hot water use (L/day) ! "# $# # # 100 %& ' ( average scale accumulation rate 90 average hot water use 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Calgon, 690 days, n=20 !4 5 ); 6 5 < 48 48 5 7 No Calgon, 35 days, n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° * ! 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"# $# # # %& ' ( %( & & $ & > & # 3D$ & & # # & # - & > ( $ - ( # # (, # # - , ( & $ $300,000 Capital External labour $250,000 Value ($) Local labour $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 $Failure management Preventive maintenance Calgon Treatment Hard water management scenario !4 5 .; 4 4 5 4 > 46 4 > - # - & # & # 01 # $ # ? & $ & - ($ ! "# $# & & # & , & 4K - ( ( # $ ) # $ 01 - ' & & & & %& & # * # & ? 01 # # R. - RE $ # & & ? , , # D $ ' - & & $ & # & $ > & $ & & # ( & $ & & ( ( ) * # & # ( & # # $ # & ( & - 01 $ $ & 01 & $ 1 # & ( # $ " & # & & # 01 # ! "# $# & # # $ %& ' ( & & & # $ .; 5 9 8 4 4 ! 45 1 44 # • 4 8 8 6 7 7 4 6 8 4 $ # • • # • : • : # # # • ( ) : * # • ( • ' # • : • 6( # • A0 # # & 6( & & & # # • 6 ? # ( • 4 9 1 • T# # T • • / ) • • / 01 * 4 • / , • / # & # • • / ) , * # ( + %& # # $ & & # & & ( # 01 & ! "# # & $# # # & - ' ( # & " %& & $ & - # # & $ # # 01 & # , - & $ # & & & - R34 $ # $400,000 $375,000 Failure management $350,000 Preventive maintenance $325,000 Calgon Treatment $300,000 $275,000 Cost ($) $250,000 $225,000 $200,000 $175,000 $150,000 $125,000 $100,000 $75,000 $50,000 $25,000 $1 2 3 Failure frequency of key household infrastructure (years) !4 5 6 5 & 0; 44 649 6 9 94 98 5 8 4 8 9 45 < & & & H 4 6 9 & # & , 7 7 & $ & 5 5 C5 4 & & $ ! "# * $# # # %& ' ( ,)- ' & - 01 # # 3) E * # & $ %& ( 01 01 , , & # # 01 & $ 01 # # $ Failure management $400,000 Preventive maintenance $375,000 Calgon Treatment $350,000 $325,000 $300,000 $275,000 Cost ($) $250,000 $225,000 $200,000 $175,000 $150,000 $125,000 $100,000 $75,000 $50,000 $25,000 $1/5 years 1/3 years 1/2 years Replacem ent frequency for hot w ater system s under SHMP use w hen com pared to annual failure rates !4 5 " ; 54 8 8 9 > $ # 9 4 4 7 & # # 5 C5 6 4 4 4 5 4 < 9 6 9 4 6< 01 & # & & # # & 01 01 $ # > # # # # & & & & 01 & # & $ & $ 7 01 01 > & ! "# $# # # # # %& ' ( & & & & & $ , 5 ' # 9 4 # & 4 ( & 5 6 # , ( $ & # & , ( & ( $ # # & ( ' 01 $ & & # & & 01 & & & # # $ 1 # & # 01 ( # , # # # $ & ( $ 01 $ 0 ( 01 & ( # & & # $ 1 # & & & 01 & # & # & - $ A& 01 & & $ # & # $ " # & & ( & ( # & & & & ($ ! & "# $# $ / & & %& & # & & & $ " & & # & $ # & & # & # ' & $ ' , # 01 & & # & ( $ ( ! - "# $# # # %& ' ' 3$ Q # # 01 $ @ ( $ & # 01 ) * & & # $ 01 & & & # & & , ( # # - # # # # # 01 $ 1 # & & - # & & $ : & # $ @ & 01 & & 1 #& # $ E$ 01 & & & # ) - * <$ " $ 01 # , # $ 0 # # 01 # # $ 4$ " 01 # # & # # $ # ( ( # $ 01 # .$ " & # $ 01 # - 4,4 # ( ! "# $# & 01 # & & # # # # & %& ' ( # ? # $ $ " & 01 & # # & # & $ D$ & & & 01 # & # & # - & , & # & # # # C$ ' $ & # & # $ ' & & # 01 # & & & & # $ # & & & $ ! "# $# # # %& ' . 3$ % & & & & $ 6 & & # $ ' & & # # & # $ E$ % & & & ) # : " ' * # 1 , $ ( & & & & # & & # $ <$ % & # # , # & ( & 4$ # $ " & # $ .$ 01 # & = • & • # 5 # # # • & # • # # & • 01 & • & • - $ ( ! 0 ! "# ! $# $ # # %& ' ( $ & & • 7 • @ $ = # ) $ P*P E$.(@ & $<(@ P " E$.(@ ,# $ 1 # & & & & $ 0 # # • # $ & # ) $ $ # ( # # # # . U* ( ( $ ( , # & # & $ # # # ! "# $# # # %& ' ( ! ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2001. Housing and Infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities. In Australian Bureau of Statistics on behalf of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission: Australian Government, Canberra. ACC (American Chemistry Council). 2004. The Use of Phosphates for Potable Water Treatment: Phosphate Forum of the Americas. Anghileri, L. J. 1964. Hydrolysis of sodium polymetaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate under the influence of temperature and pH. The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 15 (9):549-551. BOM (Bureau of Meteorology). 2005. Monthly Rainfall Data Summary: Mt Allan Station No 15565, 1969-2005. Boulton, AJ , and MA Brock. 1999. Australian Freshwater Ecology: processes and management. Glen Osmond, SA: Gleneagles Publishing. Cantor, A. F., D. Denig-Chakroff, R. R. Vela, M. G. Oleinik, and D. L. Lynch. 2000. Use of polyphosphate in corrosion control. Journal American Water Works Association 92 (2):95-102. DLPE (Department of Lands Planning and Environment). 1998. Water Chemistry Laboratory Report, Yuelamu/Mt Allan Production Bore 21/01/98. Darwin: Northern Territory Government. Ebrahimi-mehr, M., T. Shahrabi, and M. G. Hosseini. 2004. Determination of suitable corrosion inhibitor formulation for a potable water supply. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 51 (6):399-405. Edwards, M., L. Hidmi, and D. Gladwell. 2002. Phosphate inhibition of soluble copper corrosion by-product release. Corrosion Science 44 (5):1057-1071. Edwards, M., and L. S. McNeill. 2002. Effect of phosphate inhibitors on lead release from pipes. Journal American Water Works Association 94 (1):79-+. Edwards, Marc, Loay Hidmi, and Dawn Gladwell. 2001. Phosphate inhibition of soluble copper corrosion by-product release. Corrosion Science 44 (5):10571071. FaCSIA (Families Community Services and Indigenous Affairs). 2007. National Indigenous Housing Guide: Australian Government, Canberra. Hatch, G.B. , and O. Rice. 1945. Corrosion control with threshold treatment. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 37 (8):752-59. Hostetler, S, J Wischusen, and G Jacobson. 1998. Western Water Study (Wiluraratja Kapi) - Groundwater Quality in the Papunya-Kintore region, Northern Territory: Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO). Lehrman, L., and L. Shuldener. 1952. Action of Sodium Silicate as a Corrosion Inhibitor in Water Piping. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 44 (8). Lloyd, B., L. Wilson, and A. Adams. 2000. Hot Water Use and Water Heating Systems in Remote Indigenous Communities. Alice Springs: Centre for Appropriate Technology. Marshall, G. 1999. A Review of Scale Prevention Devices for Use in Hot Water Systems in Remote Indigenous Communities. Alice Springs: Centre for Appropriate Technology. McElroy, Sister M. K., J. F. Hazel, and W. M. McNabb. 1965. Reactions between iron (III) ions and glassy polyphosphates. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 27 (4):859-866. ! "# $# # # %& ' ( McNeill, L. S., and M. Edwards. 2000. Phosphate inhibitors and red water in stagnant iron pipes. Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce 126 (12):1096-1102. ———. 2002. Phosphate inhibitor use at US utilities. Journal American Water Works Association 94 (7):57-63. Mercer, K. L. , Y. Lin, and P.C. Singer. 2005. Enhancing calcium carbonate precipitation by heterogeneous nucleation during chemical softening. Journal American Water Works Association 97 (12):116. Nganampa Health Council Inc. 1987. Report of Uwankara Palyanyku Kanyintjaku (UPK Report) - An Environmental and Public Health Review within the Anangu Pitjantjara Lands: A cooperative initiative by the Nganampa Health Council Inc., South Australian Health Commission and Aboriginal Health Organisation of SA. NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council) & NRMMC (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council). 2004. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines: Commonwealth Government of Australia. PWC (PowerWater Corporation). 2005. Water Quality Report. Darwin: Power and Water Corporation, Northern Territory. SA Water. 2005. Sustainability Report. Adelaide: SA Water and South Australian Government. Sarin, P, V.L. Snoeyink, J. Bebee, W.M. Kriven, and J.A. Clement. 2001. Physicochemical characteristics of corrosion scales in old iron pipes. Water Research 35 (12). Shafizadeh, Arash. . 2007. Telephone conversation. Water Treatment Chemist, WA Water Corporation. Perth, 23 January. Stover, Frederick S. 1997. Capillary electrophoresis of longer-chain polyphosphates. Journal of Chromatography A 769 (2):349-351. Territory Health Services. 2002. The Northern Territory Public Health Bush Book 2nd ed: Northern Territory Government. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2004. Lead and Copper Rule Reference Guide: Office for Water, United States Government. Water Corporation Western Australia (WCWA). 2006. Drinking Water Quality Annual Report 2005-2006. Perth: Water Corporation, Western Australia. WHO (World Health Organisation). 2006a. Final Statement of WHO Meeting of Experts on the Possible Protective Effect of Hard Water Against Cardiovascular Disease, 27-28 April 2006. Washington DC, USA. ———. 2006b. Nutrients in Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organisation. WU (Wageningen University). Food-Info.net 2006 [cited 28 January 2006] Available from http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e452.htm. ! ## "# $# # # %& ' ( ! 77 4 : ; 5 94 "# $# # # %& ' ( 44 8 47 I J *5 5 = - ) * $ ! ( 1 = # " & $ # @ " $ # ( ,# $ $ 3$ 7 # - # $ $ 0 $ E$ 0 & ) 4* # # ) * & # & $ <$ ( # $ 4$ @ & # # & ,# $ ' # $ .$ @ & ( $ # - # $ 7 & , $ @ $ ( # & ) $ ) * ! D$ - # "# $# # # # %& # $ # # ? , # # $ # # # & # ( . $ C$ ' $ ) ! 77 4 :";*5 5 5 6 7 =#% <" "# C5 49 8 $# 4 # 7 44 # %& ' = '# < 00.> )> ) ( ! *5 # 5( % 5 "# 8 7 4 " 4 9= $# > < # 7 64 # %& ' ( 9 ) Element Abbreviation Total Dissolved Solids Silver - Filterable Silver - Total Aluminium - Filterable Aluminium - Total Arsenic - Filterable Arsenic - Total Boron - Filterable Boron - Total Barium - Filterable Barium - Total Beryllium - Filterable Beryllium - Total Bromine - Filterable Bromine - Total Cadmium - Filterable Cadmium - Total Chromium - Filterable Chromium - Total Copper - Filterable Copper - Total Iron - Filterable Iron - Total Iron - Total Mercury - Filterable Mercury - Total Iodine - Filterable Iodine - Total Manganese - Filterable Manganese - Total Molybdenum - Filterable Molybdenum - Total Nickel - Filterable Nickel - Total Lead - Filterable Lead - Total Antimony - Filterable Antimony - Total Selenium - Filterable Selenium - Total Tin - Filterable Tin - Total Uranium - Filterable Uranium - Total Zinc - Filterable Zinc - Total TDS 500-1000 mg/L Ag_F 100 µg/L Ag_T 100 µg/L Al_F 200 µg/L Al_T 200 µg/L As_F 7 µg/L As_T 7 µg/L B_F 4000 µg/L B_T 4000 µg/L Ba_F 700 µg/L Ba_T 700 µg/L Be_F NGV µg/L Be_T NGV µg/L Br_F NGV µg/L Br_T NGV µg/L Cd_F 2 µg/L Cd_T 2 µg/L Cr_F 50 µg/L Cr_T 50 µg/L Cu_F 2000 µg/L Cu_T 2000 µg/L Fe_F 300 µg/L Fe_T 300 µg/L Fe_T 0.3 mg/L Hg_F 1 µg/L Hg_T 1 µg/L I_F 100 µg/L I_T 100 µg/L Mn_F 500 µg/L Mn_T 500 µg/L Mo_F 50 µg/L Mo_T 50 µg/L Ni_F 20 µg/L Ni_T 20 µg/L Pb_F 10 µg/L Pb_T 10 µg/L Sb_F 3 µg/L Sb_T 3 µg/L Se_F 10 µg/L Se_T 10 µg/L Sn_F NGV µg/L Sn_T NGV µg/L U_F 20 µg/L U_T 20 µg/L Zn_F 3000 µg/L Zn_T 3000 µg/L denotes drinking water guideline exceedence. ADWG Units Yuelamu bore 2004 2600 <10 <10 <20 <20 3 3.5 760 800 <50 <50 <1 <1 2820 3830 <0.2 <0.2 <5 <5 10 10 20 40 -<0.1 <0.1 830 320 5 5 10 15 <2 <2 1 2 <0.2 <0.2 13 15 <10 <10 177 201 210 220 ) & 77 4 :&;% 4 4 577 4 % 4 5 7 8: 4 5 78 78 2' 9 8 44 ) 4 & 4 6 $ 3 7 A ! = =" 0 = 7 @ = 3D5 <5 :& # + . ! = =% " = 7 = 6 $ 1 5 # # & $ @ # # # # " # # $ # ( $ C54 7 " C54 7 • • • • • • • • 0 # 3 4 > • • 7 1 " A Q )# $ 3 * ( 4 ( 3 )7:6" %A 1" 1 3 * $<4 "" & # & )6 # * 5 7 4 0 $" - ( 3 6 $ 6 $ E &" # 7 7 - 4 $ 3$ & 3 " 3 & # # && # $ 6& 3 ( 5 6 $ 44 0 4A $4 3$ ( # 3$4 $ < 5 6 6 $ ( $" ( ( $ && > 44 ( 0 0 & > ) 6* ) 6* 3 (& ) 5 6* < < $ E < $< 3$ < < $. 3$4 4 < $D $ ! $4 # 4 4 $@ 6 3 4 : 6 $ 4 4 6 #3 4 $> 6 6 E$E$ $ $ < &&" 44 " 4 7 ) 5 " 4 > 5 6* ) > /* ) ) /* 5 6* ) 5 6* $4 3$ 3$4 $ ) 5 # # $ 6 $ 4 77 7 4 :); " 4 4 4 6 " - 8 9 74 " &
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