Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
Original scientific paper
Growth Charts for Croatian School Children and
Secular Trends in Past Twenty Years
Vesna Jure{a1‚ Vera Musil1 and Mirjana Kujund`i} Tiljak2
1
2
University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, »Andrija [tampar« School of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine and
Organization of Health Care, Zagreb, Croatia
University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, »Andrija [tampar« School of Public Health, Department of Medical Statistics,
Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Zagreb, Croatia
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to construct new Croatian growth charts for body height and weight of boys and girls aged
6.5 to 18.5 years and to investigate differences between our and pre-existing studies. Analysis was based on a multistage
stratified sample representative for school children aged 6.5 to 18.5, 6046 boys and 5656 girls. Growth reference was constructed using LMS method. Present results demonstrated an increment of body height and weight during the last two
decades. Highest increase of body height is in boys aged 13–14 years 6.5 cm, in girls aged 12 years is 5.0 cm. Highest increase of body weight is in 16 year age group of boys 8.7 kg and in 11–12 year age group of girls 5.2 kg. In conclusion, regarding presence of secular trend because previously used growth charts in Croatia are obsolete.
Key words: growth charts, trends, children, adolescents, Croatia
Introduction
Need for development of growth charts and prospective studies of growth changes are today still actual and
important. Growth charts are used in assessments of
growth of healthy children and in detecting children with
growth disturbances and different diseases which influenced it1. Secular growth trend presence2–12 causes need
for periodic studies and/or continuous follow ups. In
Croatia last comprehensive measurement was taken in
1980–198413 and growth charts for school children aged 6
to 19 were made. Assessment of growth based on that
data became insufficiently precise for today’s children
and there was need for developing new growth charts
and national reference values.
The aim of this study was to construct new growth
charts with Croatian national reference values for body
height and weight of boys and girls aged 6.5 to 18.5 years
and to investigate differences between our and 1980–
1984 Prebeg’s study13 with assessment of secular growth
trend existence.
Sample and Methods
The paper analyzes the data collected in the Cardiovascular risk factors in school age-intervention model de-
velopment project of the Ministry of Science, Education
and Sport Republic of Croatia, No. 108-1080135-0263,
conducted November 2006-January 2008 on the stratified random sample of Croatian school children aged
6.5–18.5 years.
Answers and measurements were obtained for 11702
subjects (6046 boys and 5656 girls). Response was 94.5%.
Methodology for sampling was developed during project
School Health Survey (part of 2003 Croatian Adult Health Survey conducted in collaboration of Croatian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and Canadian Society
for International Health and supported by Ministry of
Science, Education and Sport14. Data about number of
schools, classes and children attending all primary and
secondary schools in Croatia were gathered from Croatian Ministry of Education. This survey targeted school
children at primary school grades I to VIII aged 7 (6.50–
7.49) and aged 14 (13.50–14.49) years, and at secondary
school aged 15 to 18.5 (14.50–18.50) living in Croatia.
This survey component covers 94.5% of the targeted age
groups. To meet the survey objectives of providing reliable estimates at Croatia level a sample of 1000 respondents at each age was selected. The sample of individuals
was selected using a three-staged cluster sample design
Received for publication September 1, 2011
47
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
where primary schools and secondary school were the
primary sampling units and classrooms the secondary
sampling units. In order to ensure high efficiency of the
sample design, the primary schools were systematically
selected with a probability proportional to the total number of students in primary schools and in secondary
schools. At the second stage of selection, one classroom of
each grade at primary schools and two at secondary
schools were randomly selected using a simple random
sampling approach. At the third and last stage of selection, a 100% sample of individuals was selected in each
selected classroom (all students were part of the sample).
A complete list of in-scope primary and secondary schools was used as the sample frame for the first stage of selection. An in-scope primary and secondary school is defined as being a school where there is at least one
classroom of either grade I to VIII in primary schools and
I to III/IV in secondary schools regarding type of school.
Of that list, some primary schools were however excluded for various reasons. The exclusions are the schools with less than 51 students and the special schools. Of
that list, some secondary schools were excluded: two-year secondary schools, schools lacking 3rd grade, some
art schools and schools with less than 60 students. It is
assumed that the excluded primary and secondary schools account for less than 5% of the students. At first
stage, a sample of 40 primary schools was selected. In order to ensure a good representativity the sample of primary schools was stratified by settlements population
size in five strata: 1 = Zagreb, Rijeka, Osijek, Split and
settlements bigger than 200,001 inhabitants, 2 = 10,001
to 200,000 inhabitants, 3 = 5,001 to 10,000 inhabitants,
4 = 2,001 to 5,000 inhabitants, 5 = less then 2,000 inhabitants. At first stage, a sample of 20 secondary schools was
selected. In order to ensure a good representativity the
sample of secondary schools was stratified by type of
school in three strata: 1. grammar schools, 2. four-year
schools, 3. three-year schools.
Number of primary schools by size of settlement: 1 =
10 schools, 2 = 10 schools, 3 = 4 schools, 4 = 6 schools, 5
= 10 schools. Number of secondary schools by type of
school: 1 = 6 schools, 2 = 9 schools, 3 = 5 schools15. In total 12389 individuals were selected to participate in the
2006–2008 survey. Out of these selected individuals a response was obtained for 11702 individuals which results
in an overall response rate of 94.5%. The following equation was used to compute response rates:
number of responding individuals
Response rate =
all in -scope individuals
The survey response rate is obtained as follows:
11702
Response rate =
= 0.9445
12389
The response rates per grade are as follows:
7899
Primary shools :
= 0.9509
8307
Secondary shools :
48
3803
= 0.9317
4082
Ethical consideration
After obtaining ethical permission by ethical comettte
of University of Zagreb School of Medicine, schools were
informed in advance by letter that the survey would be
performed and provided with description of the research,
via schools children and parents were informed. Because
of the non-invasive nature of the protocol consisting only
of a short questionnaire and measurements considered
routine for school-entry/sports-participation and regular
systematic examinations (i.e. height, weight, and blood
pressure), a »passive consent« process was used. Parents/guardians and children were provided with a form
on the first page of questionnaire that was to be returned
if parents/guardians did not wish their child (or children
personally) did not wish to participate.
Survey questionnaire consisted of following groups of
questions and answers: A. Socio economic, demographic
and family characteristics – Completed school of father
and mother (incomplete primary school, primary school,
three – year secondary school, four – year secondary
school, college, university, unknown, not stated); Father
and mother –working position (employed, unemployed,
student, retired, desist, not stated) Occupation of father
and mother (manager and politician, professional and
scientists, engineer and technician, clerk or official and
employee, service and commercial trade, farmer or forest
worker or fisherman, craftsman and manufacture, heavy
equipment operators and drivers, simple occupation, military service, unknown, not stated); Number of children
in the family; Order of birth (firstborn, second born,
third born, fourth born and more, not stated); B. Socio
economic, demographic characteristics of selected respondent – Elementary School /Secondary school (code,
grammar, three year secondary school, four year secondary school); Grade (1st grade, 2nd grade, …..); Class (a,
b,c,……); Gender (male, female); Date of birth (day,
month, year); Where was child born? and Where does
child live now? (same answer for every question): 1 =
Zagreb. Rijeka. Osijek. Split and settlements with more
than 200,001 inhabitants, 2 = from 10,001 to 200,000, 3
= from 5,001 to 10,000, 4 = from 2,001 to 5,000, 5 = less
then 2,000 inhabitants; Scholastic ability last year (correct average). Anthropometric measurements body height,
body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, waist and hips
circumferences. Procedure lasted approximately 7–10
minutes per one student, and was executed by team of
examiners – medical doctors.
Children were measured wearing light clothes and no
shoes in calm, quite and comfortable setting. Body weight
was measured on calibrated digital scale (Seca 862) and
recorded to the nearest 100 grams and body height was
measured with head positioned in Frankfurt plane by a
fixed wall-mounted stadiometer and recorded to nearest
0.1 centimeters. Waist and hips circumferences were
measured using non-elastic tape with the subject in
standing position. Waist circumference was positioned in
the line of belly button. At 10% of subjects measurement
of body height, body weight, waist and hips circumferences was repeated for control use. Blood pressure mea-
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
surements were taken during one visit to the schools.
Blood pressure was measured after the child rested 10
minutes in a comfortable sitting position. None of the
children were agitated and none of them had pain. Blood
pressure was measured twice by auscultation using a
standard sphygmomanometer (Riester) with a time interval of at least 30 sec between the two measurements,
on the right upper arm, bent 90 degrees at the elbow,
with appropriate cuffs size and recorded to nearest 2 millimeters Hg. Phase I Korotkoff sound was used to indicate systolic blood pressure and phase V for diastolic
blood pressure. Between two measures, the heart rate
was measured in 30 seconds. Girls were directly asked
whether they started to menstruate, and if yes, the exact
month and year were recorded.
Data for this study were obtained from completion of
questionnaire and physical examination. On the basis of
the data obtained by measurements, body mass index
(BMI) as weight/height² (kilograms/square meter). Descriptive statistics was used to describe the distributions
of height and weight. 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and
97th percentiles, as well as the mean and standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were calculated. The
sample of school children was weighted according to the
census data. The difference between two measures (now
and before 22 years) was calculated and graphically presented.
The Statistica 9.0 was used for data analysis. Body
weight and body height percentile curves were constructed separately for boys and girls using LMS method16–18.
Obtained curves represent Croatian reference values for
height (cm) and weight (kg) for boys and girls 6.5 to 18.5
years of age, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th,
95th and 97th percentiles were constructed.
Results
The paper analyzes the only data about body height
and body weight collected in the Cardiovascular risk factors in school age – intervention model development, project of the Ministry of Science, Education and Sport republic of Croatia, No. 108-1080135-0263, conducted November 2006–January 2008 on the stratified random
sample of Croatian school children aged 6.5–18.5 years.
Table 1 shows body height and weight values for boys
and girls of the two cohorts Prebeg 1980–1984 and our
study Jure{a 2006–2008. Shown are number of participants by age groups 7 ± (6.50–7.49) to 18 ± (17.50–18.49),
mean (X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation
(CV), D = difference between 1980–1984 and 2006–2008,
and pondered number of children in cohort 2006–2008
Today’s 7 years old boys are 2.7 cm and girls 2.5 cm
taller than their peers in Prebeg’s study 1980–1984.
Mean height increase for boys is 2.7 to 6.5 cm for boys
and 2.5 to 5.0 cm for girls. Highest differences in mean
height are in 13 and 14 year old boys (6.5 cm) and in 12
year old girls (5.0 cm).
Average increase in body weight for boys is between
2.4 kg (7 years old) to 8.7 kg (16 years old). For girls it is
between 2.1 kg (17 years old) to 5.2 kg (11 and 12 years
old).
Highest differences in mean weight are in 16 year old
boys (8.7 kg) and in 11 and 12 year old girls (5.2 kg).
Percentile values for body height in our study 2006–
2008 show increase compared with Prebeg’s study 1980–
1984. Value of the third percentile for body height in our
study match 10 percentile value in Prebeg’s study. Tenth
percentile match 25 percentile, 25 percentile match 50
percentile, 50 percentile match 75 percentile, 75 percentile match 90 percentile, 90 percentile match 97 percentile of Prebeg’s study. 97 percentile in our study is moved
towards higher values of body height. It must be emphasized that value of 97 percentile in Prebeg’s study for 7
year old boys was 136.0 cm and now is 138.5 cm, for 7
year old girls was 135.0 cm and now is 136.8 cm, value of
97 percentile in 18 year old boys was 190.0 cm and now is
195.7 cm, for girls was 176.0 cm and now is 177.8 cm
(Fig. 1).
Percentile values for body weight in our study 2006–
2008 show increase compared with Prebeg’s study 1980–
1984. Value of the third percentile in our study match 10
percentile value in Prebeg’s study. Tenth percentile for
body weight match 25 percentile, 25 percentile match 50
percentile, 50 percentile match 75 percentile, 75 percentile match 90 percentile, 90 percentile match 97 percentile of Prebeg’s study. 97 percentile in our study is moved
towards higher values of body weight. It must be emphasized that value of 97 percentile in Prebeg’s study for 7
year old boys was 35 kg and now is 40.6 kg, for 7 year old
girls was 35.5 and now is 40.5 kg, value of 97 percentile
in 18 year old boys was 86.1 kg and now is 106.2 kg
(Fig. 2).
In Table 2 are shown percentiles for body height and
in Table 3 percentiles for body weight of boys and girls
aged 6.5 to 18.5 years (age groups are divided in two
months classes). In all age groups percentile values are
higher for boys than girls. Fiftieth percentile for body
height of 18 year old boys is 180.40 cm and for girls is
166.49 cm. Fiftieth percentile for body weight of 18 year
old boys is 73.56 kg and for girls is 58.55 kg.
Discussion and Conclusion
Comparing values of body height and body weight
gathered in our study with Prebeg study 1980–198413
showed existence of secular trend in Croatia. Mean values for age group 7–18 years of body height and body
weight are increased in comparison with mean values
achieved 22 years ago. Seven year old boys in our study
are 2.7 cm and girls 2.5 cm taller than peers in earlier
study. 18 years old boys are 2.9 cm and girls 1.8 cm taller.
Highest increase of body height is in boys aged 13–14
years 6.5 cm, in girls aged 12 years is 5.0 cm. 7 year old
boys in our study are 2.4 kg heavier and girls are 2.5 kg
heavier than their peers in earlier study. 18 year old boys
are 6.0 kg heavier and girls are 0.5 kg heavier. Highest
49
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
TABLE 1
BODY HEIGHT AND BODY WEIGHT FOR THE TWO COHORTS – PREBEG 1980–1984 AND JURE[A 2006–2008, STRATIFIED FOR BOYS
AND GIRLS
Age
(years)
N
X
Prebeg
Jure{a
1980–1984 2006–2008
Height. Boys
2657
7±
3039
8±
3159
9±
2873
10±
3252
11±
3241
12±
3384
13±
3179
14±
3378
15±
2606
16±
2485
17±
1949
18±
Height. Girls
2607
7±
2883
8±
2981
9±
2768
10±
3224
11±
3134
12±
3439
13±
3163
14±
3414
15±
2774
16±
2590
17±
2149
18±
Weight. Boys
2657
7±
3039
8±
3159
9±
2873
10±
3252
11±
3241
12±
3384
13±
3179
14±
3378
15±
2606
16±
2485
17±
1949
18±
Weight. Girls
2607
7±
2883
8±
2981
9±
2768
10±
3224
11±
3134
12±
3439
13±
3163
14±
3414
15±
2774
16±
2590
17±
2149
18±
Prebeg
Jure{a
1980–1984 2006–2008
SD
D
CV
Prebeg
Jure{a
Prebeg
Jure{a
1980–1984 2006–2008 1980–1984 2006–2008
384
521
502
500
496
512
501
527
571
577
515
358
(1085)
(1372)
(1562)
(1709)
(1694)
(1648)
(1668)
(1690)
(1690)
(1751)
(1585)
(955)
124.8
129.6
134.9
140.1
145.0
149.9
156.1
163.1
169.6
174.0
176.7
177.6
127.5
132.6
138.6
143.6
148.8
155.1
162.6
169.6
175.2
178.2
179.5
180.5
2.7
3.0
3.7
3.5
3.8
5.2
6.5
6.5
5.6
4.2
2.8
2.9
5.7
6.1
6.4
6.9
7.2
7.8
8.7
9.6
8.8
7.8
7.1
6.6
5.5
5.7
6.8
6.6
6.9
8.4
9.0
8.9
8.0
7.3
7.4
6.8
4.6%
4.7%
4.8%
4.9%
5.0%
5.2%
5.5%
5.9%
5.2%
4.5%
4.0%
3.7%
4.3%
4.3%
4.9%
4.6%
4.6%
5.4%
5.5%
5.2%
4.6%
4.1%
4.1%
3.7%
–0.3
–0.4
0.1
–0.3
–0.4
0.2
0.0
–0.7
–0.6
–0.4
0.1
0.0
357
483
498
487
512
476
498
564
434
439
474
360
(1073)
(1415)
(1469)
(1511)
(1673)
(1646)
(1664)
(1834)
(1262)
(1253)
(1162)
(804)
124.0
128.7
134.1
139.5
145.8
152.0
157.4
160.6
162.7
163.9
164.0
164.5
126.5
131.8
137.4
143.7
150.5
157.0
161.4
164.5
165.4
166.1
166.5
166.3
2.5
3.1
3.3
4.2
4.7
5.0
4.0
3.9
2.7
2.2
2.5
1.8
5.6
6.2
6.4
7.1
7.7
7.8
7.2
6.6
6.2
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.5
6.4
6.5
7.5
8.0
7.5
7.3
6.6
6.3
6.5
6.5
6.1
4.5%
4.8%
4.8%
5.1%
5.3%
5.1%
4.6%
4.1%
3.8%
3.7%
3.7%
3.7%
4.3%
4.9%
4.7%
5.2%
5.3%
4.8%
4.5%
4.0%
3.8%
3.9%
3.9%
3.7%
–0.2
0.1
–0.1
0.1
0.0
–0.3
–0.1
–0.1
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
384
521
502
500
496
512
501
527
571
577
515
358
(1085)
(1372)
(1562)
(1709)
(1694)
(1648)
(1668)
(1690)
(1690)
(1751)
(1585)
(955)
24.9
27.4
30.3
33.6
37.1
40.8
45.6
51.5
57.7
62.7
66.8
68.8
27.3
30.8
35.4
38.0
42.2
47.2
52.7
59.5
66.0
71.5
73.7
74.8
2.4
3.4
5.0
4.4
5.1
6.4
7.1
8.0
8.2
8.7
6.9
6.0
4.34
4.73
5.49
6.49
7.32
8.27
9.35
10.75
10.41
9.81
9.16
8.46
5.5
6.9
9.1
9.1
11.0
11.8
12.7
12.9
13.7
14.1
12.3
12.6
17.4%
17.3%
18.1%
19.3%
19.7%
20.3%
20.5%
20.9%
18.0%
15.6%
13.7%
12.3%
20.0%
22.4%
25.6%
23.9%
26.0%
25.0%
24.0%
21.7%
20.8%
19.8%
16.8%
16.9%
2.6
5.1
7.5
4.6
6.3
4.7
3.5
0.6
2.8
3.2
3.1
4.6
357
483
498
487
512
476
498
564
434
439
474
360
(1073)
(1415)
(1469)
(1511)
(1673)
(1646)
(1664)
(1834)
(1262)
(1253)
(1162)
(804)
24.3
26.8
29.9
33.1
37.6
42.3
47.7
51.6
55.5
56.8
57.7
58.5
26.8
29.9
33.4
38.0
42.8
47.5
52.4
56.0
58.2
59.2
59.9
59.0
2.5
3.1
3.5
4.9
5.2
5.2
4.7
4.4
2.7
2.4
2.1
0.5
4.43
5.00
5.81
6.72
7.96
8.83
8.77
8.60
8.28
7.89
7.54
7.38
5.6
7.0
7.7
9.7
10.9
10.5
11.9
10.9
9.2
9.8
9.3
8.2
18.2%
18.7%
19.4%
20.3%
21.2%
20.9%
18.4%
16.7%
14.9%
13.9%
13.1%
12.6%
21.0%
23.4%
22.9%
25.6%
25.5%
22.0%
22.6%
19.5%
15.8%
16.6%
15.5%
14.0%
2.8
4.7
3.5
5.3
4.3
1.1
4.2
2.8
0.9
2.7
2.4
1.4
Mean (X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), D = difference between –1984 and 2006–2008.
Note: number in () pondered number of children in cohort 2006–2008
50
D
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
Girls
Boys
200.0
200.0
195.0
195.0
190.0
190.0
185.0
185.0
3 Percentiles
180.0
10 Prebeg
175.0
25 1980–1984
50
75
165.0
90
Height (cm)
Height (cm)
170.0
180.0
3 Percentiles
175.0
25 1980-1984
170.0
50
165.0
90
160.0
97
155.0
10 Jureša
160.0
97
155.0
10 Jureša
150.0
25 2006–2008
145.0
75
145.0
90
140.0
3 Percentiles
50
140.0
97
10 Prebeg
75
3 Percentiles
25 2006-2008
150.0
135.0
135.0
130.0
130.0
125.0
125.0
120.0
120.0
115.0
115.0
50
75
90
97
110.0
110.0
7±
8±
7±
9± 10± 11± 12± 13± 14± 15± 16± 17± 18±
8±
9± 10± 11± 12± 13± 14± 15± 16± 17± 18±
Age (years)
Age (years)
Fig. 1. Percentiles of height for the two cohorts – Prebeg 1980.– 1984 and Jure{a 2006–2008. stratified for boys and girls.
Girls
Boys
110.0
110.0
105.0
105.0
100.0
100.0
95.0
95.0
90.0
90.0
85.0
3 Percentiles
80.0
3 Percentiles
80.0
10 Prebeg
75.0
10 Prebeg
75.0
25 1980-1984
25 1980- 1984
70.0
50
65.0
75
60.0
97
90
3 Percentiles
55.0
10 Jureša
50.0
25 2006-2008
50
45.0
75
40.0
90
35.0
97
Weight (kg)
Weight (kg)
85.0
50
70.0
75
65.0
90
60.0
97
3 Percentiles
55.0
10 Jureša
50.0
25 2006-2008
45.0
50
75
40.0
90
35.0
30.0
30.0
25.0
25.0
20.0
20.0
15.0
15.0
97
10.0
10.0
7±
8±
9± 10± 11± 12± 13± 14± 15± 16± 17± 18±
Age (years)
7±
8±
9± 10± 11± 12± 13± 14± 15± 16± 17± 18±
Age (years)
Fig. 2. Percentiles of weight for the two cohorts – Prebeg 1980–1984 and Jure{a 2006–2008, stratified for boys and girls.
increase is in 16 year age group of boys 8.7 kg and in
11–12 year age group of girls 5.2 kg. Comparison of percentile curves values for same age groups shows that
ones achieved in our study are shifted to higher level. Fiftieth percentile of body height of 7 year old boys in
Prebeg’s study was 125.0 cm and 127.4 cm in our study,
for girls it was 123.5 cm and now is 126.6 cm. Fiftieth
percentile for body weight of 7 year old boys in Prebeg’s
study was 24.1 kg and 26.3 kg in our study, for girls it was
23.5 kg and now is 25.7 kg. In one of the earlier Zagreb
Croatia school children population study 1951–1991 the
mean height of boys and girls in all observed groups has
increased significantly over the 1951–1991 year period.
In 19 year age group boys were 7 cm and girls were 5 cm
taller19. More recent studies 1991–2008 among 7 years
old group of Croatian children showed significant increase of body height for boys 1.4 cm and girls 0.97 cm. In
2008 girls are 1.5 kg heavier and boys are 1.4 kg heavier
51
52
12
11
10
9
8
7
6.5
78.5/
78.6
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
Years Months
Age
Girls
Boys
5.
Girls
Boys
Girls
10.
Boys
Girls
15.
Boys
Girls
25.
Boys
Girls
50.
Percentiles
Boys
Girls
75.
Boys
Girls
85.
Boys
Girls
90.
Boys
Girls
95.
Boys
Girls
97.
115.55
116.41
117.27
118.12
118.96
119.77
120.56
121.35
122.14
122.93
123.73
124.54
125.35
126.16
126.97
127.77
128.57
129.37
130.16
130.95
131.72
132.49
133.24
133.98
134.71
135.43
136.16
136.90
137.66
138.45
139.27
140.10
140.96
141.84
142.75
143.71
144.70
145.73
114.35
115.15
115.94
116.74
117.53
118.31
119.08
119.87
120.67
121.50
122.34
123.18
124.03
124.88
125.74
126.62
127.51
128.41
129.33
130.24
131.14
132.04
132.96
133.90
134.85
135.79
136.73
137.69
138.71
139.79
140.90
142.04
143.18
144.30
145.38
146.39
147.32
148.20
116.67
117.56
118.45
119.33
120.19
121.03
121.85
122.66
123.46
124.27
125.09
125.91
126.73
127.54
128.36
129.17
129.98
130.78
131.57
132.36
133.14
133.92
134.68
135.43
136.17
136.91
137.65
138.42
139.20
140.01
140.86
141.73
142.62
143.54
144.50
145.49
146.52
147.58
115.55
116.37
117.19
118.00
118.82
119.62
120.41
121.22
122.04
122.87
123.72
124.56
125.41
126.26
127.11
127.99
128.88
129.78
130.70
131.62
132.54
133.45
134.39
135.37
136.36
137.34
138.33
139.34
140.41
141.53
142.67
143.82
144.97
146.09
147.15
148.14
149.05
149.89
118.41
119.34
120.27
121.19
122.09
122.97
123.82
124.66
125.50
126.34
127.18
128.02
128.86
129.69
130.52
131.35
132.16
132.97
133.77
134.57
135.36
136.15
136.92
137.69
138.46
139.22
140.00
140.79
141.61
142.46
143.35
144.28
145.23
146.21
147.22
148.27
149.35
150.47
117.39
118.24
119.10
119.95
120.80
121.64
122.47
123.31
124.15
125.00
125.86
126.71
127.56
128.41
129.27
130.14
131.04
131.94
132.87
133.81
134.75
135.69
136.67
137.69
138.73
139.78
140.84
141.91
143.04
144.21
145.38
146.56
147.71
148.81
149.85
150.80
151.67
152.48
119.59
120.55
121.50
122.45
123.38
124.28
125.15
126.02
126.87
127.73
128.59
129.45
130.30
131.14
131.99
132.82
133.65
134.47
135.28
136.08
136.88
137.68
138.47
139.25
140.03
140.81
141.61
142.42
143.26
144.14
145.07
146.03
147.02
148.04
149.08
150.17
151.29
152.44
118.62
119.51
120.39
121.27
122.15
123.01
123.87
124.73
125.58
126.45
127.31
128.17
129.03
129.88
130.75
131.62
132.52
133.43
134.37
135.32
136.28
137.25
138.25
139.30
140.37
141.46
142.56
143.68
144.83
146.02
147.21
148.38
149.53
150.63
151.64
152.57
153.42
154.20
121.35
122.34
123.33
124.31
125.28
126.21
127.12
128.01
128.90
129.79
130.67
131.55
132.43
133.30
134.17
135.02
135.87
136.70
137.53
138.35
139.16
139.97
140.78
141.58
142.39
143.20
144.02
144.87
145.75
146.67
147.64
148.66
149.70
150.78
151.88
153.02
154.18
155.38
120.45
121.37
122.29
123.21
124.13
125.04
125.93
126.83
127.71
128.60
129.48
130.35
131.22
132.09
132.96
133.85
134.75
135.69
136.65
137.62
138.61
139.61
140.65
141.74
142.86
144.00
145.15
146.31
147.50
148.70
149.90
151.07
152.20
153.27
154.25
155.15
155.96
156.71
124.67
125.72
126.76
127.80
128.82
129.81
130.78
131.72
132.66
133.61
134.55
135.49
136.42
137.35
138.27
139.18
140.07
140.95
141.81
142.66
143.51
144.36
145.20
146.05
146.90
147.77
148.66
149.58
150.53
151.54
152.60
153.71
154.85
156.02
157.22
158.44
159.69
160.97
123.82
124.83
125.83
126.84
127.84
128.83
129.80
130.77
131.72
132.66
133.58
134.49
135.39
136.28
137.19
138.12
139.07
140.06
141.07
142.11
143.17
144.24
145.36
146.52
147.72
148.92
150.13
151.32
152.53
153.72
154.88
156.01
157.09
158.10
159.02
159.85
160.61
161.31
128.03
129.13
130.23
131.31
132.38
133.42
134.43
135.42
136.42
137.42
138.42
139.43
140.43
141.44
142.43
143.41
144.36
145.30
146.21
147.12
148.01
148.89
149.78
150.68
151.59
152.52
153.48
154.47
155.51
156.61
157.76
158.96
160.20
161.46
162.73
164.04
165.35
166.69
127.18
128.27
129.37
130.47
131.56
132.64
133.70
134.75
135.77
136.77
137.75
138.71
139.66
140.61
141.57
142.56
143.59
144.66
145.77
146.90
148.04
149.20
150.40
151.63
152.87
154.10
155.31
156.48
157.63
158.76
159.84
160.88
161.87
162.80
163.65
164.43
165.14
165.80
129.86
130.98
132.10
133.20
134.29
135.35
136.38
137.40
138.43
139.46
140.50
141.55
142.60
143.64
144.69
145.71
146.71
147.68
148.63
149.56
150.48
151.39
152.30
153.23
154.18
155.14
156.14
157.18
158.27
159.42
160.62
161.87
163.15
164.45
165.77
167.11
168.45
169.81
128.97
130.11
131.26
132.41
133.56
134.69
135.80
136.90
137.97
139.01
140.03
141.02
142.00
142.98
143.98
145.02
146.10
147.23
148.40
149.59
150.79
152.01
153.25
154.52
155.77
156.99
158.17
159.31
160.41
161.47
162.48
163.46
164.40
165.28
166.09
166.84
167.52
168.16
131.10
132.24
133.37
134.49
135.59
136.66
137.71
138.74
139.79
140.84
141.91
142.99
144.07
145.15
146.22
147.28
148.31
149.31
150.28
151.24
152.18
153.11
154.04
154.99
155.96
156.95
157.97
159.04
160.17
161.35
162.59
163.88
165.18
166.51
167.85
169.21
170.58
171.95
130.18
131.36
132.55
133.73
134.92
136.08
137.23
138.36
139.46
140.53
141.58
142.59
143.60
144.61
145.64
146.71
147.84
149.02
150.24
151.48
152.72
153.97
155.25
156.54
157.79
159.00
160.15
161.25
162.30
163.31
164.27
165.20
166.10
166.95
167.73
168.45
169.12
169.75
132.96
134.11
135.26
136.40
137.51
138.61
139.67
140.73
141.80
142.89
144.00
145.12
146.25
147.38
148.51
149.62
150.70
151.75
152.77
153.76
154.74
155.70
156.66
157.64
158.64
159.67
160.74
161.86
163.04
164.28
165.57
166.90
168.25
169.61
170.99
172.38
173.77
175.16
131.96
133.20
134.44
135.69
136.93
138.15
139.35
140.53
141.69
142.81
143.89
144.95
146.00
147.05
148.13
149.27
150.47
151.73
153.04
154.35
155.67
156.98
158.31
159.62
160.87
162.04
163.14
164.16
165.13
166.05
166.92
167.76
168.59
169.39
170.12
170.82
171.46
172.07
134.17
135.34
136.50
137.64
138.77
139.87
140.94
142.02
143.10
144.22
145.35
146.50
147.67
148.84
150.01
151.16
152.27
153.35
154.40
155.42
156.42
157.40
158.39
159.39
160.41
161.47
162.57
163.72
164.94
166.21
167.54
168.90
170.28
171.66
173.06
174.46
175.87
177.26
133.12
134.40
135.68
136.96
138.24
139.49
140.73
141.95
143.14
144.29
145.41
146.50
147.58
148.66
149.78
150.96
152.22
153.54
154.90
156.28
157.64
159.00
160.36
161.69
162.93
164.07
165.11
166.07
166.97
167.83
168.63
169.42
170.20
170.95
171.66
172.34
172.97
173.57
114.89 113.79 115.99 114.97 117.70 116.79 118.87 118.01 120.60 119.80 123.87 123.12 127.20 126.41 129.00 128.17 130.24 129.35 132.08 131.10 133.29 132.23
Boys
3.
TABLE 2
CROATIAN REFERENCE VALUES FOR BODY HEIGHT (cm) FOR BOYS AND GIRLS 6.5 TO 18.5 YEARS OF AGE (Jure{a V. Musil V. Kujund`i} Tiljak M.)
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
18
17
16
15
14
13
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
Years Months
Age
Boys
146.80
147.92
149.09
150.29
151.50
152.71
153.92
155.11
156.28
157.42
158.50
159.52
160.47
161.34
162.13
162.84
163.48
164.04
164.54
164.97
165.35
165.68
165.96
166.22
166.44
166.65
166.85
167.04
167.23
167.41
167.58
167.75
167.92
168.08
Girls
149.00
149.74
150.40
150.99
151.50
151.94
152.32
152.64
152.91
153.14
153.34
153.52
153.66
153.78
153.89
153.98
154.07
154.14
154.21
154.27
154.33
154.37
154.41
154.44
154.46
154.48
154.50
154.52
154.54
154.57
154.61
154.66
154.71
154.77
3.
Boys
148.69
149.85
151.05
152.27
153.49
154.71
155.92
157.10
158.26
159.37
160.43
161.42
162.34
163.18
163.93
164.62
165.23
165.77
166.24
166.66
167.02
167.33
167.61
167.85
168.06
168.26
168.45
168.64
168.81
168.98
169.15
169.31
169.47
169.63
Girls
150.68
151.39
152.03
152.60
153.09
153.52
153.88
154.19
154.46
154.68
154.88
155.04
155.18
155.30
155.40
155.49
155.57
155.65
155.71
155.77
155.83
155.87
155.90
155.93
155.96
155.97
155.99
156.01
156.04
156.07
156.10
156.15
156.20
156.25
5.
151.63
152.84
154.08
155.33
156.57
157.80
159.00
160.17
161.30
162.38
163.39
164.33
165.20
165.99
166.71
167.35
167.92
168.43
168.87
169.26
169.60
169.89
170.15
170.37
170.57
170.76
170.94
171.11
171.28
171.44
171.59
171.74
171.89
172.04
Boys
153.22
153.90
154.51
155.05
155.52
155.93
156.28
156.57
156.83
157.04
157.23
157.38
157.52
157.63
157.73
157.81
157.89
157.96
158.03
158.08
158.13
158.17
158.21
158.23
158.26
158.27
158.29
158.31
158.33
158.36
158.40
158.44
158.49
158.54
Girls
10.
153.64
154.87
156.14
157.41
158.66
159.89
161.08
162.24
163.34
164.40
165.38
166.29
167.13
167.89
168.58
169.20
169.74
170.23
170.65
171.02
171.35
171.63
171.87
172.09
172.28
172.46
172.63
172.79
172.95
173.10
173.25
173.40
173.54
173.69
Boys
154.92
155.58
156.17
156.70
157.15
157.55
157.89
158.17
158.42
158.63
158.81
158.96
159.09
159.20
159.29
159.38
159.45
159.52
159.58
159.64
159.69
159.73
159.76
159.79
159.81
159.82
159.84
159.86
159.88
159.91
159.95
159.99
160.03
160.08
Girls
15.
156.62
157.90
159.19
160.48
161.75
162.97
164.15
165.28
166.36
167.37
168.32
169.18
169.98
170.70
171.35
171.93
172.44
172.89
173.29
173.64
173.94
174.20
174.43
174.63
174.82
174.98
175.14
175.30
175.44
175.59
175.73
175.86
176.00
176.13
Boys
157.41
158.04
158.61
159.11
159.55
159.93
160.25
160.53
160.76
160.96
161.14
161.28
161.41
161.51
161.60
161.68
161.76
161.82
161.88
161.94
161.98
162.02
162.05
162.08
162.10
162.11
162.13
162.15
162.17
162.20
162.23
162.27
162.31
162.36
Girls
25.
162.27
163.61
164.94
166.26
167.52
168.73
169.86
170.94
171.95
172.89
173.76
174.55
175.27
175.92
176.50
177.02
177.48
177.89
178.24
178.55
178.82
179.05
179.26
179.44
179.60
179.75
179.89
180.02
180.15
180.28
180.40
180.52
180.64
180.76
Boys
161.96
162.55
163.08
163.55
163.96
164.32
164.62
164.88
165.10
165.29
165.45
165.59
165.71
165.81
165.90
165.97
166.04
166.10
166.16
166.21
166.25
166.29
166.32
166.34
166.36
166.38
166.39
166.41
166.43
166.45
166.49
166.52
166.57
166.61
Girls
50.
Percentiles
168.04
169.41
170.77
172.08
173.33
174.49
175.57
176.58
177.52
178.38
179.17
179.90
180.55
181.14
181.67
182.14
182.55
182.91
183.23
183.51
183.75
183.96
184.14
184.30
184.45
184.58
184.71
184.83
184.95
185.06
185.17
185.28
185.38
185.49
Boys
166.41
166.97
167.47
167.92
168.32
168.66
168.95
169.20
169.41
169.59
169.75
169.88
170.00
170.09
170.17
170.25
170.31
170.37
170.43
170.47
170.52
170.55
170.58
170.60
170.62
170.64
170.65
170.67
170.69
170.71
170.74
170.78
170.82
170.86
Girls
75.
171.19
172.56
173.92
175.23
176.46
177.59
178.64
179.60
180.49
181.32
182.07
182.75
183.38
183.94
184.44
184.88
185.28
185.62
185.93
186.19
186.42
186.62
186.79
186.94
187.08
187.21
187.33
187.44
187.55
187.66
187.76
187.87
187.97
188.07
Boys
168.76
169.30
169.80
170.24
170.63
170.97
171.26
171.50
171.71
171.89
172.04
172.18
172.29
172.38
172.46
172.54
172.60
172.66
172.71
172.76
172.80
172.84
172.86
172.89
172.91
172.92
172.93
172.95
172.97
172.99
173.02
173.06
173.10
173.14
Girls
85.
173.33
174.72
176.07
177.37
178.58
179.69
180.71
181.64
182.51
183.30
184.02
184.69
185.29
185.83
186.32
186.75
187.13
187.47
187.76
188.02
188.24
188.43
188.60
188.74
188.88
189.00
189.11
189.23
189.33
189.44
189.54
189.63
189.73
189.83
Boys
170.33
170.88
171.37
171.80
172.19
172.52
172.81
173.06
173.26
173.44
173.59
173.72
173.84
173.93
174.01
174.08
174.15
174.21
174.26
174.31
174.35
174.38
174.41
174.43
174.45
174.47
174.48
174.50
174.51
174.54
174.57
174.60
174.64
174.69
Girls
90.
176.55
177.93
179.28
180.56
181.74
182.81
183.78
184.67
185.48
186.23
186.92
187.55
188.12
188.64
189.10
189.52
189.88
190.20
190.48
190.73
190.94
191.13
191.29
191.43
191.55
191.67
191.78
191.89
191.99
192.09
192.18
192.28
192.37
192.46
Boys
172.65
173.18
173.67
174.11
174.49
174.82
175.11
175.35
175.56
175.73
175.89
176.02
176.13
176.22
176.30
176.37
176.44
176.50
176.55
176.60
176.64
176.67
176.70
176.72
176.74
176.76
176.77
176.79
176.81
176.83
176.86
176.90
176.94
176.98
Girls
95.
178.65
180.03
181.37
182.63
183.79
184.83
185.77
186.63
187.41
188.13
188.79
189.40
189.96
190.46
190.91
191.31
191.67
191.98
192.26
192.50
192.71
192.89
193.04
193.18
193.30
193.42
193.53
193.63
193.73
193.83
193.92
194.01
194.10
194.19
Boys
174.14
174.67
175.16
175.59
175.97
176.30
176.59
176.83
177.04
177.22
177.37
177.50
177.61
177.71
177.79
177.86
177.93
177.98
178.04
178.08
178.13
178.16
178.19
178.21
178.23
178.24
178.26
178.27
178.29
178.32
178.35
178.38
178.42
178.47
Girls
97.
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
53
54
12
11
10
9
8
7
6.5
78.5/
78.6
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
Years Months
Age
Girls
Boys
5.
Girls
Boys
Girls
10.
Boys
Girls
15.
Boys
Boys
Girls
50.
Percentiles
Girls
25.
Boys
Girls
75.
Boys
Girls
85.
Boys
Girls
90.
Boys
Girls
95.
Boys
Girls
97.
18.90
19.26
19.63
19.99
20.36
20.72
21.08
21.43
21.78
22.12
22.46
22.81
23.15
23.50
23.85
24.20
24.55
24.90
25.25
25.62
26.00
26.38
26.77
27.17
27.58
27.99
28.42
28.87
29.34
29.82
30.33
30.86
31.39
31.94
32.50
33.08
33.69
34.33
18.10
18.48
18.85
19.21
19.55
19.88
20.21
20.53
20.86
21.21
21.55
21.91
22.27
22.62
22.97
23.32
23.67
24.01
24.36
24.71
25.06
25.42
25.81
26.23
26.70
27.20
27.75
28.34
28.97
29.63
30.31
31.01
31.74
32.49
33.24
33.98
34.72
35.47
19.44
19.83
20.21
20.59
20.98
21.36
21.74
22.11
22.48
22.84
23.21
23.57
23.94
24.31
24.68
25.05
25.42
25.80
26.18
26.57
26.97
27.38
27.80
28.22
28.65
29.09
29.55
30.03
30.52
31.04
31.58
32.14
32.71
33.30
33.89
34.51
35.15
35.83
18.68
19.08
19.47
19.84
20.21
20.56
20.90
21.25
21.60
21.96
22.33
22.71
23.09
23.47
23.84
24.21
24.58
24.96
25.33
25.71
26.09
26.48
26.89
27.35
27.85
28.39
28.97
29.58
30.24
30.93
31.64
32.37
33.12
33.89
34.65
35.41
36.16
36.91
20.36
20.78
21.19
21.61
22.03
22.44
22.86
23.26
23.67
24.07
24.46
24.87
25.27
25.68
26.09
26.50
26.91
27.32
27.74
28.17
28.61
29.06
29.52
29.99
30.47
30.95
31.46
31.98
32.53
33.09
33.69
34.30
34.93
35.57
36.23
36.90
37.60
38.33
19.65
20.09
20.51
20.92
21.31
21.70
22.08
22.45
22.84
23.23
23.64
24.05
24.47
24.89
25.30
25.72
26.13
26.55
26.97
27.39
27.82
28.26
28.73
29.24
29.79
30.38
31.01
31.68
32.39
33.12
33.87
34.64
35.43
36.22
37.02
37.79
38.56
39.32
21.05
21.49
21.92
22.36
22.81
23.25
23.69
24.12
24.55
24.97
25.40
25.83
26.26
26.70
27.14
27.58
28.01
28.45
28.90
29.36
29.84
30.32
30.81
31.31
31.82
32.34
32.88
33.43
34.02
34.62
35.25
35.91
36.58
37.26
37.95
38.67
39.41
40.18
20.37
20.83
21.28
21.71
22.13
22.54
22.94
23.34
23.75
24.18
24.61
25.05
25.50
25.94
26.39
26.83
27.28
27.73
28.19
28.64
29.11
29.58
30.09
30.64
31.23
31.86
32.53
33.23
33.97
34.74
35.52
36.31
37.13
37.95
38.76
39.54
40.32
41.08
22.16
22.64
23.12
23.60
24.08
24.56
25.05
25.52
26.00
26.46
26.94
27.41
27.89
28.37
28.86
29.34
29.83
30.32
30.81
31.32
31.85
32.38
32.92
33.47
34.03
34.60
35.20
35.81
36.45
37.12
37.81
38.53
39.26
40.01
40.76
41.54
42.35
43.19
21.54
22.04
22.53
23.00
23.46
23.91
24.35
24.80
25.25
25.71
26.19
26.68
27.17
27.67
28.16
28.65
29.15
29.66
30.17
30.69
31.21
31.75
32.31
32.92
33.58
34.27
35.00
35.76
36.55
37.37
38.19
39.03
39.88
40.73
41.56
42.37
43.16
43.92
24.68
25.25
25.82
26.39
26.97
27.55
28.13
28.70
29.27
29.84
30.42
31.00
31.58
32.17
32.77
33.36
33.95
34.54
35.15
35.77
36.40
37.04
37.69
38.35
39.03
39.71
40.42
41.16
41.92
42.71
43.53
44.38
45.25
46.13
47.01
47.91
48.84
49.81
24.14
24.73
25.32
25.88
26.44
26.98
27.51
28.05
28.59
29.16
29.73
30.32
30.92
31.52
32.13
32.74
33.35
33.98
34.62
35.27
35.93
36.59
37.29
38.04
38.83
39.65
40.50
41.38
42.28
43.19
44.10
45.01
45.93
46.84
47.71
48.54
49.34
50.10
28.02
28.71
29.40
30.10
30.80
31.52
32.23
32.94
33.64
34.35
35.06
35.78
36.51
37.24
37.97
38.71
39.44
40.17
40.92
41.67
42.44
43.22
44.00
44.80
45.60
46.43
47.27
48.14
49.04
49.98
50.94
51.94
52.95
53.97
54.99
56.03
57.09
58.18
27.50
28.22
28.93
29.62
30.30
30.97
31.62
32.28
32.95
33.63
34.34
35.07
35.80
36.54
37.29
38.04
38.81
39.60
40.41
41.22
42.04
42.88
43.75
44.65
45.60
46.57
47.56
48.57
49.57
50.58
51.57
52.55
53.52
54.48
55.38
56.22
57.01
57.75
30.31
31.08
31.86
32.65
33.45
34.25
35.06
35.86
36.66
37.46
38.26
39.08
39.90
40.73
41.56
42.39
43.21
44.04
44.87
45.71
46.57
47.43
48.30
49.17
50.06
50.96
51.89
52.84
53.82
54.83
55.88
56.96
58.05
59.15
60.24
61.35
62.47
63.62
29.75
30.56
31.35
32.13
32.89
33.64
34.38
35.12
35.87
36.64
37.44
38.25
39.07
39.90
40.74
41.60
42.47
43.36
44.28
45.20
46.13
47.07
48.04
49.05
50.09
51.15
52.22
53.29
54.35
55.40
56.43
57.43
58.43
59.40
60.31
61.15
61.92
62.62
32.14
32.98
33.83
34.69
35.56
36.44
37.32
38.19
39.07
39.94
40.82
41.71
42.61
43.52
44.43
45.33
46.22
47.12
48.01
48.92
49.84
50.77
51.69
52.63
53.57
54.53
55.51
56.52
57.55
58.62
59.72
60.85
62.00
63.14
64.28
65.43
66.59
67.77
31.51
32.38
33.24
34.09
34.92
35.73
36.53
37.34
38.15
38.99
39.86
40.74
41.63
42.53
43.44
44.37
45.32
46.30
47.29
48.30
49.31
50.33
51.38
52.46
53.57
54.69
55.81
56.92
58.02
59.09
60.13
61.16
62.16
63.13
64.04
64.87
65.62
66.30
35.41
36.38
37.35
38.34
39.34
40.35
41.36
42.37
43.38
44.38
45.39
46.42
47.45
48.49
49.53
50.56
51.57
52.58
53.59
54.60
55.62
56.64
57.66
58.69
59.72
60.76
61.82
62.90
64.01
65.15
66.33
67.53
68.74
69.95
71.14
72.33
73.54
74.76
34.55
35.55
36.53
37.50
38.44
39.37
40.28
41.20
42.13
43.08
44.06
45.05
46.07
47.09
48.12
49.17
50.25
51.37
52.50
53.64
54.79
55.94
57.12
58.31
59.53
60.73
61.93
63.09
64.23
65.32
66.38
67.40
68.41
69.38
70.27
71.06
71.77
72.39
38.01
39.07
40.15
41.24
42.34
43.46
44.57
45.69
46.80
47.91
49.02
50.15
51.28
52.42
53.56
54.68
55.78
56.87
57.96
59.05
60.14
61.22
62.30
63.38
64.46
65.55
66.66
67.78
68.93
70.11
71.33
72.57
73.82
75.05
76.27
77.48
78.69
79.92
36.89
37.98
39.06
40.11
41.15
42.16
43.16
44.16
45.17
46.21
47.28
48.36
49.46
50.57
51.69
52.84
54.01
55.23
56.46
57.71
58.95
60.20
61.46
62.73
64.01
65.27
66.51
67.70
68.84
69.94
70.99
72.01
73.00
73.95
74.82
75.59
76.26
76.83
18.62 17.83 19.15 18.40 20.05 19.34 20.71 20.04 21.80 21.18 24.25 23.72 27.50 26.99 29.72 29.18 31.50 30.89 34.68 33.86 37.20 36.13
Boys
3.
TABLE 3
CROATIAN REFERENCE VALUES FOR BODY WEIGHT (kg) FOR BOYS AND GIRLS 6.5 TO 18.5 YEARS OF AGE (Jure{a V. Musil V. Kujund`i} Tiljak M.)
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
18
17
16
15
14
13
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
Years Months
Age
Boys
35.02
35.77
36.57
37.42
38.30
39.22
40.14
41.07
42.01
42.94
43.86
44.78
45.68
46.57
47.44
48.29
49.10
49.86
50.57
51.22
51.83
52.38
52.89
53.37
53.81
54.23
54.64
55.05
55.45
55.86
56.27
56.68
57.09
57.50
3.
Girls
36.21
36.94
37.67
38.38
39.08
39.77
40.43
41.08
41.71
42.30
42.85
43.35
43.80
44.19
44.53
44.82
45.07
45.28
45.45
45.59
45.71
45.80
45.86
45.89
45.90
45.92
45.94
45.98
46.02
46.06
46.09
46.13
46.16
46.18
Boys
36.55
37.33
38.17
39.06
39.97
40.92
41.88
42.84
43.80
44.75
45.70
46.63
47.54
48.44
49.32
50.17
50.98
51.74
52.45
53.10
53.70
54.25
54.75
55.22
55.66
56.08
56.48
56.88
57.27
57.67
58.07
58.48
58.88
59.29
5.
Girls
37.66
38.39
39.12
39.83
40.52
41.19
41.85
42.49
43.10
43.69
44.23
44.72
45.16
45.54
45.87
46.15
46.39
46.60
46.77
46.91
47.02
47.10
47.16
47.20
47.21
47.22
47.25
47.28
47.32
47.36
47.40
47.43
47.46
47.48
39.12
39.96
40.85
41.79
42.76
43.76
44.77
45.77
46.77
47.76
48.74
49.70
50.63
51.55
52.44
53.29
54.10
54.86
55.56
56.20
56.78
57.32
57.81
58.27
58.70
59.10
59.49
59.88
60.26
60.65
61.03
61.42
61.81
62.21
Boys
40.07
40.80
41.52
42.22
42.90
43.56
44.20
44.82
45.41
45.97
46.50
46.97
47.39
47.75
48.07
48.34
48.57
48.77
48.93
49.06
49.17
49.25
49.31
49.34
49.35
49.36
49.39
49.42
49.45
49.49
49.53
49.56
49.58
49.61
Girls
10.
41.01
41.89
42.82
43.80
44.81
45.85
46.89
47.92
48.95
49.97
50.96
51.94
52.88
53.81
54.70
55.56
56.36
57.12
57.81
58.44
59.01
59.54
60.03
60.47
60.89
61.28
61.66
62.04
62.41
62.79
63.17
63.54
63.92
64.30
Boys
41.83
42.56
43.28
43.97
44.63
45.28
45.91
46.51
47.09
47.63
48.14
48.59
49.00
49.35
49.66
49.92
50.14
50.33
50.48
50.61
50.71
50.79
50.85
50.88
50.89
50.90
50.92
50.95
50.99
51.02
51.06
51.09
51.12
51.14
Girls
15.
44.07
45.02
46.01
47.05
48.12
49.20
50.29
51.37
52.44
53.49
54.52
55.52
56.48
57.42
58.32
59.17
59.97
60.71
61.39
62.00
62.56
63.07
63.53
63.96
64.36
64.74
65.10
65.46
65.81
66.17
66.53
66.88
67.24
67.60
Boys
44.67
45.40
46.09
46.76
47.41
48.03
48.63
49.20
49.75
50.27
50.74
51.17
51.55
51.88
52.17
52.41
52.62
52.80
52.94
53.06
53.16
53.23
53.28
53.31
53.32
53.33
53.35
53.38
53.41
53.44
53.48
53.51
53.53
53.55
50.82
51.88
52.99
54.14
55.31
56.49
57.68
58.84
59.99
61.10
62.18
63.22
64.21
65.15
66.05
66.89
67.66
68.36
68.99
69.56
70.07
70.52
70.94
71.32
71.67
72.01
72.32
72.64
72.94
73.25
73.56
73.87
74.18
74.49
Boys
50.84
51.52
52.18
52.80
53.38
53.93
54.46
54.96
55.43
55.87
56.28
56.64
56.96
57.23
57.47
57.67
57.85
57.99
58.11
58.21
58.29
58.35
58.39
58.41
58.42
58.43
58.45
58.47
58.50
58.52
58.55
58.57
58.59
58.61
Girls
50.
Percentiles
Girls
25.
59.31
60.48
61.70
62.95
64.22
65.49
66.76
68.00
69.21
70.38
71.51
72.57
73.56
74.50
75.37
76.17
76.89
77.52
78.08
78.57
79.00
79.38
79.73
80.04
80.32
80.58
80.83
81.08
81.32
81.56
81.80
82.04
82.28
82.51
Boys
58.43
59.06
59.64
60.16
60.65
61.10
61.52
61.91
62.27
62.60
62.90
63.16
63.39
63.59
63.76
63.90
64.02
64.12
64.21
64.27
64.33
64.37
64.40
64.42
64.42
64.43
64.44
64.46
64.47
64.49
64.51
64.53
64.54
64.55
Girls
75.
64.80
66.03
67.29
68.59
69.90
71.21
72.52
73.79
75.03
76.22
77.36
78.43
79.42
80.34
81.18
81.95
82.62
83.21
83.71
84.14
84.51
84.84
85.13
85.39
85.62
85.84
86.04
86.24
86.43
86.63
86.82
87.01
87.20
87.38
Boys
63.27
63.84
64.36
64.82
65.23
65.60
65.94
66.25
66.52
66.78
67.00
67.20
67.36
67.51
67.63
67.73
67.82
67.89
67.95
67.99
68.03
68.06
68.08
68.09
68.10
68.10
68.11
68.12
68.13
68.14
68.16
68.17
68.18
68.19
Girls
85.
68.99
70.24
71.53
72.85
74.18
75.51
76.84
78.13
79.38
80.58
81.73
82.79
83.78
84.68
85.50
86.23
86.87
87.41
87.86
88.25
88.57
88.86
89.11
89.32
89.52
89.70
89.86
90.02
90.18
90.33
90.49
90.64
90.79
90.93
Boys
66.90
67.43
67.90
68.30
68.65
68.96
69.24
69.48
69.69
69.88
70.04
70.18
70.30
70.40
70.48
70.55
70.61
70.66
70.70
70.73
70.75
70.77
70.78
70.79
70.79
70.80
70.80
70.81
70.82
70.83
70.83
70.84
70.85
70.85
Girls
90.
76.01
77.29
78.60
79.93
81.27
82.62
83.96
85.26
86.53
87.74
88.89
89.94
90.90
91.77
92.54
93.21
93.77
94.24
94.61
94.91
95.16
95.36
95.53
95.68
95.80
95.92
96.02
96.11
96.20
96.29
96.38
96.46
96.54
96.62
Boys
72.93
73.37
73.75
74.05
74.29
74.48
74.64
74.76
74.86
74.93
74.99
75.03
75.07
75.09
75.11
75.12
75.13
75.13
75.14
75.14
75.14
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
75.15
Girls
95.
81.17
82.46
83.76
85.09
86.43
87.78
89.12
90.42
91.68
92.89
94.03
95.07
96.00
96.84
97.57
98.19
98.70
99.10
99.41
99.65
99.83
99.97
100.09
100.18
100.25
100.31
100.36
100.41
100.45
100.49
100.52
100.56
100.59
100.62
Boys
77.31
77.69
77.98
78.20
78.35
78.46
78.53
78.56
78.56
78.55
78.53
78.50
78.46
78.43
78.39
78.36
78.33
78.31
78.29
78.27
78.26
78.24
78.24
78.23
78.23
78.23
78.22
78.22
78.21
78.21
78.20
78.20
78.19
78.19
Girls
97.
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
55
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
than 199120. Secular trends, with different intensity, is
present in other European countries. In Poland comparative study of various measurements from 1880–2000 of
children aged 3–18 years shows that boys in twentieth
century are 17 cm taller and 11 kg heavier, girls are 13
cm taller and 13 kg heavier7. In Denmark between 1964–
1993 in children aged 6–20 there is increase of heights of
approximately 3 cm for both sexes12. In Ireland between
1990–2005 children aged 8–12, 8 years old boys are 4.2
cm and girls 0.4 cm taller. Boys are 1.1 kg lighter and
girls 1.1 kg heavier2. In Flanders, Belgium since 1969
there is increase in adult groups for height 1.2 cm in boys
and 0.8 cm in girls, boys are 0.9 kg heavier and girls are
1.0 kg heavier5. In Sweden comparison of generations
born 1955–1958 wit those born 1973–1975 shows that 19
year old boys are 1.9 cm taller and 5.7 kg heavier, girls
are 2.3 cm taller and 3.4 kg heavier6. In Norway comparison between 1970–1980 period with 2003–2006 period
for children aged 4–17 years shows increase weight-for-height for the upper percentile8. In Turkey 1993–2003
study showed 1.7–5.5 cm increase of height and 2.7–6.3
kg increase in weight4. In Italy comparison between
1974–1975 and 2001–2002 of 6 years age group shows 1.8
kg increase of height and 5.0 kg increase in 9 years age
group10.
In conclusion registered switch in percentile curves
values for body height in our study in comparison with
Prebeg’s study twenty-two years ago shows importance
of renewing of percentile curves in same population regarding presence of secular trend because previously
used growth charts in Croatia are obsolete. Second important reason for repeated measurements is use of percentile curves in evaluation of children’s growth and development, relevant criteria must exist. If today’s children with risk for decreased growth would be assessed
with old percentile curves large number of children would
not been detected. It emphasizes need for continuous renewal of growth charts. Data collected from school health
records, especially in Croatia with existing School health
service and their preventive activities in every school and
university in Republic of Croatia, may be excellent resource.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by the Ministry of Science,
Education and Sports Republic of Croatia, project number 108-1080135-0263.
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BJERKNES R, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 129 (2009) 281. — 9. BODSZAR
EB, ZSAKAI A, Coll Antropol, 26 (2002) 477. — 10. TOSELLI S, VENTRELLA AR, FRANZAROLI G, BRASILI P, Coll Antropol 30 (2006) 65.
— 11. WERNER B, BODIN L, J Adolesc Health, 41 (2007) 536. — 12.
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SEN EM, MAIN KM, SKAKKEBAEK NE, Int J Androl, 29 (2006) 247. —
13. PREBEG @, Lije~ Vjesn, 124 (2002) 3 — 14. CANADIAN SOCIETY
FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH, 2003 Croatian Adult Health Survey –
Users guide (Canadian Society for International Health, 2003). — 15.
BÉLAND Y, BAILIE L, PAGE J, Statistics Canada, Croatian Ministry of
Health and Central Bureau of Statistics: a joint effort in implementing
the 2003 Croatian Adult Health Survey, 2004 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Meeting, Survey Research Methods, Toronto,
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PJ, Stat Med, 11 (1992) 1305. — 17. COLE TJ, FREEMAN JV, PREECE
MA, Stat Med, 17 (1998) 407. — 18. COLE TJ, Proc Nutr Soc, 59 (2000)
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V. Jure{a
University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, »Andrija [tampar« School of Public Health, Rockefeller Street 4,
10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: [email protected]
KRIVULJE RASTA [KOLSKE DJECE U HRVATSKOJ I SEKULARNI TRENDOVI U POSLJEDNJIH
DVADESET GODINA
SA@ETAK
Cilj istra`ivanja je izrada novih krivulja rasta za Hrvatsku s referentnim vrijednostima za visinu i masu za dje~ake i
djevoj~ice u dobi od 6,5 do 18,5 godina. Analizirane su razlike rezultata mjerenja prethodnih i ovog istra`ivanja te
procijenjen sekularni trend rasta. Istra`ivanje se temelji na vi{estupanjskom stratificiranom uzorku {kolske djece u
56
V. Jure{a et al.: Croatian Growth Charts Secular Trends, Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) Suppl. 1: 47–57
Hrvatskoj u dobi od 6,5 do 18,5 godina. Istra`ivanje je provedeno na 11702 djece (6046 dje~aka i 5656 djevoj~ica),
obuhva}eno je 94,5% planirane populacije. Izra|ene su krivulje rasta za tjelesnu visinu i masu kori{tenjem LMS metode. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju porast tjelesne visine i mase u posljednjih 20 godina. Sedmogodi{nji dje~aci u na{em
istra`ivanju su 2,7 cm i djevoj~ice 2,5 cm, a osamnaestogodi{nji dje~aci su 2,9 cm i djevoj~ice 1,8 cm vi{i od vr{njaka prije
20 godina. Najve}i porast tjelesne visine je 6,5 cm u dje~aka u dobi 13–14 godina i u djevoj~ica od 12 godina 5,0 cm.
Sedmogodi{njaci su 2,4 kg i djevoj~ice 2,5 kg te`i od vr{njaka prije 20 godina, a osamnaestogodi{njaci su te`i 6,0 kg i
djevojke 0,5 kg. Najve}i porast tjelesne mase zabilje`en je u {esnaest godi{njih dje~aka 8,7 kg i u djevoj~ica dobi 11–12
godina 5,2 kg. Sve vrijednosti centile za tjelesnu visinu i masu su vi{e u odnosu na prija{nje istra`ivanje (na{a 3 centila
odgovara prija{njoj 10, na{a 10 prija{njoj 25, itd.). U zaklju~ku, promjena vrijednosti centilnih krivulja za tjelesnu
visinu i masu u odnosu na ranije istra`ivanje pokazuje va`nost izrade novih referentnih krivulja rasta za navedenu
populaciju jer zbog sekularnog trenda stare krivulje ne bi bilo primjereno vi{e koristiti.
57