Fungi
But first a review of micro-organisms
Pop Quiz #1 What is this? (name, phylum & plant or
animal like)
a)
b)
c)
Protist
Phylum Ciliophora
(why?)
Animal like-- why?
What is this? Common name, phylum
a) Diatoms (made of silica)
b) Chrysophyta
What lifecycle is this? What Kingdom is this
organism in?
a)
b)
Lifecycle of
Plasmodium
(cause of
malaria)
Kingdom
Protista
(animal-like
protists)
What lifecycle is this? What Kingdom? What is the
difference between lytic and lysogenic?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Virus
Not fully alive (no
taxonomy)
Lytic- virus is
virulent (active
disease)
Lysogenic
(prophage) virus
is waiting but has
fused with host
DNA
What is happening here?
Secondary Immune response
A pathogen has entered body
and been identified.
-Antigen placed on pathogen
-specific antibodies made and
stay in your blood to detect if
invader comes again to start
immune response
What is this--name it. Gram positive or negative?
a)
b)
c)
Bacillus-rod shaped;
in chains for colony=
strepto
Name Streptobacillus
Gram negative (red)
Write down one thing you
really need to review!
Fungi
What are fungi?
●
Likely when you think about fungi you think mushroom or perhaps mold--but
they are even more diverse than that and have a variety of structures and
lifecycles
Main Charactertistics of Kingdom Fungi
●
●
●
●
Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic heterotrophs--so NOT plants)
Can be unicellular (yeast) OR multi-cellular (mushroom, mold)
Have a cell wall (like plants) but lack chlorophyll (not plants)
Reproduce through spores
Life characteristics of fungi- digestion
●
Heterotrophic- “digest” externally and then nutrients absorbed through cells
Ways they may obtain their food
a)Parasitic fungi- absorb nutrients from a LIVE host (ie Athlete’s foot or Cordyceps
llodyii)
http://www.wimp.com/attack-of-the-killer-fungi/
Digestion cont….
b) Saprophitic fungi
Saprophytes-- things that live off of
dead and decaying matter
Most of your typical mushrooms,
bracket fungi etc.
Courtesy of CBC (Giant
puffball in Ontario)
Digestion continued
c) Mycorrhizal fungi
●
●
Symbiotic fungi which form a very
connected relationship with the roots of
trees
Provide a way for trees to use nitrogen
from the soil and in exchange use and
gain nutrients and water from tree
Reproduction
●
All reproduce using spores
○
●
Spores can be either asexual OR sexual (2N or N)
Spores Dispersed through air currents
Asexual Reproduction - 4 types
1.
Binary Fission -simple cell division (just like in bacteria and protists)
2.
Budding- new organism grows from the body of parent (common in yeast)
Reproduction continued...
3. Fragmentation-- hyphae break apart and re-grow into separate individuals
which then vegetatively grow
Reproduction-- Spores (are crazy!)
Spores are either a 4th type of asexual reproduction
OR sexual reproduction
Spores leave sporangia and move on air currents and
land and can then either
a)
b)
Asexually reproduce- haploid (n-- half the
chromosomes) and grow into haploid hyphae (n)
Sexually reproduce- 2 haploid cells nearby fuse to
form zygote (2N)
Sexual Spores-- even weirder!
●
Spores, when fusing can either fuse right away…. OR not
●
If they don’t they create a cell with 2 nucleii (dikaryotic stage) and can ‘hang
out’ for awhile
Fungi Body Plans
Terminology note
Most fungi have a spreading/growing structure (rhizoids
stolons or mycelium or hyphae) a fruiting body (mushroom
or sporangiophore)
3 main types
1.
2.
3.
Typical molds- Zygomycota
Yeast -unicellular (in 2 phyla)
Mushroom (fruiting body part of Class
Basidiomycetes-Club Fungi or Class
Ascomycetes-Sac Fungi)
Stolon--offshoot
(vertically growing)
hyphae
Hyphae or rhizoid- root
like structures at base
of fungus under soil that
germinate after spore
Mycellium- a mat of
rhizoids that form a
symbiotic relationship
Typical mold body plan
Yeast body plan
Mushroom body plan
Activity- mushroom and yeast anatomy and
physiology
Classification of Fungi
There are 3 phylums in Kingdom Fungi-- we will only look at Phylum
Amastigomycota (also known as Eumycota)-- mushrooms and molds
There are 3 classes
Class Zygomycetes (molds)
Class Ascomycetes (sac fungi like morels)
Class Basidiomycetes (gilled mushrooms etc.)
a) Class Zygomycetes (molds)
Main differences1.
2.
3.
4.
Sporangia fruiting bodies numerous coming
off mold
Reproduce sexually using zygospores
Asexually -spores
No dikaryotic stage (no double nucleii)
b) Class Ascomycetes (sac fungi)
●
●
●
●
Spores are produced
inside their “mother cells”
or asci
Has a dikaryotic stage
Not gilled (morels and
cup fungi examples)
Memory trick: “Asc”
rearranges to form “SAC”
Lichens - Algae/Cyanobacteria and Ascomycetes
fungi
c) Class Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
-gilled mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungus etc.
Characteristics
●
●
●
Spores are ONLY sexual
Spores (basidiospores) produced on structure basidia but “outside” of
structure (unlike asci)
Long dikaryotic stage