Outcome Evaluation Report:
Uganda - Kiboga Epicenter
June 2014
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
2
KYANKWANZI DISTRICT MAP
Population Density
Persons per Sq Km
13 - 29
30 - 50
51 - 81
82 - 161
162 - 590
NSAMBYA
KYANKWANZI
BUTEMBA
WATTUBA
KAPEKE
NTWETWE
GAYAZA
KIBIGA
N
10
MULAGI KIBOGA TC
0
10
20 Kilometers
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
LWAMATA
MUWANGA
DWANIRO
BUKOMERO
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Outcome Evaluation Report highlights the major outcomes achieved by Kiboga Epicenter
as the necessary preconditions for triggering impact in the epicenter community.
The Outcome Evaluation of The Hunger Project Uganda - Kiboga Epicenter program was made
possible with funding from the Netherlands investors. This report was written by Paul Muliika
and Drake Namanya from the THPU Monitoring and Evaluation Department with support from
Nick Sens, a Masters Student intern from Wageningen University Netherlands, and Marissa
Strniste, the M&E Consultant at the THP Global Office. The authors are very grateful to THPU
staff especially the Country Director Dr. Daisy Owomugasho, Program Officer Ms. Dorothy
Nabwire and Ms. Megan Colnar M&E Specialist for THP Global Office for their technical support
and active participation in the evaluation processes.
We would especially like to thank the participants in the evaluation - the staff of Kiboga
Epicenter, Enumerators, the District Local Council leaders, epicenter partners and leaders that
participated in the interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................... 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 8
INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT ............................................................................................ 11
Study Objectives ................................................................................................................... 11
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 12
Sample Strategy ................................................................................................................... 12
Sampling Frame and Unit ......................................................................................................... 12
Sampling Approach .................................................................................................................. 13
Sampling criteria and participant selection................................................................................ 13
Sample Size ............................................................................................................................. 14
Qualitative Strategy............................................................................................................... 14
Focus Group Discussion .......................................................................................................... 14
Key Informant Interviews .......................................................................................................... 14
DATA COLLECTION PROCESS .................................................................................................. 15
Enumerator Training & Piloting the Questionnaire ................................................................ 15
Field collection and survey submission ................................................................................. 15
Quality check, data entry, and data review............................................................................ 16
Limitations and Challenges to the study ................................................................................ 16
STUDY RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 17
Demographics....................................................................................................................... 19
Water, Sanitation, and Environment...................................................................................... 20
Literacy & Education ............................................................................................................. 22
Food Security & Agriculture .................................................................................................. 25
Community Mobilization ........................................................................................................ 28
Health & Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 32
Microfinance & Livelihoods ................................................................................................... 36
STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................... 41
Water, Environment and Sanitation....................................................................................... 41
Literacy & Education ............................................................................................................. 42
Food Security & Agriculture .................................................................................................. 42
Community Mobilization ........................................................................................................ 43
Health & Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 43
Microfinance & Livelihoods ................................................................................................... 44
ANNEX.. ............................................................................................................................................ 45
Annex A: List of Focus Group Discussions held .................................................................... 45
Annex B: List of key informants interviewed .......................................................................... 46
Annex C: Key collaborating partners ..................................................................................... 47
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Annex D: Percentage distribution of household toilet type and ownership ............................. 48
Annex E: Distribution of water sources and processes through which water is prepared before
drinking ................................................................................................................................. 49
Annex F: Percentage distribution of land use with participation in agriculture workshops...... 50
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
FAL
Functional Adult Literacy
FGD
Focus Group Discussion
HEP
Hydro Electric Power
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
KII
Key Informant Interview
MDGs
Millennium Development Goals
M&E
Monitoring and Evaluation
PBB
Program Based Budgets
PPI
Progress out of Poverty Index
SPSS
Statistical Package for Social Scientists
TC
Town Council
THP
The Hunger Project
THPU
The Hunger Project Uganda
VCA
Vision Commitment and Action
VHT
Village Health Team
WASH
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WEP
Woman Empowerment Program
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Hunger Project (THP) is an international NGO committed to the sustainable end of world
hunger. THP has offices in 21 countries around the world. THP has been working in Uganda
since 1999 empowering partners to end their own hunger and poverty using the Epicenter
Strategy, a multi-sectoral approach to development where women and men from rural villages,
called epicenters, are mobilized to create and manage their own programs to meet basic needs.
Currently, THP Uganda has established eleven epicenters in nine districts: Kiboga, Kyankwanzi,
Iganga, Kiruhura, Mbarara, Mbale, Mpigi, Butambala and Wakiso.
An Outcome Evaluation Study of the Kiboga epicenter was conducted from March 3rd to 14th
2014. The purpose of the study was to collect midline data on THP programs to establish the
epicenter’s progress and set realistic targets and milestones for each program component; to
examine the epicenter achievements and outcomes; and to re-confirm the epicenter coverage
area.
The study was conducted in five Sub Counties of Kiboga, representing two districts. The
evaluation team used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. A sample size
of 400 households was randomly selected and surveyed, representing 2% of the total
households in the Kiboga epicenter. This data was supplemented by 10 Focus Groups
Discussions (FGDs) and 21 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). The target population included
grassroots partners in the catchment area, district local government officials, and political and
opinion leaders in the community.
The findings in this report are organized along THP’s Impact and Outcome Indicators. The major
findings are presented by sector below.
Water and Sanitation
•
86% of households are using an improved drinking water source, although concerns
were expressed about long queues and borehole maintenance.
•
45% of households are using an improved sanitation facility, although this proportion
varied widely between Sub Counties and was quite low in some villages.
•
There was a high dependency on using firewood as cooking fuel (82%).
Literacy and Education
•
65% of households have at least one literate person.
•
88% of children ages 4 – 18 are enrolled in school.
•
The gender parity ratio of girls to boys is 1.03, which signifies that more girls are enrolled
than boys.
•
The majority of young children are attending the epicenter nursery school, but there were
concerns about the quality of the facility and its staff.
•
82% of adults have never attended a THP literacy class.
Food Security and Agriculture
•
The women’s dietary diversity score, or average number of food groups eaten, was 1.84.
Cereals, roots, and tubers (for example, maize, sorghum, cassava, and potatoes) were
the most common foods eaten, while organ meat and oils and fats were the least
common.
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•
9.5% of households reported moderate food insecurity, while 1% of households indicated
severe food insecurity.
•
The average crop yield reported by farmers was 2350 kg/hectare for cassava, 630
kg/hectare for legumes, and 1431 kg/hectare for maize. This results means that Kiboga
farmers are achieving relatively high yields for cassava, low yields for legumes and
average yields for maize.
•
61% of households are implementing agricultural practices to improve resilience to
climate change
•
92% of smallholder farmers are applying improved management practices and
technologies.
•
The proportion of smallholder farmers selling their produce is 62%.
•
There are constraints to accessing markets in Kiboga, such as distance, fees, lack of
transportation, and low sale value of crops.
Community Mobilization and Leadership
•
76% of individuals feel that they have the ability to change their communities. However,
there was a substantial difference in gender on this question, with 86.2% of males
responding that they have the ability to change their communities as compared to 70.5%
of females.
•
69% of community members perceive leaders to be successful in addressing community
concerns.
•
92% of men and 89% of women voted in the most recent national or local election.
•
It is estimated that 35% of the population participates in epicenter activities.
Health and Nutrition
•
89% of households responded that a household member used a clinic or health worker
while sick.
•
The majority of respondents, approximately 74.93%, are aware of their HIV status.
•
55% of children under 5 are sleeping under a bednet.
•
88% of pregnant women visited a health clinic or health worker during their pregnancy at
least once. The average number of antenatal visits was 2.
•
91% of births were attended by a licensed healthcare professional.
•
The proportion of the population with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS,
which is measured by answering 5 questions correctly, is 33%.
Microfinance and Livelihoods
•
15.2% of households in the Kiboga epicenter are living in poverty, as defined by living
below $1.25/day (PPP).
•
14% of households have a non-farm business. 56% of these businesses are owned by
women.
•
6.1% of females in Kiboga own businesses.
•
17% of adults have accessed THP’s loans or savings services.
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The study recommendations call for increased community sensitization on a wide range of
topics, including THP programs, women’s empowerment, sanitation, maintenance of water
sources, sustainable environmental practices, nutrition for women and young children, collective
marketing agreements, the use of mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, income-generating activities, and
microfinance programs. Other recommendations called for increased access to sanitation
facilities, improvement of the epicenter nursery school, increased participation in adult literacy
classes, scaling down the epicenter catchment area so that programs can be more easily
accessed by partners, access to mosquito nets, improvement of HIV/AIDS services, and
increased microfinance coverage.
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INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT
The Hunger Project (THP) is an International NGO committed to the sustainable end of world
hunger. THP has offices in 21 countries around the world, including Uganda, and a Global Office
in New York, USA. THP has been working in Uganda since 1999 empowering partners to end
their own hunger and poverty using the Epicenter Strategy. Currently, THPU has established
eleven epicenters in nine Uganda districts: Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Iganga, Kiruhura, Mbarara,
Mbale, Mpigi, Butambala and Wakiso.
Kiboga Epicenter was initiated in 2002 and operates in two districts in five Sub Counties.
Kiboga district consists of Kapeke, Kiboga Town Council and Kibiga Sub Counties; Kyankwanzi
district includes Wattuba and Mulagi Sub Counties. These Sub Counties account for 28
parishes across 156 villages with a total population of 68,889 people (33,802 female and 35,087
male) as a catchment area.
THPU has implemented a number of catalytic programs under the framework of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) through the Epicenter Strategy. Programs implemented include:
Health and Nutrition; Literacy and Education; Food Production and Food Security; Community
Mobilization; Microfinance and Livelihoods; Women’s Empowerment Program (WEP); Public
Awareness; Advocacy and Alliances; Water, Environment and Sanitation; and Monitoring and
Evaluation.
In 2013, THP Netherlands submitted a Proof of Concept proposal to De Koornzaayer
Foundation, Stichting Wees een Kans and SoLogical Foundation from Netherlands in
consultation with the Global Hunger Project and THPU. As a result, the Kiboga Epicenter
Program Based Budget (PBB) was considered for funding from 2014 - 2016 to build selfreliance. It is against this background that THPU conducted an Outcome Evaluation in Kiboga
Epicenter to collect baseline and outcome data to inform planning, decision-making, and setting
realistic milestones and targets to guide implementation for the coming period of 2014 – 2016.
Study Objectives
The overall objective of the study was to examine the household and community-level results of
THP's program interventions through the lens of THP's outcome and impact indicators.
The following were the specific objectives:
• To collect midline data on THP programs to establish the epicenter’s progress and set
realistic targets and milestones for each program component.
• To examine the epicenter achievements and outcomes.
• To re-confirm the epicenter coverage area according to the Epicenter Strategy guidelines
of 5 - 10 Km radius range.
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METHODOLOGY
A mixed method approach was employed in this study including randomized household
sampling, focus groups and key informant interviews to collect both qualitative and quantitative
data points. Information was gathered using iPod Touch devices via iFormBuilder for the
household surveys and using iTalk to record interviews and focus group discussions. The
following section describes the statistical methods applied to identify household respondents.
Sample Strategy
Sampling Frame and Unit
The study used a distinct sampling frame for three stages of the selection process. The
sampling frame for the first stage was the five Sub Counties in the epicenter catchment area.
The Sub Counties were purposively considered for the study to be able to address the forth
study objective: Re-confirm the epicenter coverage area according to the Epicenter Strategy
guidelines of 5-10 km radius range. Within the Sub Counties, 10 parishes were randomly
selected for the sample.
The sampling frame for the second stage was 156 villages1 in the predetermined catchment
area surrounding Kiboga epicenter. The sampling frame for the third stage was 400 of the 2,494
households within the 21 randomly selected villages (see Table 1).
Table 1: Sampling frame
Village
Kyetume
Kagobe
Lwaminyoli
Maggi
Kirinda
Kyato
Bugabo
Nasuuna
Bamusuta
Kikabala
Luwawu
Kasambya A
Kasambya B
Kibike
Kisolooza
Kikajjo East A
Goyero
Kambugu
Buyambi
Ndabiriza
Zanyiro
# of households surveyed
10
3
1
10
26
6
6
27
60
43
18
17
23
20
15
13
20
20
20
20
21
Distance to epicenter (km)
9
7
5
14
10
9
1
2
7
10
8
16
16
16
16
22
15
20
23
22
25
1
Based on the results of this study and further discussion around the concept of achieving self-reliance, the new
catchment area for Kiboga’s interventions has been reduced to only 40 villages in a 7km radius surrounding the
epicenter.
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Sampling Approach
A multistage sampling technique was used to identify 400 target households. Multistage
sampling is a standard practice employed to identify and diagnosis representative
characteristics across large populations. Table 2 outlines the sampling approach.
In the first stage of selection, a list of all 5 Sub Counties was created. Each Sub County was
assigned a probability that depended on its population, and this probability was used to
determine the sample from each Sub County. Therefore the bigger the population, the larger
the sample selected. Within the Sub Counties, each parish had an equal probability of
selection. A total of 10 Parishes were randomly selected (Kagobe, Kasega, Kyayimba,
Buzibwera, Bamusuta, Luwawu, Kisolooza, Nabulembeko, Kajjere and Nkandwa).
In the second stage, 21 villages were randomly selected from the 156 villages surrounding
Kiboga epicenter. Each village had an equal probability of selection. A total of 400 households
were randomly selected for interview from the 21 villages in the Sub Counties of Kapeke, Kiboga
Town Council, Mulagi, Wattuba and Kibiga. Each household had an equal probability of
selection.
Table 2: Sampling approach used
Sub County
Kapeke
Parishes
Kagobe
Kasega
Kyayimba
Kiboga Town
Council
Buzibwera
Bamusuta
Mulagi
Luwawu
Wattuba
Kisolooza
Nabulembenko
Kibiga
Kajjere
Nkandwa
Villages
Sample Size
Kyetume
Kagobe
Lwaminyoli
Maggi
Kirindi
Kyato
Bugabo
Total
Nasuuna
Bamussuta
Total
Kikabala
Luwawu
Total
Kasambya A
Kasambya B
Kibike
Kisolooza
Kikajjo East A
Total
Goyero
Kambugu
Buyambi
Ndabiriza
Zzanyiro
Total
10
3
1
10
26
6
6
62
27
60
87
43
18
61
17
23
20
15
13
89
20
20
20
20
21
101
Sampling criteria and participant selection
All the households in the study area had an equal chance of being selected to participate in the
survey irrespective of whether they were a direct THP partner or not. To ensure randomization,
the enumerators would skip every 5 households when entering one of the selected villages,
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using the same side of the road. If a household declined to participate or no one was home, the
enumerators would proceed to the next household that had a resident present and willing to take
the survey.
Some sections of the survey however had special instructions on who should and should not
participate. For instance, questions on balanced diet and nutritional foods were asked to only
women within the age of 15-49 years. Questions on health and nutrition were asked to only
respondents above 15 years while questions on gender perspectives were asked to both female
and male respondents but in separate sessions. All respondents were required to sign a
consent form consisting of their picture and a signature.
Sample Size
The sample size for this study was determined using purposive sampling. First, the minimum
number of households needed was determined (157). Then, it was decided to triple the sample
size to be able to stratify the data by Sub County. The sample of 400 was then identified using
probability proportional to size.
Qualitative Strategy
Focus Group Discussion
10 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to gain in-depth understanding of
perceptions on household and community changes as a result of THP programs. In total, 109
partners (57 female and 52 male) participated in the FGDs. Each of the 5 Sub Counties
conducted 2 focus group discussions with females and males separated (see photos below).
Notes and voice recordings to aid qualitative data analysis were taken using the iTalk software
on the iPods. The participants were selected from the participating parishes that were
considered knowledgeable about the community. These include survey participants as well as
non-participants.
Photos (left to right): FGD for men in Mulagi, FGD for women in Kiboga Town Council, KII for CDO
in Wattuba and KII for Parish Chief in Mulagi Sub County.
Key Informant Interviews
21 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) comprising of 5 females and 16 males were conducted to
collect first-hand information and knowledge about THP programs from experts and community
leaders in the 5 Sub Counties. 4 people were interviewed per Sub County and these included
Local Council III Chairpersons, Sub County Chiefs, Community Development Officers and
Councilors for Production. In the event that these individuals were not available, they were
substituted by other Sub County leaders and officers.
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DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
Enumerator Training & Piloting the Questionnaire
The enumerator team comprised of 10 people (7 females and 3 males) who were all university
students or graduates. Of these, 3 had participated in the previous study in Kiruhura Epicenter
and hence had experience about the concept of Outcome Evaluations and the use of the iPods
and iFormBuilder for data collection.
A five-day enumerator training was held at the THPU Head Office from 24th-28th, February 2014
including THP staff (see photos below). The participants were briefed about THP Epicenter
Strategy, the Outcome Evaluation process, and the iPod touch device/iFormBuilder technology.
The training was officially opened by the Country Director and was facilitated by the M&E
Program Officer, Program Officer and Data Entrant.
The household questionnaire, FGD and KII guides were piloted in Wakiso Epicenter (a
neighboring epicenter with the Head Office). The main purpose of the pilot was to practically
prepare the enumerators for the field data collection exercise. Test trials using the household
questionnaire and the iPod were done and a feedback session was conducted to develop final
tools.
Photos (left to right): FGD guide pretest by enumerators, KII guide pretest by female enumerators
& KII guide pretest by male enumerators
Field collection and survey submission
Field data collection took 10 days. At the end of the exercise, a total of 401 questionnaires were
completed with an average of 50 questionnaires completed and submitted to the iFormBuilder
per day. The number of days was increased from 5 in previous studies to 10 to allow more time
for data collection and attainment of the study interview targets.
Photos (left to right): Enumerator conducts interview in Kapeke, enumerators conducts interview
in Mulagi, respondent signs consent form on iPod and enumerator conducts interview in Kibiga
Sub County.
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Quality check, data entry, and data review
Using the iPod touch device, responses were directly entered and uploaded daily to the
iFormBuilder website. The data collection team was supervised by the M&E Program Officer
with support from the Kiboga Assistant Program Officer and Data entrant for the Global Climate
Change Alliance project Kiboga. The team supervised the field data collection; checked for
questionnaire completeness, validity, and accuracy; and handled administrative issues.
The data, including respondents’ photographs and consent signatures, was downloaded from
the iFormBuilder in Excel and exported to Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and
MS Excel for analysis. The M&E team with support from Mr. Nick Sens, a student intern from
Wageningen University Netherlands, conducted the data checks, cleaning, coding and analysis.
Limitations and Challenges to the study
•
Some partners were not willing to take their photos and signatures as a form of consent
to participate in the interview. The enumerators however managed to convince the
majority of the respondents to have their photos taken and signatures.
•
Although the enumerators were given THPU introductory letters, some partners
demanded for THPU identity cards. In future temporary identity cards can be issued to
the enumerators.
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STUDY RESULTS
Table 3: Outcome Indicator Summary
Indicator
Impact Indicators
Proportion of households with at least one literate person
Percent increase in individuals reporting the ability to change their communities*
Unit
Female
Male
Women’s Dietary Diversity: Mean number of food groups consumed by women of
reproductive age (15-49 years)
Prevalence of households with moderate or severe hunger
Moderate
Severe
Percent change in use of clinics/health workers during illness*
Proportion of population aware of their HIV status
PPI: Proportion of households below the poverty line
65.1%
75.8%
70.5%
86.2%
Percent
1.84
Number (0-9 food groups)
10.5%
9.5%
1%
88.6%
74.9%**
15.2%
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent of households below
$1.25/day PPP
Percent change in yields per hectare for farming households*
Cassava
13,300
Legumes
611
Maize
Percent of households implementing risk-reducing practices/actions to improve resilience to
climate change
Outcome Indicators
Water and Sanitation
Proportion of households using an improved drinking-water source
Proportion of households using an improved sanitation facility
kg/hectare
1,316
61%
Percent
85.8%
44.5%
Percent
Percent
*This outcome indicator reports percent change, but as this is the first outcome evaluation of Kiboga the current percent, not percent change, is recorded.
**This is not the number that was reported in the first released version of this report, but was recalculated later. The text of the report has been updated to reflect this figure.
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Literacy and Education
Proportion of children age 4-18 attending school
Girls
Boys
Primary
Secondary
Gender parity ratio: Percentage of girls to boys enrolled at primary school
Food Security and Agriculture
Proportion of smallholders applying improved management practices and technologies on
farms
Percent change in number of smallholders selling farm produce*
Community Mobilization and Leadership
Proportion of community members who perceive leaders to be successful in addressing
community concerns
Female
Male
87.7%
89.6%
85.7%
92.2%
75.8%
1.03
Ratio (girls/boys)
91.7%
Percent
62.4%
Percent
69%
Percent
69%
69.7%
Proportion of adults who voted in the most recent national or local election
89.9%
Female
Male
Proportion of population participating in epicenter activities, committees, workshops, and
meetings
Female
Male
Health and Nutrition
Proportion of children under 5 who sleep under a bednet
Percent change in use of clinics/health workers during pregnancy*
Average number of antenatal visits
Proportion of births attended by licensed health care professional
Percent change in knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding practices*
Proportion of population over 15 years old with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV &
AIDS
Microfinance and Livelihoods
Proportion of female small business owners
Proportion of rural households with non-farm businesses
Proportion of adults accessing financial services
88.6%
92.4%
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Percent
Percent
34.7%
34.8%
34.5%
Percent
54.8%
88%
2.19
90.7%
29.6%
Percent
Percent
Number
Percent
Percent
32.6%
Percent
6.1%
13.7%
16.8%
Percent
Percent
Percent
Demographics
Overall, the study represented a total of 2,168 people from the 400 households sampled.
The findings revealed that the median household size is 5 people. Household size ranged
from 19 people to 1. 49.4% of households are headed by both an adult female and an adult
male. However, 40.1% of households are headed by only females.
Figure 1: Percentage distribution of household structure
Household members were asked to give their age in completed years. The age groups were
categorized as 0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-100. Figure 2
below presents the percentage distribution of household members by age group. The largest
age group is 0-10 years (37.8%) while the smallest age group is 81-100 years (0.3%).
Figure 2: Member age
Within the entire population, 21.27% are children under 5. This is an important target group
for THP especially in regard to implementation of the maternal and child health and nutrition
programs.
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Water, Sanitation, and Environment
Water, Sanitation and Environment is one of the THP program components that aims at
increasing partners' access to clean water and sanitation while improving awareness on
environmental sustainability issues.
Households using an improved sanitation facility
According to the MDGs, an improved sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically
separates human excreta from human contact. The proportion of households in Kiboga
Epicenter using an improved sanitation facility stands at 45%, which includes private pit
latrines with slab, VIP pit latrines with slab and composting latrines. 54% of households are
using unimproved toilet facilities (pit latrine with no slab), while only 1% of households have
no toilets. Over 91% of the toilets within Kiboga communities are owned privately although
there are some public toilets. On average, at least 3 people share a public toilet.
It should be noted that there is great variation in sanitation conditions between Sub
Counties. For example, 66% of households surveyed in Kiboga TC are using improved
sanitation facilities, compared with only 29% in Mulagi. Similarly, Mulagi Sub County has the
highest percentage of public toilets (18%). More details on the type of toilet by Sub County
can be found in Annex D.
Households using an improved drinking-water source
Over 85.8% of households are using an improved water source, defined as a borehole,
protected spring/well, and tap water. The results indicate that 73.5% of the households use
boreholes as the main source of drinking water followed by protected wells (10%) and
unprotected water sources (14.5%). Annex E presents detailed results at the Sub County
level.
However, information from FGDs reveals that there is more time spent collecting water from
a borehole because all the community members use the same source. Most people go to the
borehole at 3:00 am in the morning in order to avoid the long queues during the day. Some
parents and men were not happy with the borehole as a source of water since their
daughters use it to meet boys and wives use it as a meeting place to discuss all the home
fights.
Additionally, boreholes are poorly maintained leading to breakdowns, yet communities do
not have sufficient funds to fix them. “Because of the problems with our water sources, we
now get water from unprotected sources which are also used by our animals,” commented
men from Kapeke. FGD participants therefore underlined the need for construction of
protected wells as an alternative to boreholes.
Besides drawing water from improved sources, 93% of the respondents treated water before
consumption. They boil, filter and treat, and use water guard tablets to kill germs in the
water. 6% of the respondents did not boil water at all because they believe that untreated
water causes no harm. “I have been taking unboiled water for so many years and I have
never experienced any problem,” said a Local Council I Chairperson from Kisolooza village.
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Percentage of population aware of environmental issues
Based on the data, we can evaluate the environmental awareness of the population on
sources of cooking fuel and waste disposal. 81.8% of the households use collected firewood
as their main source of cooking fuel, followed by charcoal (17.5%). Generally, there is overdependency on nature for firewood, resulting in depletion of the forest cover. Some of the
negative effects of deforestation include increasing climate change effects and the
destruction of tree species and wildlife.
Photos (left to right): Cooking food using firewood; woman making a fire using firewood
Figure 3: Percentage distribution of the main source of cooking fuel
With regards to waste disposal, the statistics indicate that there is poor waste management
in the epicenter area. As shown in Figure 4 on the next page, more than half of households
burn or bury their waste, and the rest dump their waste into the environment.
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Figure 4: Percentage distribution of the main destination of waste
Burning waste is detrimental to the environment because it causes air pollution. Burying and
disposal in banana plantations affects the soil fertility especially if the waste is not sorted.
Literacy & Education
Proportion of households with at least one literate person
It is estimated that 65% of households in the Kiboga Epicenter have at least one literate
person. In this case, a person is considered literate if he/she reported an education of
primary school or higher. The results indicate that THP should focus on its literacy efforts,
as the overall levels of education are low.
Proportion of children age 4-18 attending school
A large proportion of the children aged 4-18 years (87.7 %) attend school, although 12.3%
do not. In general a higher percentage of girls are attending school as compared to boys
(90% and 86%, respectively). There is also a large proportion of students attending primary
school (92%) than secondary school (76%).
During the study, a number of reasons were given for not attending school: (1) some parents
or guardians cannot afford school fees; (2) children stay home to help with farm or
households chores; (3) the child has received enough schooling; (4) the child is too old; (5)
the child is too young; (6) the child wasn't doing well in school; and (7) no particular reason
given. The frequency of each of these reasons can be seen in Figure 5 below, broken down
by gender. There were some reasons that were more applicable to boys, such as staying
home to help with chores, while others were more common with girls, like saying that the
child has had enough education.
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Figure 5: Percentage distribution of reasons why children are not at school by gender
The FGDs and KIIs revealed others reasons that children did not attend school, such as:
mental or physical problems; the child refused to go; the child got pregnant; the child
completed school; or the father died and the child needed to take over household
responsibilities. The other issues with school attendance were about the long distances to
the schools and the inability to pay school fees: “Even with presence of free, universal
primary education, we still have to pay some money to the school. Every term we are asked
to contribute at least Ush 5,000 ($2) for the school development Fund. For poor households,
this cost can become too high if you add it to the cost of uniforms and books. Many times we
ask these children to stay home for some time as we work together to get this money. Some
children end up not going back to school anymore.” (FGD, women in Mulagi)
The epicenter has contributed to children’s education through promotion of early childhood
education at the epicenter nursery school. According to the survey results, 73.9% of the
children between the ages of 4-6 attend nursery education and 26.1% do not. However,
some men expressed dissatisfaction during the FGDs: “The epicenter nursery school is very
poor and cannot be compared with any school in the area because there is no staff at the
school and even the school itself is not there it is like a collection center for young children
who cannot go with their mothers at work.” Women in the Kiboga TC FGD also expressed
concerns, stating, “At the nursery school, children do not have play equipment and materials
and generally the school has a low standard compared to other schools in the community.”
Gender parity ratio: Percentage of girls to boys enrolled at primary school
The gender parity ratio is a measure whether the sexes are equally represented in primary
school enrollment. The study reveals that the ratio of girls and boys aged 4-13 years
attending school is 1:03, which means that boys and girls are enrolling at approximately the
same rate. Of the children who attend school, 52% are girls and 48% are boys.
Household member education level
The majority of the respondents (56.8%) have some primary education, but far fewer have
completed primary school. The second largest group has no formal education (13.2%), 9.4%
have some secondary education, 6% completed only primary education and 4.2% have
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some junior high education. The results show that the levels of education are almost equally
divided amongst females and males. For instance, 13.4% of the males report no formal
education/illiteracy, while for females this percentage is 12.4%. The proportion of individuals
who have completed college or university is 1.5% for males and 0.7% for females.
Figure 6: Household member education level
With regards to the education levels within each village, the results were similar to the
epicenter overall. The highest proportion of respondents had only some primary education.
For most of the villages, the second largest proportion of people had no formal education.
Only 0.85% of respondents have completed university. The levels of education are almost
equally divided amongst females and males.
The qualitative analysis revealed that the literacy levels seem to be improving due to adult
education, but overall the quality of education is still very poor.
Proportion of adults attending Functional Adult Literacy (FAL) classes by THP
82.1% of respondents have never attended a literacy class organized by THP, while 11.5%
did participate. The attendance is quite low due to the limited availability of classes in the
communities. Attendance could be increased by mobilization of new classes in the epicenter
area and intensify collaboration with the district Community Development Office to target
those who have never attended FAL classes.
Results from FGDs indicate that the FAL classes have contributed greatly to the reduction in
illiteracy levels in the communities. As a result, women are more empowered, more children
are receiving immunizations, and nutrition is improved. The Hunger Project has certainly
contributed to these achievements.
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Availability of additional adult literacy classes in the community
Table 4: Percentage distribution of adult literacy class availability in the community
Adult Literacy Classes Available?
Yes
No
No, but they are available in a nearby
community
Don't know
Percent
35.4%
57.0%
3.8%
3.8%
As shown in Table 4, the majority of the respondents reported that adult literacy classes
were not available in their communities, although 35.4% of respondents did report that
classes were available. Adult literacy is a key component of THP programs, which is
implemented in partnership with the district community development office. One of the major
challenges faced by the program is limited funding from the district, as reported by the
Community Development Officer of Mulagi Sub County. The solution to this challenge is to
increase mobilization and funding through other stakeholders like THP in order to increase
the availability of adult literacy classes.
Food Security & Agriculture
Women’s Dietary Diversity
The Women’s Dietary Diversity (WDD) score shows how many food groups, on average,
women of reproductive age consume daily based out of 9 total food groups. The average
number of food groups consumed the day prior to the survey was 1.84. This result implies
that dietary diversity in Kiboga is extremely poor, since women are eating less than 2 food
groups per day. The most commonly consumed groups were starches such as cereals,
roots and tubers; fruits and vegetables rich in Vitamin A; and legumes, nuts, and seeds.
Prevalence of households with moderate or severe hunger
In order to measure the percentage of households experiencing moderate or severe hunger,
respondents were asked a series of questions that indicate their food security. These
questions were:
1) In the past 4 weeks (30 days), how often were there instances when the household
went a whole day and night completely without food due to a lack of resources to get
food?
2) In the past 4 weeks (30 days), how often did you or any household member go to
sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food?
3) In the past 4 weeks (30 days), how often did you or any household member go a
whole day and night without eating anything at all because there was not enough
food?
The more frequently a household reported experiencing hunger, the higher their score was
on a scale from 0-6. The results for the 3 questions indicate that the majority of households
(89.5%) scored less than 2, which implies that most households were food secure. However,
10.5% of households reported moderate food insecurity and 4 households (1%) reported
severe food insecurity.
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During the FGDs, food security at the household level was attributed to THP interventions
such as training in food security, post-harvest handling, support to the revolving food fund,
and provision of improved planting materials such as cassava, beans and maize to
smallholder farmers. Respondents revealed that they are now able to store some food for
future use and sale the surplus to earn income.
Percent change in yields per hectare for farming households
Since this survey was Kiboga’s first outcome evaluation, the data does not exist to calculate
a change in yields per hectare. However, it was possible to measure the average yields for
different crops. Crop yields were determined on the basis of farmer recall. Data was
collected on 15 food crops and no distinction was made between monocrops and intercrops.
The three major crops that are grown in Kiboga are cassava, legumes, and maize2. The
yield per hectare for each of these staple crops is listed in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Major crops by average hectares cultivated and average yield
Crop
Cassava
Legumes
Maize
Average Hectares
Cultivated
0.61
0.44
2.29
Average Yield (kg)
8,166 kg
269 kg
1,600 kg
Average yield per
hectare (kg)
13,300 kg
611 kg
2,127 kg
As shown in the table above, most farmers are cultivating relatively small areas of land, less
than 1 hectare. This results means that farmers are achieving relatively high yields for
cassava, low yields for legumes, and average yields for maize.
Percent of households implementing risk-reducing practices/actions to improve resilience to
climate change
61% of farming households reported agricultural practices that improve resilience to climate
change. The practices that were considered include soil erosion prevention, rainwater
harvesting, plant spacing, planting hybrid or improved seeds, crop rotation, applying
appropriate levels of fertilizer, applying mulch or compost, and soil testing prior to planting.
The most common practices adopted were crop rotation and planting improved seeds. No
households reported soil erosion prevention, rainwater harvesting, or soil testing prior to
planting.
Proportion of smallholders applying improved management practices and technologies on
farms
The proportion of households implementing at least one improved practice is 92%. These
practices include those mentioned above for climate change resilience as well as planting in
raised beds, applying post-harvest preservation chemicals, seedling nurseries, integrated
pest management, irrigation, using appropriate post-harvest storage facilities, and animal
drawn ploughs. The percentage of farmers who are applying each of these improved
agricultural practices is detailed in Figure 7.
2
The other crops measured were coffee, cotton, fruits, groundnuts, potatoes, millet, plantains, sorghum, sugar
cane, sweet potato, tobacco, and vegetables. These were not used in this analysis because there were few
households that cultivated these crops.
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June 2014
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Figure 7: Percentage of households applying improved agricultural practices
Percent change in number of smallholders selling farm produce
The results show that on average 62.4% of respondents sold their farm produce to earn
extra income. In total, 2,185,629 kilograms of produce was sold for $158,953 (USD). This is
approximately $811 (USD) per household. Notably, maize was the most commonly sold
crop, while the least sold crops were tobacco, cotton, and fruits.
Agricultural Demographics
78% of households reported that the main job of the household head is agriculture. At least
84.3% of households had cultivated some farmland and over 56.8% of this land is owner
operated. Over 90.6% of respondents who had cultivated their land had participated in THP
agriculture workshops. This shows that THP has conducted food security trainings for
partners who are actively involved in agriculture.
There are some differences between Sub Counties that are notable. For example, in Kibiga
95% of heads of households list agriculture as their main job, compared with only 58% in
Kiboga TC. Nearly 70% of land is owner operated in Kibiga, but this number drops to
approximately 50% in Kapeke. For more details on agriculture by Sub County, please see
Annex F.
The median amount of land cultivated was 2 acres, with plots ranging from 40 to 0.25 acres.
The average amount of income earned from leasing a plot was $20 USD. The main use of
land during the last growing season was agriculture/crop production (57.23%) followed by
grazing livestock (13.9%), while 0.3% left the land as a bush.
Results from the FGDs, household interviews and general community observations show
that maize, beans and cassava are the three main crops grown in the epicenter area. Maize
and beans are the most frequently grown crops because of their high market demand in the
region, and cassava is popular because it can be eaten for a long time especially during the
dry season. Respondents added that soil in the Kiboga area is very suitable for these types
of crops. Overall, few vegetables and other seasonal crops like millet and sorghum are
grown.
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June 2014
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The results show that only 16% of households were supported by THP in terms of seeds,
fertilizers and other training and that the majority of respondents were not supported by THP.
Approximately 52% of households own livestock, and THP provides microfinance support to
11% of them.
The evaluation revealed that there are constraints to accessing markets in Kiboga. These
include long distances, market dues, poor transport options, low market value for their crops,
and limited availability of markets.
Household expenditure on livestock owned and income from sale
The table below shows the average number of livestock owned by households and the
average amount of money households spent to purchase a particular type of livestock. The
results show that chickens and other domestic birds are the major type of livestock owned by
households.
Table 6: Household expenditure on livestock owned and income from sale
Types of livestock
owned
Average
Number
Cattle
Chicken
Goats
Duck, turkey, other fowl
Pigs
Rabbits
Sheep
3
14
3
10
2
7
3
Average income
households spent to
purchase this livestock in
last 12 months
(USD)
$129.28
$34.34
$31.14
$9.94
$19.81
$0
$9.56
Average total value
received from sale of
this type of livestock
in last 12 months
(USD)
$517.66
$46.04
$35.33
$47.80
$48.61
$0
$0
Cattle are the most expensive livestock to purchase at $129 (USD), and they generate the
highest revenue of $518 (USD), which is four times more than the purchase price. This
seems to be a profitable business, contributing to increased household incomes. THP can
support livestock owners through improving partners’ access to improved animal species
(cattle, pigs, chicken and goats). The results further indicate that rabbits and sheep are
rarely kept and have fetched zero income for the households; therefore, there is no need of
increasing investment in these animals.
Use of products from livestock
Livestock products are typically used for home consumption (rabbits for food,
chicken/domestic birds for eggs and cattle for milk, meat and cow dung as organic fertilizer).
Goat and sheep products are used for both home and external consumption. Although pigs
are the most popular household livestock, their products are majorly for sale, not for home
consumption.
Community Mobilization
The goal of the THP community mobilization program is to increase leadership, capacity,
knowledge, confidence and infrastructure within the community so that community partners
are better equipped to initiate and sustain their own development. During the study, a
number of questions were asked to assess the extent to which THP has achieved this goal.
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Proportion of respondents who feel that they can change things in their community
Most of the respondents (75.8%) strongly agree or agree that they can change things in their
community. The distribution by gender is shown below:
Figure 8: Percentage distribution of those who feel that they can change things in their
community, by gender
There are many more males (61%) than females (42%) who strongly agree that they can
change their community, suggesting that the answer to this question is influenced by gender.
Nearly 95% of people who participated in VCA workshops strongly agree or agree that they
can change things in the community, while 0% of participants strongly disagreed. This shows
that VCA workshops have positively impacted partners with regards to community change.
Proportion of community members who perceive leaders to be effective in addressing
community concerns
Respondents were interviewed on how they perceive the effectiveness of their community
leaders in addressing community concerns. The proportion of individuals who strongly agree
or agree that their leaders are effective is 69%. In general, both women and men feel that
their leaders can successfully address community concerns. 36% of men strongly agree that
leaders are successful in addressing community concerns, as compared to 30% of women.
These results are mainly attributed to THP’s VCA workshops aimed at changing people’s
mindset, creating effective and action-oriented leadership and the women empowerment
program that emphasizes women’s participation in leadership, planning and decision
making.
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Figure 9: Respondent’s perception on success of community leaders
Support for community leadership was also expressed during the FGDs at Kiboga TC:
“Communities within Kiboga Epicenter are working together to solve common problems.
Through local council leaders, people have formed solidarity groups to help themselves like
“munomukabi” (The groups that help in case a member is in trouble) and village saving
groups where members save and borrow from to solve their problems. The level of
collaboration between villages and village leadership has also increased in all the five Sub
Counties.”
Proportion of adults who voted in the most recent national or local election
The majority of respondents (89.9%) voted in the most recent national or local election.
88.6% of females voted in the most recent election whereas 92.4% of males voted. Through
THP’s Women’s Empowerment Program (WEP), sensitization and training workshops are
conducted for partners about their fundamental human rights such as the right to vote. This
high voting behavior could have been influenced by THP workshops. Over 500 partners
have participated in WEP workshops to date.
Proportion of population participating in epicenter activities, committees, workshops, and
meetings
Participation is defined as attendance at community meetings, workshops, or trainings
hosted by THP or a THP animator. The proportion of the population participating in
epicenter activities in the previous 12 months is 34.7%. The distribution was nearly equal
between males and females; both reported approximately 35% participation rates. More
than two-thirds of the respondents (65%) stated that they have never participated in any
THP program.
The participation in THP programs varies across the villages from 8.6% to 100%. 8 of the 12
villages scoring 35% or more are located within the 10 km radius, so distance from the
epicenter may be an essential factor in participation. Based on the data from the FGDs, one
of the reasons why some female partners had never participated in a THP activity is due to
the lack of information about the activities. “We only know about The Hunger Project
Microfinance Program (MFP) but we are not aware of other program or projects,” said
women in a Mulagi FGD.
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The data from the FGDs revealed that some people perceive that epicenter leaders are not
performing to their expectations. The major reasons for this perception are that epicenter
volunteers do not receive sufficient water/refreshments during activities, transportation to
reach out to partners, or incentives such as animator tags/t-shirts.
The data further shows mixed perceptions on the presence of the epicenter leadership in the
communities. Some people were able to mention the names and the exact roles of the
epicenter leaders, while others were not aware of these leaders. “We have not heard about
The Hunger Project leadership in our community. Maybe they work in other villages,” said a
chairperson in Kisoloza village. Similar feelings were echoes by men in a FGD in Watuga.
Proportion of respondents who feel comfortable speaking in community meetings and public
forums
Figure 10: Percentage distribution of those who feel comfortable speaking in public, by gender
The proportion of respondents who strongly agree or agree that they feel comfortable
speaking in community meetings and public forums is 75.3%. This is a positive attribute to
THP programs that aim at empowering both women and men to participate fully in
community development and leadership. First, there is an almost equal proportion of
females and males (49.7% and 50.3% respectively) who feel comfortable speaking in
community meetings and public forums. Second, 75% of the people who participated in
VCA workshops strongly agree that they feel comfortable speaking in public, contrasting with
48.2% of non-participants. Moreover, 0% of the people who participated in a VCA workshop
strongly disagree. Third, of respondents who are part of a THP committee, two-thirds state
that they strongly agree that they feel comfortable speaking in public, contrasting with 55.8%
of non-committee members.
However, of the people who feel uncomfortable speaking in public, 73.5% are female. This is
an area of concern for THP. Therefore, more sensitization and leadership trainings should
be conducted under the WEP program to build the confidence of more women to speak
comfortably in community meetings and public forums.
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Health & Nutrition
Percent change in use of clinics/health workers during illness
The study sought to find out how many members of the households suffered from illness in
the previous 6 months and, of those, how many sought treatment. Of those who reported
illness, 88.6% visited a clinic or sought treatment from a health worker.
The results show that 59% of household members visited clinics because of various reasons
other than illness such as check-ups, follow-ups, antenatal visits, injuries, and vaccinations.
However, it is important to note that 41% of the people interviewed did not visit other than for
illnesses.
Proportion of population aware of their HIV status
The study found that 74.9% of primary respondents knew their HIV status and that the
proportion of males who know their HIV status (75.6%) was slightly higher than the
proportion of females (74.6%). However, about a quarter of respondents did not know their
status.
The majority of the respondents (99.3%) have heard of HIV/AIDS, most of the primary
respondents (79.1%) have tested for HIV, and 93.3% of the respondents who participated in
HIV/AIDS and gender inequality workshops have tested for HIV. Almost the same proportion
of males (77.6%) and females (79.9%) has tested for HIV. The positive results could be
attributed to THP activities such as VCA workshops and HIV/AIDS and gender inequality
workshops, promotion of Voluntary Councils and Testing, and condom distribution.
Proportion of children under 5 who sleep under a bednet
Approximately 55% of children under 5 slept under an insecticide-treated mosquito net the
night prior to the survey. THP has played a big role in increasing partners’ access to
mosquito nets through sensitization of parents about the use of mosquito nets and lobbying
the government and other NGOs to provide mosquito nets to children and pregnant women
through the Epicenter Health Unit. The statistics further show that the highest number of
children who slept under insecticide-treated mosquito nets was in Kibiga Sub County,
followed by Mulagi and Kiboga TC. However, Watuba and Kapeke Sub Counties have more
children who did not sleep under an insecticide-treated mosquito net.
The percentage of children who do not sleep under an insecticide treated mosquito net is
quite high (45%) and this puts children at a high risk for malaria, which is the main cause of
morbidity among children in Uganda today. The statistics in the table below indicate the
illness with the highest incidence is malaria (32.7%), followed by cold/cough. This further
confirms that malaria is still the number one illness suffered by most people.
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Figure 11: Percentage distribution of Illnesses suffered by households in the past 6 months
Percent change in use of clinics/health workers during pregnancy
The results indicate that 21.4% of the women surveyed had given birth within the last year
and 88% of those visited a clinic or health worker at least once during their pregnancy. The
average number of antenatal visits women received was 2.19. Figure 12 shows that the
majority of women had one visit or less, and only 27% had the required 4 visits or more.
Figure 12: Percentage distribution of women’s antenatal visits during pregnancy
Proportion of births attended by licensed health care professional
The results show that 90.7% of the women gave birth with the assistance of a licensed
health care professional either at home or in a health facility.
Only two respondents provided reasons why the birth was not attended by a professional:
one stated that the reason was the lack of money, while the other one said the baby came
unexpectedly.
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Percent change in knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding practices (1,000 Days Promotion)
The study assessed partners’ knowledge about the length of time infants are to be
exclusively breastfed. The results indicate that only 29.6% of respondents were able to give
the correct answer of “at least 6 months”. This indicates that majority of the partners are not
knowledgeable about the recommended breastfeeding duration. Given that 37% of women
surveyed are in their childbearing years and 15.5% have children under 2, it is essential that
individuals have the correct knowledge on optimal breastfeeding practices. Therefore, there
is need for continuous sensitization of mothers on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding
as part of child health promotion under the 1,000 Days program.
Figure 13: Pyramid showing percentage of children within the 1,000 days
Proportion of population over 15 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
The study determined the percentage of the population over 15 who demonstrated
comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS. In order to show comprehensive knowledge,
a person must correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of
HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), reject the two most
common local misconceptions about HIV transmission, and know that a healthy-looking
person can transmit HIV. The findings are highlighted in detail in Figure 14 on the next
page. The results show that only 32.6% of the population has a comprehensive correct
knowledge of HIV/AIDS.
Overall, respondents were able to identify the two major ways of HIV transmission. 85.3%
correctly identified that always using a condom is a preventative measure, and 90.9% of
respondents know that one should have sex with only one uninfected partner. Respondents
who had participated in THP’s HIV/AIDS training were much more likely to identify the major
ways of HIV transmission compared to those who had not.
In response to the misconceptions that mosquitos can transmit the HIV virus, more than half
of respondents (51.8%) know that mosquito bites cannot give a person HIV. It is notable that
25.6% of respondents did not know and 22.6% believe that mosquitos can transmit the virus.
In addition, 40% of the HIV training participants failed to give the correct answer. This calls
for more sensitization and training of partners about the basics of HIV/AIDS.
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Figure 14: Percentage of population answering questions about HIV/AIDS correctly, by gender
69% of the respondents know that sharing food with someone who has HIV will not get you
infected with the virus. 11.5% believe that one can get HIV by sharing food with an infected
person and 19.5% does not know. Only 13.3% of the people who participated in HIV training
failed to give correct answers, contrasting with 31.8% of non-participants who answered
incorrectly.
83.7% of respondents know that a healthy looking person can have HIV whereas 6.6%
answered “no” to this question. 9.6% of respondents did not know. However, 83.4% of the
people who did not participate in training also know that a healthy-looking person can have
HIV. Interestingly, the people who “do not know” the answer to the question are only nonparticipants. 93.3% of the people who have participated in HIV training answered this
question correctly.
In practice, however, the study found that the majority of respondents (57.1%) do not use a
condom during sex, while only 37% reported using condoms and 5.8% did not respond to
this question. Although respondents were able to correctly answer that condoms can reduce
the risk of getting HIV, very few are actually using condoms. Some of the reasons given for
not using condoms include: that there is no need if you are married; condoms are for people
who cheat on their spouses; condoms make sex less enjoyable; condoms are not easily
accessible in communities. Respondents who have participated in HIV training had a higher
proportion of condom users than non-participants (46.7% and 36.7%, respectively).
Proportion of population who have access to a health clinic within walking distance:
84.7% of the households surveyed walked less than 5 km (or less than 60 minutes) to a
health clinic. This indicates that the majority of the population has access to a health clinic
within walking distance.
However, FGD data shows that one of the main health care problems in some communities
is the long distances to the nearest clinic. Men in Watuga Sub County noted, “We have no
health facility in our area. We have to travel 8 miles to Kiboga and another 6 miles to the
nearest clinic.” It is further noted that there were respondents who did not know the distance
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from their homes to the nearest clinic, and these were mostly in the Sub Counties of
Watuba, Mulagi and Kiboga TC.
Perceptions on health care
THP wanted to find out how the respondents felt about the vaccination of children, giving
birth with support of a professional attendant, and antenatal services. Results show that
most respondents thought that it was extremely important to vaccinate children under the
age of five, to give birth with the assistance of a trained professional, and to receive
antenatal care. This indicates that communities are willing to participate actively in
government programs that promote immunization of children and vaccination of all pregnant
women. This attitude is expected to contribute to the successful implementation of THP’s
maternal and child health and nutrition program and the 1000 Days promotion campaigns.
FGD data reveals that individuals feel that some health workers are negligent and not
committed to delivering good services to their patients. Moreover, in all FGDs high costs and
drug shortages were reported as key problems in their community. Women in Kapeke
commented, “Even the Village Health Teams (VHTs) in the area do not have enough
medicine because the medicines do not arrive there in time.”
Microfinance & Livelihoods
Progress out of poverty index: mean score for household characteristics and asset
ownership
The Progress out of Poverty Index (PPI) uses household characteristics to assess whether a
household is below the poverty line. 15.16% of Kiboga households are living in poverty
based on the criteria of living on less than $1.25/day (PPP). When examined against
Uganda’s national poverty line, which uses a different criterion, only 4.6% of households are
living in poverty.
As THP aims to supply loans to partners to improve their dwellings, the study aimed to
investigate the status of these dwellings, considering roof material, floor material and the
main source of lighting. The majority of households (90.5%) use iron sheets as roofing
material, while 8.5% use thatched grass and 1% use other materials such as wood and
plastic sheeting.
Photos (left to right): Grass thatched roof; Iron sheet roof
More than half of the households surveyed (54%) use mud as floor material in their
dwellings, followed by concrete cement (44.8%), tiles/bricks (1%) and wood (0.3%).
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
36
Households who have thatched roofs typically also have mud floors (15.3%), while most
respondents who have cement floors have iron sheets as their roofing materials.
Figure 15: Percentage distribution of floor materials
The majority of the households (51%) use paraffin candles, “Tadooba”, as the main source
of lighting followed by lanterns (25.3%). The rest of the households (23.7%) use solar
panels, candles, and hydroelectric power (HEP). Considering the different types of lighting
per village, paraffin is still the main source of lighting used. The use of paraffin is considered
detrimental to the health of household members and poses a high risk of burning down a
house especially if left to the children.
Table 7: Percentage distribution of household main source of lighting
Main source of lighting
Paraffin candles “Tadooba”
Lanterns
Solar panel
Fire lit sticks, grass or pit
Candles
HEP
Other
Total
Percent
51.0
25.3
7.2
0.5
6.5
5.5
4.0
100%
The majority of households in the epicenter own materials/assets such as bicycles, lanterns,
chairs, and radios.
Proportion of rural households with non-farm businesses / Proportion of female small
business owners
13.7% of households reported non-farm businesses, of which 56.4% are owned by women.
Of all women, only 6% are business owners, as compared to approximately 7% of males.
The majority of non-farm businesses were in Kibiga Sub County
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
37
Proportion of adults accessing financial services
Only 16.8% of individuals 18 years and older have accessed financial services from THP.
Therefore, 83% of respondents have not received financial service support from THP. The
results also indicate that 84% of respondents had never taken a loan from THP’s
microfinance program, 14% of households had one member who has taken a loan from THP
and only 2% of households had 2 members who have received a loan from THP.
This was explained in an interview with the Bank Manager. She reports the population of
Kiboga and Kyankwanzi districts is large compared to the funds available to give out loans.
Other community members expressed negative perceptions of loans in FGDs: “Loans are a
curse; some people have run away from their homes because they cannot pay back the
loan. When you get a loan, bad luck set in, you grow crops and do not harvest anything. In
the end you give up your land or property to the banks or Microfinance Institution” (Male,
FGD Kapeke).
The following additional issues concerning the access to loans were mentioned in the FGDs
and KIIs:
• Some farmers were afraid that they will not be able to pay back agricultural loans
because of high interest rates and their unpredictable yields. The bank/credit
institutions also charged high interest rates between 20 to 25%.
•
Some partners did not know how they could pay back loans and some feared losing
their property if they were not able to make payments.
•
Some do not have collateral security such as land titles. This seems also to be the
case with most Savings and Credit Cooperative societies such as the Epicenter Rural
Bank.
•
Some respondents reported limited or no agricultural credit facilities in their Sub
Counties.
•
Some women mentioned that their husbands did not allow them to take loans.
Savings mobilization by the partners is one of THP’s microfinance services provided. During
the study, THP wanted to know how many people participated in THP’s saving program. The
results show that over 15% of households have at least one person who has participated in
THP’s savings program. Those who have participated expressed a positive experience,
saying, “We have been able to save and borrow money from THP microfinance and this has
helped us improve on our businesses and others have been able to pay school fees for their
children and as well buy some tangible assets like land. To us THP is good because we
have been able to get all these because of Hunger Project leaders who bring them to us.”
The main purpose of loans from THP microfinance program
The main purpose of loans from THP’s microfinance program was to start a non-agricultural
business, followed by expanding agriculture work and improving existing businesses. Few
people borrowed for household improvement. The distribution of answers is displayed below:
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
38
Figure 16: Main purpose of loans from THP microfinance program
The FGDs show that people in Kiboga have used loans to improve their livelihoods: “We
used to stay in thatched grass houses but now most of the families are sleeping in houses
with iron sheets. The microcredit service has helped us” (Women, FGD Watuba).
Households’ main source of income
Households’ main source of income is selling crops and vegetables (55%), followed by other
businesses (13%). The main sources of income are depicted in the chart:
Figure 17: Percentage Distribution source of income
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
39
There are some differences in income source between Sub Counties. For example, in
Kibiga, 91% of income comes from crop and vegetable sales, as compared to only 25% in
Kapeke and Kiboga TC. These Sub Counties receive larger percentages of income from
activities such as livestock sales (16.3% in Kiboga TC and 23.8% in Kapeke) and other
businesses (22.2% and 25.6%, respectively).
Household expenditure
The study sought to find out how households spent their money in the previous 12 months.
The results show that households’ basic needs consumed 74.2% of income. After that,
school fees consumed much of households’ expenditures (31.7%), followed by
medical/health needs (27.5%) and then clothes and shoes (15%). About 10.8% of
households reported that they did not make any additional expenditure because they did not
have extra money, and none of the households visited made expenditures on household
items, home improvement, lending money to friends and family, religious donations, social
events, family visits or drinking alcohol. The findings suggest that THP should design loans
to address some of the household's basic needs. Loan products could include school fees
and asset loans. THP should intensify mobilization of savings by the partners to increase on
the partners’ spending capacity.
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
40
STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS
Water, Environment and Sanitation
According to the survey, the proportion of households using an improved sanitation facility
stands at 45%. However this varied widely between Sub Counties, and in some cases it was
as low as 29%.
Recommendations:
•
•
THPU, in partnership with the epicenter leadership and animators, should sensitize
the communities on the construction of improved sanitation facilities.
THPU should collaborate with the District Local Government, the District Health
Department, and other development partners to increase household access to and
use of improved sanitation facilities.
Over 85.5% of households are using an improved water source. However, the study
revealed that households are spending a great deal of time collecting water due to long
queues at community boreholes. Additionally, boreholes are poorly maintained, leading to
breakdowns, and yet communities do not have sufficient funds to fix them.
Recommendations:
•
•
•
THPU, in partnership with the epicenter leadership and animators, should sensitize
the communities on maintenance of the water sources.
THPU, in partnership with the epicenter leadership and animators, should ensure that
all the water sources have functional management committees.
THPU should collaborate with the District Local Government, District Water
Department and other development partners to increase access to improved water
sources and to support the epicenter when major repairs are needed.
The study showed that there is a high dependency on firewood for cooking fuel, with
approximately 82% of households using collected firewood. This dependency has resulted
in depletion of the forest cover.
Recommendations:
• THPU should sensitize the communities on implications of climate change to the
environment and agriculture.
• THPU should sensitize and train the communities on the available sustainable
environmental practices such as energy saving stoves, the introduction of tree
nurseries, and agroforestry techniques.
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
41
Literacy & Education
The epicenter has contributed to child education through promotion of early childhood
education at the epicenter nursery school. According to the survey results, 73.9% of the
children between the ages of 4-6 years attend the epicenter nursery school. However, focus
group participants expressed concerns about the poor quality of the facility and its staff.
Recommendations:
•
•
THPU should improve the nursery school structure.
THPU should ensure that the nursery school has trained staff to provide quality
education.
The proportion of adults attending literacy classes organized by THP is low. In fact, 82.1%
of the respondents have never attended a THP literacy class.
Recommendation:
•
Attendance could be increased by the mobilization of new classes in the epicenter
area and the intensification of collaboration with the district Community Development
Office to target individuals who have never attended FAL classes.
Food Security & Agriculture
Women’s dietary diversity is lower than expected. The average number of food groups
consumed the day prior to the survey was 1.84. The results imply that the dietary diversity in
Kiboga is extremely poor, since women are eating less than 2 foods groups per day.
Recommendation:
•
More sensitization and trainings should be conducted on nutrition as part of the 1000
Days program.
The evaluation also revealed that there are constraints to accessing markets in Kiboga, such
as distance, fees, lack of transportation, and low value for crops.
Recommendation:
•
THPU, in partnership with the epicenter leadership and animators, should sensitize
the communities on collective marketing at the food bank. Since maize is the most
commonly sold crop, it should be given top priority.
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
42
Community Mobilization
The proportion of the population participating in epicenter activities, committees, workshops
and meetings in the previous 12 months is 35%. However, 65% of respondents stated that
they have never participated in any THP program.
Recommendations:
•
Participation in epicenter activities could be increased by more mobilization and
sensitization of communities about THP programs.
•
The use of the animators in program implementation should be emphasized.
•
THPU should scale down program implementation to a 7 km epicenter catchment
area that can be more easily accessed by partners.
Very few respondents reported that they felt very uncomfortable speaking in public.
However, of those who did feel uncomfortable, 73.5% were female.
Recommendation:
•
More sensitization and leadership trainings should be conducted under the WEP
program to build the confidence of more women to speak comfortably in community
meetings and public forums.
Health & Nutrition
Based on the evaluation, approximately 45% of children under 5 do not sleep under an
insecticide treated net. This puts children at a high risk for malaria, which is the main cause
of morbidity among children in Uganda today.
Recommendation:
•
THP should increase access to mosquito nets through sensitization of parents about
the use of mosquito nets as well as lobbying the government and other NGOs to
provide mosquito nets to children and pregnant women.
The results indicate that only 29.6% of respondents were able to give the correct answer
when asked about exclusive breastfeeding practices. This indicates that the majority of
partners are not knowledgeable about the recommended duration of exclusive
breastfeeding.
Recommendation:
•
There is a need for continuous sensitization of mothers on the importance of
exclusive breastfeeding as part of child health promotion under the 1,000 Days
program.
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
43
The results show that only 32.6% of the population has a comprehensive correct knowledge
of HIV/AIDS. 57.1% reported that they do not use a condom during sex.
Recommendation:
•
There is need for continuous sensitization of partners on HIV/AIDS.
•
THPU should collaborate with the District Health Department and other development
partners to improve HIV/AIDS services at the epicenter health clinic.
Microfinance & Livelihoods
13.7% of households reported owning non-farm business, of which 56.36% were owned by
females. 6% of all women are business owners.
Recommendation:
•
There is need for continuous sensitization of partners on income-generating
activities, particularly focused on women as business owners.
Only 16.8% of individuals 18 years and above have accessed financial services from THP.
Recommendation:
•
There is need for continuous sensitization of partners, especially women, to
participate in the microfinance program.
•
THPU should collaborate with other development partners to increase microfinance
coverage in the epicenter.
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
44
ANNEX
Annex A: List of Focus Group Discussions held
No.
Gender of FGD
Sub County
1
Female
Kibiga
11
2
Male
Kibiga
10
3
Female
Kapeke
12
4
Male
Kapeke
8
5
Female
Wattuba
13
6
Male
Wattuba
11
7
Female
Mulagi
10
8
Male
Mulagi
9
9
Female
Kiboga Town Council
13
10
Male
Kiboga Town Council
12
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
# Participants
45
Annex B: List of key informants interviewed
No.
Name
Gender
Age (Years) Education level
Profession/role
Time taken
Sub-County
living/working in
community (YRS)
1
Sarah Natureba
Female
26
Completed University
Asst. Community Development Officer
3
Wattuba
2
Peter Magoola
Male
35
Completed University
Secretary for Production.
12
Wattuba
3
Godfrey Kyambadde
Male
38
Completed University
Senior Administrative Secretary
3
Wattuba
4
Kadogo Herbert
Male
35
Completed University
Chairperson LC III
8
Wattuba
5
Jane Norah Najjingo
Female
57
Diploma
Community Devlopment Officer
40
Kibiga
6
Namuyanja Judith
Female
38
Senior Three
Secretary for production
6
Kibiga
7
Kigozi Denis
Male
45
Senior Four
Chairperson LC III
9
Kibiga
8
Kabuye David
Male
41
Completed University
Agriculture Advisory Service Provider
5
Kibiga
9
Ssebuyira Christopher
Male
55
Senior Two
LC1
18
Kibiga
10
Jackson Katusiime
Male
40
Completed University
District Commercial Officer
14
Kiboga Town Council
11
Kwizera Moses
Male
35
Completed University
Community Development Officer
5
Kiboga Town Council
12
Kakembo Wasswa Barru Male
70
Junior One
Council worker
40
Kiboga Town Council.
13
Kirunda Kakaire Habib
Male
45
CPA (U)
Town Treasurer
15
Kiboga Town Council
14
Ruguna Kosea
Male
54
Ordinary level Certificate
Leader
25
Kapeke
15
Namaganda Mary
Female
29
Completed University
Administrator
2
Kapeke
16
Walakira James
Male
27
Completed Tertiary Institution.
Agriculture Advisory Service Provider
3
Kapeke
18
Tegyeka Nathan
Male
57
Primary Five
Secretary for production
8
Kapeke
19
20
21
Obaire Emmanuel
Mugoowa Betty
Kasumba Simon peter
Muzaaya Samuel
Male
Female
Male
Male
40
27
41
60
Senior Two
Chairman Epicenter Committee
Diploma Business Administration Parish Chief
Certificate
Parish Chief
Senior Administrative Secretary
40
1.5
1.5
Kapeke
Mulagi
Mulagi
Mulagi.
22
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
46
Annex C: Key collaborating partners
No.
Name of Organization/Institution
Area of collaboration
1
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Establishment of Farmer Field Schools through the
Global Climate Change Alliance project
2
Kiboga District Local Government
Technical program support especially in the area of
Agriculture, Water and Sanitation, Community
Mobilization, Health and Nutrition, Micro Finance
etc.
3
Kyankwanzi District Local Government
Technical program support especially in the area of
Agriculture, Water and Sanitation, Community
Mobilization, Health and Nutrition, Micro Finance
etc.
4
Swiss contact
Strengthening of the Micro Finance Project through
the Micro-Leasing Project.
5
Uganda Cooperative Savings and Credit
Union (UCSCU)
Technical program support especially in the area
Micro Finance
6
Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI)
Sensitization and awareness creation about
HIV/aids and Voluntary Counseling and Testing
services
7
Kiboga District Farmers Association
(KIDFA)
Technical support in Agriculture and food security
8
National Agriculture Advisory Services
(NAADS)
Technical support in Agriculture and food security
and provision of farm inputs.
9
World Vision Uganda
Technical support in Agriculture and food security
10
Child Fund International
Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition and child
education
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
47
Annex D: Percentage distribution of household toilet type and ownership
Is this toilet public or
private?
Main type of toilet used by households
Sub
County
Composting
toilet
No toilet
(outside)
Others
Kapeke
0.0
0.0
0.0
Pit
latrine
with
no
slab
65.1
Kiboga TC
0.0
0.0
1.2
Mulagi
0.0
1.6
Watuba
0.0
2.2
If public, how many households
share it?
30.2
Ventilated
Pit Latrine
with slab
& air
vent
4.8
32.6
23.3
43.0
97.7
2.3
0.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
68.9
26.2
3.3
80.3
18.0
33.3
55.6
11.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
41.6
48.3
7.9
93.3
5.6
0.0
60.0
20.0
0.0
20.0
Pit
latrine
with
slab
Private
Public
(communal)
2
3
4
5
6+
88.9
11.1
14.3
14.3
42.9
14.3
14.2
Kibiga
2.0
1.0
1.0
57.8
38.2
0.0
94.1
5.9
66.7
0.0
16.7
0.0
16.7
Total
0.5%
1.0%
0.5%
51.6%
34.2%
12.2%
91.8%
7.7%
27.6%
31.0%
24.3%
3.4%
13.7%
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
48
Annex E: Distribution of water sources and processes through which water is prepared before drinking
92.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
0.0%
0.0%
Kiboga
TC
38.4%
2.3%
1.2%
0.0%
1.2%
5.8%
1.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
1.6%
3.2%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
17.5%
81.0%
100.0%
14.0%
29.1%
1.2%
2.3%
2.3%
0.0%
1.2%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2.3%
0.0%
0.0%
2.3%
0.0%
7.0%
88.4%
100.0%
Kapeke
Process through
which drinking
water is prepared
Main source of
drinking water
Boiling
Boiling, Filter & boil
Boiling, Iodine or other natural mineral treatments
Boiling, No treatment
Boiling, Other
Filter & boil
Filter & boil, Iodine or other natural mineral
treatments
Filtering
Filtering, Boiling
Filtering, Boiling, Filter & boil
Filtering, Filter & boil
Filtering, Other
Iodine or other natural mineral treatments
No treatment
Other
Total
Other
Protected well/spring
Rain water collection
River/ponds
Shared or communal standpipe or tap
Tap (piped into dwelling/plot/yard)
Unprotected well
Well or borehole
Total
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
49
Mulagi
Watuba
Kibiga
80.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
0.0%
77.5%
0.0%
15.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
85.3%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
0.0%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
16.4%
0.0%
100.0%
1.6%
21.3%
4.9%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
1.6%
68.9%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4.5%
2.2%
100.0%
0.0%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.1%
97.8%
100.0%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.0%
7.8%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
23.5%
0.0%
17.6%
3.9%
0.0%
16.7%
38.2%
100.0%
Annex F: Percentage distribution of land use with participation in agriculture workshops
Sub County
Main job of
head of
household
Do you
cultivate any
farmland?
What is the
ownership
status of the
land?
Participation
in Agriculture
work shop
Kapeke
Kiboga TC
Mulagi
Watuba
Kibiga
Yes
Not in agriculture
15.9
41.9
23
22.5
4.9
15.3
In agriculture
84.1
58.1
77
77.5
95.1
84.7
Total %
100
100
100
100
100
100
No
6.3
34.9
13.1
20.2
3.9
9.4
Yes
93.7
65.1
86.9
79.8
96.1
90.6
Total %
100
100
100
100
100
100
Don't cultivate land
30.2
19.8
24.6
13.5
8.8
12.9
Borrowed (no
payment)
9.5
7
1.6
3.4
3.9
9.4
Communal
ownership
0
1.2
0
0
1
0
Lent out (no
payment)
0
0
0
1.1
0
0
1.6
1.2
4.9
4.5
2
2.4
Other
Owner operated
49.2
54.7
57.4
53.9
68.6
55.3
Rented (cash)
6.3
16.3
11.5
22.5
14.7
18.8
Rented out (cash)
0
0
0
0
1.0
0
Sharecropped out
3.2
0
0
1.1
0
1.2
Total %
100
100
100
100
100
100
Outcome Evaluation Report – Kiboga, Uganda
June 2014
50
About The Hunger Project
The Hunger Project is a global, non-profit strategic organization whose mission is to end hunger and
poverty by pioneering sustainable, grassroots, women-centered strategies and advocating for their
widespread adoption in countries throughout the world.
The Hunger Project is active in Australia, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Canada, Germany,
Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru,
Senegal, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The Global Hunger Project is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization in the United States.
The Hunger Project Global Office
5 Union Square West, 7th Floor
New York, NY 10003
USA
Phone: + 1 212 251 9100
Fax: +1 212 532 9785
Email: [email protected]
The Hunger Project-Uganda
Haruna Towers, 3rd Floor
Wandegeya, PO Box 26393
Kampala, Uganda
Phone: + 256 414 23 20 60
Fax: +256 414 232 236
Web: www.thp.org/uganda