2007 Geology
Intermediate 1
Finalised Marking Instructions
 Scottish Qualifications Authority 2007
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sources.
These Marking Instructions have been prepared by Examination Teams for use by SQA Appointed
Markers when marking External Course Assessments. This publication must not be reproduced for
commercial or trade purposes.
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All questions should be attempted.
Marks
1.
The diagram below shows the planets in the solar system.
Uranus
Venus
A
Pluto
Sun
Mercury
Mars
Neptune
Jupiter
B
(not to scale)
(a)
Earth
Name Planet A ............................................
Saturn
Name Planet B ............................................
(b)
2
Which planet takes the longest time to go round the Sun?
Pluto
..................................................
1
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2.
The diagrams below show stages in the history of the Earth.
A
Tropical jungle forms coal
B
First continents form
C
Ice covers Scotland
D
Dinosaurs roam Scotland
Place the stages in the history of the Earth in order from oldest to youngest.
Give only the letters:
3.
B
A
D
C
................... → ................... → ................... → ...................
Oldest
Youngest
2
Use the word box to complete the table below, showing information about minerals.
Pyrite; Red-brown; White; Mica; Silver colour; Green in colour
Mineral Name
Pyrite
Malachite
Haematite
Mica
Description
Shiny gold colour
Green in colour
Dark red, feels heavy
Splits into flakes
Streak Colour
Green-black
Pale green
Red-brown
White
4
Page three
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Marks
4.
Look at the diagrams showing views of two rocks seen under the microscope.
Rock X
COARSE GRAINED
Rock Y
FINE GRAINED
Feldspar
Feldspar
Pyroxene
Feldspar
Pyroxene
5 mm
(a)
5 mm
Which rock has cooled deep inside the Earth?
X
Rock .........................................
(b)
1
Give two reasons why Rock X has larger crystals than Rock Y.
Rock X—greater time for crystals to grow
Reason 1 ....................................................................................................................
Rock X—cooled more slowly
...................................................................................................................................
Rock Y—less time for crystals to grow
Reason 2 ....................................................................................................................
Rock Y—cooled more quickly
...................................................................................................................................
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5.
(a)
Complete the table by naming the fossil and saying where the organism lived.
Fossil
Name of Fossil
Did the organism live
on the land or in the sea?
Plant, leaf, fern
Land
Ammonite
Sea
Bivalve
Sea
Echinoid, sea urchin
Sea
Marks
15 cm
10 cm
5 cm
10 cm
4
Page five
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5.
Marks
(continued)
(b)
The diagrams below show how dinosaur footprints and tail mark were preserved.
A
Sand deposited with ripple marks
B
Water deposits mud
C
Dinosaur walks on sand
D
Wind erodes mud layer
Put the letters of the diagrams in the correct order.
Give only the letters:
A
C
B
D
............. → .............. → ............. → ...............
Oldest
Youngest
Page six
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6.
Marks
Look at the photograph below.
P Fault (Accept Joint)
Q Wave-cut platform
(a)
Label structure P and feature Q on the photograph.
Page seven
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6.
Marks
(continued)
(b)
Draw a sketch with labels in the box below to show what the area might look like in the
future.
Accept
Cliff Retreat
Cave/Arch/Stack
Extended Wave-cut Platform
2
(c)
Explain the processes which would cause these changes.
Accept
Hydraulic action
...................................................................................................................................
Corrosion
...................................................................................................................................
Attrition
...................................................................................................................................
Solution
...................................................................................................................................
and any simplified explanation!
...................................................................................................................................
Page eight
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7.
Marks
Look at the diagram below.
lighthouse
old cliff
old beach
25m
(a)
Seatoon
present
cliff
present beach
present
sea level
Explain why the old beach is 25 m above present sea level.
Pupils
should show an understanding of relative changes in sea
...................................................................................................................................
level—falling
sea level, rising land levels, etc
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(b)
2
Explain how climate change might affect the area.
Rising
sea levels leading to flooding
...................................................................................................................................
Erosion
of old cliffs
...................................................................................................................................
Accept
any reasonable answer
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Page nine
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8.
Marks
Look at the diagram below.
B
A
Rock pedestal/
mushroom rock
Sand dune/
barchan
(a)
Label Feature A and Feature B on the diagram.
(b)
Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the main wind direction.
(c)
Use a diagram to describe how Feature A formed.
2
Correctly labelled
1 mark
1
Diagram should show wind direction, and movement of sand,
over dune
• log or bash not accepted
3
Page ten
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Marks
9.
Look at the diagram below.
D
A
B
KEY
Shale
Clay
C
Sandstone
Limestone
Igneous
rock
(a)
Use the Word Box and the Table below to name Features A, B, C and D.
Dyke; Sill; Scree; Fault; Syncline
Letter
Name of Feature
A
Sill
B
Dyke
C
Fault
D
Scree
4
Page eleven
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Marks
9.
(continued)
(b)
The table below shows average crystal size in igneous rock A from its contact with the
clay.
Distance from contact
with clay (m)
Average crystal size (mm)
in igneous rock A
0
0.5
5
0.9
10
1.4
15
2.6
20
2.8
25
2.8
30
3.0
Using the table above, draw a line graph on the graph paper below, showing distance from
contact with clay and average crystal size in igneous rock A.
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1 mark for
horizontal scale
1 mark for
accuracy
1 mark for
drawing a line
graph
1.8
Average
crystal
size
(mm)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
5
10
15
20
Distance from contact with clay (m)
Page twelve
25
30
3
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10.
Look at the diagram below.
oil well
well
cap rock
rock
cap
GAS
reservoirrock
rock
reservoir
OIL
(a)
Which three statements are correct?
A Reservoir rocks are impermeable.
B
Cap rocks do not allow oil, water or gas to pass through.
C Reservoir rocks have pore spaces in them.
D Shale is an example of a reservoir rock.
E
Sandstone is an example of a reservoir rock.
Give only the letters:
(b)
B
C
...................
...................
E
...................
3
Using the Word Box below, choose three products made from oil.
Plastics; Paint; Bricks; Glass; Paraffin; Pottery
Plastics
Product 1
......................................
Product 2
......................................
Product 3
......................................
Paint
Paraffin
Page thirteen
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11.
Marks
The table below shows oil and gas reserves from 1994–2002.
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(a)
Oil and Gas Reserves
(million tonnes)
5.7
5.2
5.1
5.0
4.5
4.4
4.0
3.5
3.3
Using the information from the table, draw a bar graph on the graph paper below.
6.0
5.0
2 marks for
appropriate
labelling of axes
1 mark for
accuracy
1 mark for
correct type of
graph
4.0
Oil and gas
reserves
3.0
(million
tonnes)
2.0
1.0
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
(b)
4
What happened to the oil and gas reserves between 1994 and 2002?
It
has gone down
...................................................................................................................................
Page fourteen
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11.
Marks
(continued)
(c)
Calculate the difference in oil and gas reserves between 1994 and 2002.
(Show your working.)
5.7 – 3.3
Answer = 2.4
• 1 for working
• No double penalty for incorrect working value taken from
graph
2
(d)
Give a reason why oil and gas reserves may increase in the future.
New
technology
...................................................................................................................................
New
oil fields discovered
...................................................................................................................................
Declining use of oil
Accept any correct answer
Page fifteen
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12.
Marks
Look at the diagram below.
RAIN FALLS
water seeps
down through
the rock
watertable
disused
quarry
Drytoon
well
KEY
sandstone
impermeable rock
well
(a)
5 km
Explain how Drytoon gets its water supply.
Rain falls
...................................................................................................................................
Stored in rock
...................................................................................................................................
Aquifer
...................................................................................................................................
Well
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(b)
3
Drytoon is expected to double in size. Explain how this would affect its water table.
More water will be extracted
...................................................................................................................................
Water table will fall
...................................................................................................................................
Well could dry up
...................................................................................................................................
More people
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12.
Marks
(continued)
(c)
Give three ways in which the residents of Drytoon can conserve water.
Accept any reasonable answer, eg shower instead of bath
1 ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(d)
3
Drytoon Council plans to open the disused quarry as a landfill site for waste. Explain
why geologists are against this idea.
Pollutants will seep through the sandstone and pollute the water
...................................................................................................................................
Impermeable rocks will channel the pollutants into the water
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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13.
Marks
A bridge is to be built across the valley as shown in the diagram below.
proposed road bridge
river
mudstone
alluvium
fault
old mine workings
Give two geological reasons why this site should not be chosen. Explain your answers.
For choice —fault
Reason 1 .............................................................................................................................
—old mine working
—alluvium
...........................................................................................................................................
—river floods (accept 2 correct explanations)
no mark given for reason
Explanation 1 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 .............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Explanation 2 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Page eighteen
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14.
Marks
Look at the geological map below showing an ANTICLINE.
KEY
Limestone
Sandstone
Mudstone
Clay
Igneous rock
FAULT
(a)
Mark two strike and dip symbols on to the diagram to show the Anticline.
2
correctly marked for 2 marks
(b)
Place the following events in the correct order.
A Deposition of mudstone
B
Folding of rocks
C Movement on fault
D Deposition of limestone
E
Intrusion of dyke
Give only the letters:
D
A
B
C
E
........... → ............. →............... → .............→ ................
oldest
youngest
• credit correct order
Page nineteen
5
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15.
The diagram below shows an existing ferry route and a proposed tunnel route to replace this
ferry.
Marks
Mainland
Skerry Island
ferry
proposed tunnel
sedimentary
rock
(not to scale)
Table 1 below shows the cost each year of running a ferry. The ferry has to be replaced after
five years. Table 2 shows the construction costs of building a tunnel.
Table 1
Table 2
Yearly running cost of ferry
(millions of £s)
Tunnel construction costs each year
(millions of £s)
Year 1
15
Year 1
20
Year 2
15
Year 2
40
Year 3
15
Year 3
40
Year 4
15
Year 4
80
Year 5
100
Year 5
(a)
200 (Ferry replaced)
Year 6
20
Year 6
0 (Tunnel complete)
Year 7
20
Year 7
0 (Tunnel complete)
Calculate the total cost of running the ferry from year 1 to year 5.
(Show your working here.)
£260 million
1
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15.
Marks
(continued)
(b)
Calculate the total construction costs.
(Show your working here.)
£280 million
1
(c)
After how many years will total construction costs and total ferry costs be equal?
(Show your working here.)
Working to show extra £20 million
6 years
2
(d)
Rock fall from the tunnel roof is expected to be a problem. Give two ways in which
engineers can solve this problem.
Spraying concrete onto the tunnel walls
...................................................................................................................................
Rock bolts
...................................................................................................................................
• nets not accepted
...................................................................................................................................
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[END OF MARKING INSTRUCTIONS]
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